Perforación y obstrucción colónica: conducta de los coloproctólogos latinoamericanos / Perforation and obstruction of the colon: behavior of the latin american colon and rectal surgeons

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer las diferentes conductas que realizan los cirujanos coloproctólogos latinoamericanos en relación con las urgencias colónicas. Materiales y Método: Estudio transversal, utilizando encuesta vía web con preguntas de selección múltiple. La encuesta fue enviada a las distintas Sociedades Coloproctológicas Latinoamericanas, así como a la Asociación Latinoamericana de Coloproctología (ALACP), para su distribución. La encuesta fue escrita en español neutro y traducida al portugués. Se utilizó análisis estadísticos descriptivos y analítico. Resultados: 441 encuestas respondidas completamente de 16 países diferentes. El 85% realiza resección y anastomosis sin ostomía de protección en obstrucciones de colon derecho. En las perforaciones del colon izquierdo, se realiza operación de Hartmann en el 63,3% de los casos que presentan peritonitis purulentas y en el 94,5% de las peritonitis fecaloideas. Discusión: En las obstrucciones colónicas, la resección con anastomosis primaria, es una conducta poco discutida en colon derecho, a diferencia de las obstrucciones del lado izquierdo, en donde realizar una operación de Hartmann es una conducta tan válida como la resección y anastomosis. En los cuadros de perforación, la decisión de resección y anastomosis primaria es multifactorial, tomando relevancia la estabilidad hemodinámica del paciente. En estos últimos casos, realizar una resección con ostomía, es la respuesta de gran parte de los encuestados. Conclusiones: Los resultados de cada situación, en su mayoría, presentan una tendencia clara hacia una conducta en particular; solo en el caso de obstrucción de colon izquierdo, se observan dos conductas (operación de Hartmann o anastomosis primaria) ambas validadas por la literatura internacional.

Objective: Learn about the different management options performed by latin american colon and rectal surgeons, in relation to colonic emergencies. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional study, using web survey with multiple-choice questions. The survey was sent to the different Latin America Coloproctological Societies, as well as to ALACP, for distribution. The survey was written in neutral Spanish and translated into Portuguese. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was used. Results: 441 complete surveys, from 16 different countries. 85% perform resection and anastomosis without diverting ostomy in obstructions of the right colon. In perforations of the left colon, Hartmann's procedure is performed in 63.3% of case with purulent peritonitis and in 94.5% of fecaloid peritonitis. Discussion: In colonic obstructions, resection with primary anastomosis, is little discussed behavior in the right colon, unlike obstructions on the left side, where performing a Hartmann operation is a behavior as valid as resection and anastomosis. In colonic perforation, the decision of resection and primary anastomosis is multifactorial, taking into account the hemodynamic stability of the patient. In the latter cases, performing an ostomy is the response of a large part of the surveyed. Conclusions: The results in each situation, for the most part, present a clear tendency towards a particular behavior; only in the case of left colon obstruction, two behaviors (Hartmann procedure or primary anastomosis) are both validated by international literature.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de la perforación intestinal causada por ingestión de mondadientes: aportación de 3 casos / Results of surgical treatment of intestinal perforation caused by toothpick ingestion: contribution of 3 cases

RESUMEN: La ingestión de mondadientes (IM) constituye un evento poco frecuente (se han publicado alrededor de 157 casos a nivel mundial), pero puede causar perforaciones intestinales (PI), con peritonitis, sepsis e incluso muerte. Este hecho, determina la necesidad de intervenir quirúrgicamente a la mayoría de estos pacientes. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue informar resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de 3 casos de PI por IM. Caso 1: hombre de 52 años, con perforación duodenal y de la vesícula biliar. Caso 2: Mujer de 54 años con perforación cecal. Caso 3: hombre de 72 años, con perforación de colon izquierdo y lesión esplénica. Todos fueron hospitalizados por dolor abdominal y fiebre. En dos casos el diagnóstico se verificó por tomografía y en uno por ecotomografía. Los tres casos fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente a través de laparotomía. Intervenciones: Caso 1: se realizó colecistectomía y sutura duodenal. Caso 2: se realizó hemicolectomía derecha e ileotransverso anastomosis. Caso 3: se realizó hemicolectomía izquierda y esplenectomía. En todos los casos se encontró el mondadientes. Todos los pacientes evolucionaron de forma satisfactoria, sin complicaciones postoperatorias. La IPD es una emergencia quirúrgica. Las PI son comunes y la peritonitis asociada es frecuente. El pronóstico depende de un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento oportuno.

SUMMARY: Toothpick ingestion (TPI) is a rare event, but can cause intestinal perforation (IP), peritonitis, sepsis, and even death (approximately 157 cases have been published worldwide). This fact determines the need for surgical intervention in most of these patients. The aim of this manuscript was to report the results of the surgical treatment in 3 cases of IP by TPI. The report involves the following: Case 1: A 52-year-old man, with duodenal and gallbladder perforation. Case 2: A 54-year-old woman with cecal perforation. Case 3: A 72-year-old man, with perforation of the left colon and splenic rupture. All were hospitalized for abdominal pain and fever. In two of the cases the diagnosis was verified by tomography and in one by ultrasound. All three patients underwent laparotomy. In the first case (1), cholecystectomy and duodenal suture were performed; in the second case (2) right hemicolectomy and ileo-transverse anastomosis were performed, and in the third case (3), Left hemicolectomy and splenectomy were performed. Toothpick was found in all cases. The patients in this report all evolved satisfactorily without postoperative complications. In conclusion, TPI is a surgical emergency. IP are common and the associated peritonitis is high. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and timely treatment.

Cecum perforation associated with a calcium polystyrene sulfonate bezoar - a rare entity / Perfuração do ceco associada a bezoar de poliestirenossulfonato de cálcio - uma entidade rara

Abstract Hyperkalemia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders, responsible for a high number of adverse outcomes, including life-threatening arrhythmias. Potassium binders are largely prescribed drugs used for hyperkalemia treatment but unfortunately, there are many adverse events associated with its use, mostly gastrointestinal. Identification of patients at highest risk for the serious complications associated with the current potassium binders, such as colon necrosis and perforation, could prevent fatal outcomes. The authors present a case of a 56-year-old man with secondary diabetes and chronic renal disease that was treated for hyperkalemia with Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate (CPS). He later presented with acute abdomen due to cecum perforation and underwent ileocecal resection but ultimately died from septic shock a week later. During surgery, a solid white mass was isolated in the lumen of the colon. The mass was identified as a CPS bezoar, a rare drug-mass formed in the gastrointestinal tract that contributed to the perforation. A previous history of partial gastrectomy and vagothomy was identified as a probable risk factor for the CPS bezoar development. Hopefully, the two new potassium binders patiromer and (ZS-9) Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate will help treat such high-risk patients, in the near future.

Resumo A hipercalemia é um dos distúrbios eletrolíticos mais comuns, responsável por um grande número de desfechos adversos, incluindo arritmias potencialmente fatais. Quelantes de potássio são amplamente prescritos para o tratamento da hipercalemia, mas infelizmente são muitos os eventos adversos associados ao seu uso, em particular os gastrointestinais. A identificação de pacientes com risco mais elevado para complicações graves associadas aos quelantes de potássio atualmente em uso, como necrose e perfuração do cólon, pode evitar desfechos fatais. O presente artigo descreve o caso de um homem de 56 anos com diabetes secundário e doença renal crônica em tratamento por hipercalemia com poliestirenossulfonato de cálcio (PSC). Posteriormente o paciente apresentou abdômen agudo devido a perfuração do ceco e foi submetido a uma ressecção ileocecal, mas acabou indo a óbito por choque séptico uma semana mais tarde. Durante a cirurgia, uma massa branca sólida foi isolada no lúmen do cólon. A massa foi identificada como um bezoar de PSC, uma massa de fármaco de rara ocorrência formada no trato gastrointestinal que contribuiu para a perfuração. História pregressa de gastrectomia parcial e vagotomia foi identificada como provável fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do bezoar de PSC. Espera-se que os dois novos quelantes de potássio - patiromer e ciclossilicato de zircônio sódico - ajudem a tratar pacientes de alto risco em um futuro próximo.

Rare complications of multikinase inhibitor treatment

ABSTRACT Objective: The advent of multikinase inhibitor (MKI) therapy has led to a radical change in the treatment of patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma. The aim of this manuscript is to communicate rare adverse events that occurred in less than 5% of patients in clinical trials in a subset of patients treated in our hospital. Subjects and methods: Out of 760 patients with thyroid cancer followed up with in our Division of Endocrinology, 29 (3.8%) received treatment with MKIs. The median age at diagnosis of these patients was 53 years (range 20-70), and 75.9% of them were women. Sorafenib was prescribed as first-line treatment to 23 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and as second-line treatment to one patient with advanced medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Vandetanib was indicated as first-line treatment in 6 patients with MTC and lenvatinib as second-line treatment in two patients with progressive disease under sorafenib treatment. Results: During the follow-up of treatment (mean 13.7 ± 7 months, median 12 months, range 6-32), 5/29 (17.2%) patients presented rare adverse events. These rare adverse effects were: heart failure, thrombocytopenia, and squamous cell carcinoma during sorafenib therapy and squamous cell carcinoma and oophoritis with intestinal perforation during vandetanib treatment. Conclusions: About 3 to 5 years after the approval of MKI therapy, we learned that MKIs usually lead to adverse effects in the majority of patients. Although most of them are manageable, we still need to be aware of potentially serious and rare or unreported adverse effects that can be life-threatening.

Tratamiento conservador en perforaciones postpolipectomía colonica / Conservative treatment in colon postpolypectomy perforations

Introduccion: La videocolonoscopía es el principal método de diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento en patologías colorectales. La perforación colónica en endoscopía terapeútica es una complicación infrecuente pero debe ser evaluada y tratada rapidamente cuando aparece ya que puede presentar una morbimortalidad elevada. Objetivo: Valorar resultado de tratamiento conservador no quirúrgico en perforaciones colónicas post polipectomía endoscópica. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo sobre base de datos prospectiva en el Sanatorio del Salvador y en el centro privado Unidad Digestiva Baistrocchi de la ciudad de Córdoba, desde enero del año 2012 a diciembre del 2017. Resultados: Sobre un total de 1606 procedimientos intervencionistas, se presentaron 9 perforaciones. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor abdominal, seguido de distensión, defensa muscular, reacción peritoneal y fiebre. Se realizaron radiografía de abdomen y tomografía computada a todos los casos con diagnóstico presuntivo para corroborar los hallazgos clínicos. Se realizó internación, reposo gástrico, control estricto de parámetros clínicos y antibioticoterapia para flora colónica. Se analizó diariamente evolución decidiendo conducta a seguir. El tratamiento conservador fue satisfactorio en un 87% de los casos. Conclusión: La perforación colónica postpolipectomía es una complicación inevitable, de menor incidencia en especialistas entrenados. Conociendo los síntomas de presentación, realizando un correcto examen físico y seguimiento clínico puede realizarse tratamiento conservador exitoso en aquellos pacientes clínicamente estables y de riesgo moderado. (AU)

Background: Videocolonoscopy has become the main tool for diagnostic and treatment of colorrectal diseases. Perforation after therapeutic colonoscopy is an uncommon complication but it must be treated quickly beacause of it´s high rate of morbidity and mortality. Aims: To evaluate rate of success of non quirurgical treatment in postpolipectomy perforations. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed over a prospective database of 11062 colonoscopy fulfilled between january 2012 and december 2017. Results: We had 9 perforations. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, followed by distension, peritonism and fever. All pacients with presumpitve diagnoses were studied with computed tomography and plain chest radiography. The management was conservative in all cases. The standard treatment was endovenous antibiotics, nil-by-mouth regimen, fluids and hospitalization in common floor. Conservative treatment was successful in 87% of our cases. Conclusions: postpolipectomy perforation is inevitable, nevertheless, has lower incidence in specialized physicians. Knowledge about symptoms and having a close follow up of potencial patients may allow us to improve rates of success in conservative management. (AU)

Eficacia y seguridad de la resección endoscópica en pacientes con pólipos colorrectales no pediculados grandes / Efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in patients with large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps

Introducción: Los pacientes con pólipos colorrectales no pediculados grandes (PCNP-G) han sido tradicionalmente tratados quirúrgicamente. Los avances en la endoscopía terapéutica permiten que la resección endoscópica de estas lesiones pueda ser considerada como una alternativa a la cirugía. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la resección endoscópica en pacientes con PCNP-G. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte prospectiva multicéntrica. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes referidos para resección endoscópica de PCNP-G entre enero del 2012 y diciembre del 2015, seguidos hasta agosto del 2016. Se obtuvieron las tasas de resecciones exitosas, de recurrencia y de complicaciones. Se analizaron los factores predictivos asociados a resección no exitosa y a recurrencia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 107 pacientes con 115 PCNP-G. La tasa de resección exitosa fue de 92%. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron el sangrado (8,7%) y la perforación (2,6%). La tasa de recurrencia fue de 7%, todas tratadas endoscópicamente con éxito. Los factores predictivos de resección no exitosa fueron una medida >50 mm de la lesión resecada y la presencia de fibrosis; y el único factor predictivo de recurrencia fue una medida >50 mm del pólipo resecado. Conclusiones: La resección endoscópica de los PCNP-G es altamente eficaz y segura

Introduction: Patients with large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps (L-NPCP) have been traditionally treated with surgery. Advances in therapeutic endoscopy allow endoscopic resection of these lesions and can be considered as an alternative to surgery. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in patients with L-NPCP. Methods: A prospective multicentric cohort. All patients referred for endoscopic resection with L-NPCP between January 2012 and December 2015, followed until August 2016, were included. Rates of successful resection, recurrence and complications were obtained. Predictive factors associated with unsuccessful resection and recurrence were analyzed. Results: 115 L-NPCP in 107 patients were included. The rate of successful resection was 92%. The most common complications were bleeding (8.7%) and perforation (2.6%). The recurrence rate was 7%, all successfully treated with a new endoscopic session. Predictors of unsuccessful resection were a measure >50 mm of the lesion and the presence of fibrosis; and the only predictor of recurrence was a size of the polyp resected >50 mm. Conclusions: Endoscopic resection of L-NPCP is very efficacious and safe

Most small bowel cancers are revealed by a complication / A maioria dos cânceres de intestino delgado são revelados por uma complicação

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the pattern of primary small bowel cancers in a tertiary East-European hospital. Methods A retrospective study of patients with small bowel cancers admitted to a tertiary emergency center, over the past 15 years. Results There were 57 patients with small bowel cancer, representing 0.039% of admissions and 0.059% of laparotomies. There were 37 (64.9%) men, mean age of 58 years; and 72 years for females. Out of 57 patients, 48 (84.2%) were admitted due to an emergency situation: obstruction in 21 (38.9%), perforation in 17 (31.5%), upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 8 (14.8%), and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 (3.7%). There were 10 (17.5%) duodenal tumors, 21 (36.8%) jejunal tumors and 26 (45.6%) ileal tumors. The most frequent neoplasms were gastrointestinal stromal tumor in 24 patients (42.1%), adenocarcinoma in 19 (33.3%), lymphoma in 8 (14%), and carcinoids in 2 (3.5%). The prevalence of duodenal adenocarcinoma was 14.55 times greater than that of the small bowel, and the prevalence of duodenal stromal tumors was 1.818 time greater than that of the small bowel. Obstruction was the complication in adenocarcinoma in 57.9% of cases, and perforation was the major local complication (47.8%) in stromal tumors. Conclusion Primary small bowel cancers are usually diagnosed at advanced stages, and revealed by a local complication of the tumor. Their surgical management in emergency setting is associated to significant morbidity and mortality rates.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o padrão de neoplasias malignas primárias do intestino delgado em um hospital terciário de Leste Europeu. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com câncer de intestino delgado, internados em um hospital terciário e de emergência, ao longo dos últimos 15 anos. Resultados Foram avaliados 57 pacientes com neoplasias malignas gastrintestinais, o que representou 0,039% das admissões e 0,059% das laparotomias realizadas. Total de 37 (64,9%) pacientes masculinos, média de idade de 58 anos, e de 72 anos para mulheres. Dentre os 57 pacientes, 48 (84,2%) foram internados em situação de emergência: obstrução intestinal em 21 (38,9%), perfuração em 17 (31,5%), hemorragia digestiva alta em 8 (14,8%), e hemorragia digestiva baixa em 2 (3,7%). Houve 10 (17,5%) tumores duodenais, 21 (36,8%) jejunais e 26 (45,6%) ileais. As neoplasias mais frequentes foram tumor estromal gastrintestinal, em 24 (42,1%) pacientes, adenocarcinoma em 19 (33,3%), linfoma em 8 (14%) e carcinoides em 2 (3,5%). A prevalência de adenocarcinoma duodenal foi 14,55 vezes maior do que a do intestino delgado, e a prevalência de tumores estromais duodenais foi 1,818 vez maior do que a do intestino delgado. A obstrução intestinal foi complicação do adenocarcinoma em 57,9% dos casos, e a perfuração foi a principal complicação local (47,8%) dos tumores estromais. Conclusão As neoplasias malignas primárias do intestino delgado foram geralmente diagnosticadas em estado avançado e reveladas por uma complicação local do tumor. O tratamento cirúrgico em situação de emergência está associado à significativa morbimortalidade.

Peritonitis secundaria a perforación intestinal en un paciente en diálisis peritoneal / Peritonitis after bowel perforation in a patient on peritoneal dialysis

Paciente masculino de 61 años con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal por nefroangiesclerosis; con tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal desde hace 20 meses. Comenzó con un cuadro de dolor abdominal difuso y tolerable asociado a un líquido de diálisis peritoneal turbio, amarillo verdoso fosforescente; este apareció después de manipular el catéter de diálisis peritoneal porque estaba disfuncional. Se realizó la química del líquido peritoneal y se informó bilirrubina directa sin existir un síndrome ictérico; en el cultivo del líquido peritoneal se encontró Escherichia coli. Al no ser fecaloideo el líquido peritoneal, por el alto riesgo quirúrgico de este paciente y por los antecedentes de peritonitis anteriores, se comenzó un tratamiento médico con antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro intraperitoneal y sistémico, combinado con lavados peritoneales y el cambio a hemodiálisis para continuar su tratamiento depurador. Su evolución fue favorable sin necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico. Este caso demuestra lo complejo de la valoración clínica en este tipo de paciente, que resulta cada vez más frecuente en las instituciones de salud.

A 61 year-old male patient with chronic terminal renal failure due to nefroangiesclerosis; with peritoneal dialysis for 20 months, began with tolerable diffuse abdominal pain associated with a turbid peritoneal dialysis fluid which was fluorescent yellow-green. This appeared after handling peritoneal dialysis catheter because it was dysfunctional. Chemical study of peritoneal fluid was performed and direct bilirubin was reported to exist without jaundiced syndrome. Escherichia coli were found in the peritoneal fluid culture. Medical treatment was started with intra-peritoneal antibiotic therapy and systemic broad-spectrum since it was not fecaloid peritoneal fluid and due to the high surgical risk of this patient and his previous history of peritonitis. This treatment was combined with peritoneal washings and switching to hemodialysis to continue their scrubber treatment. Its outcome was favorable without surgical treatment. This case shows the complexity of the clinical assessment in this type of patient, which is increasingly prevalent in healthcare institutions.

Emergency surgery for complicated colorectal cancer in central Brazil / Cirurgia de emergência para o câncer colorretal complicado no Brasil central

OBJECTIVE: to report clinical and pathological features of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed during emergency abdominal surgery. METHODS: records of 107 patients operated between 2006 and 2010 were reviewed. RESULTS: there were 58 women and 49 men with mean age of 59.8 years. The most frequent symptoms were: abdominal pain (97.2%), no bowel movements (81.3%), vomiting (76.6%), and anorexia (40.2%). Patients were divided into five groups: obstructive acute abdomen (n = 68), obstructive acute perforation (n = 21), obstructive acute inflammation (n = 13), abdominal sepsis (n = 3), and severe gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 2). Tumors were located in the rectosigmoid (51.4%), transverse colon (19.6%), ascendent colon (12.1%), descendent colon (11.2%), and 5.6% of the cases presented association of two colon tumors (synchronic tumors). The surgical treatment was: tumor resection with colostomy (85%), tumor resection with primary anastomosis (10.3%), and colostomy without tumor resection (4.7%). Immediate mortality occurred in 33.4% of the patients. Bivariate analysis of sex, tumor location and stage showed no relation to death (p > 0.05%). CONCLUSIONS: colorectal cancer may be the cause of colon obstruction or perfuration in patients with nonspecific colonic complaints. Despite the high mortality rate, resection of tumor is feasible in most patients. (AU)

OBJETIVO: analisar os aspectos clinicos e patológicos de pacientes operados de cancer colorretal diagnosticados durante operações abdominais de urgencia. MÉTODOS: foram estudados os prontuários de 107 pacientes operados entre 2006 e 2010. Resultados: Foram incluidos 58 mulheres e 49 homens com idade media de 59,8 anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram: dor abdominal (97,2%), parade de eliminação de gases e fezes (81,3%), vomitos (76,6%) e anorexia (40,2%). Os pacientes foram divididos em cinco grupos: abdomen agudo obstrutivo (68), abdomen agudo perfurativo (21), abdomen agudo inflamatorio (13), sepsis abdominal (3) e hemorragia digestive baixa (2). Os tumores localizavam-se no rectossigmoide (51,4%), colon transverso (19,6%), colon ascendente (12,1%), colon descendente (11,2%) e 5,6% dos pacientes apresentavam tumors sincronicos. O tratamento cirurgico foi: colectomia com colostomy (85%), colectomia com anastomose primaria (10,3%) e colostomia sem ressecçao do tumor (4,7%). Mortalidade immediate ocorreu em 33,4% dos pacientes. Analise bivariate de sexo, localização do tumor e estadio não foi relacionada a mortalidade (P > 0,05%). CONCLUSÕES: o cancer colorretal pode ser a causa de obstrução colonica ou perfuração in pacientes com queixas inespecificas. A despeito da alta taxa de mortalidade, a ressecção do tumor pode ser realizada na maioria dos pacientes. (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la perforación de colon durante la colonoscopia / Diagnosis and management of colon perforation after colonoscopy

Background: Colon perforation is an uncommon but feared complication of colonoscopy. The treatment is usually surgical but occasionally it does not require an operation. Aim: To report our experience in the diagnosis and management of colon perforation after colonoscopy. Material and methods: Retrospective review of the database of 11,720 colonoscopies. The medical records of those patients that had a perforation were reviewed. Results: Twelve perforations in patients aged 26 to 92 years (six women), were identified with a global perforation rate of 0.1 percent. Five occurred during diagnostic and seven during therapeutic procedures. All perforations were confirmed by a plain X ray or CT scan of the abdomen. Four patients, without signs of initial diffuse peritoneal irritation, were medically treated. One of these, finally required surgery. Among operated patients, a primary suture was done in five, a primary excision without colostomy in three and a Hartmann procedure due to a severe peritoneal contamination in one. No patient died. Conclusions: There is a higher risk of colon perforation during therapeutic colonoscopies. Selected cases may be safely treated without surgery.

Factores de riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con perforación tífica ileal / Morbidity and mortality risk factors in patients with ileal typhoid perforation

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores de riesgo y tasas de morbimortalidad en pacientes sometidos a cirugía por perforación tífica ileal, así como los tipos de complicaciones postoperatorias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El presente estudio retrospectivo evaluó 126 pacientes con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de perforación tífica ileal atendidos en el Hospital Belén de Trujillo, Perú entre 1966 y 2000. RESULTADOS: La edad media de la serie total fue de 21.39 + 13.4 años (límites, 1 a 57 años), de los cuales 97 (76.98 por ciento) fueron varones y 29 (23.02 por ciento) mujeres (proporción M:F, 3.3:1). Mediante análisis univariado la morbilidad estuvo relacionada con la ausencia de tratamiento médico previo (p=0.035). La mortalidad estuvo asociada a tiempo de perforación mayor de 48 horas (p=00001); hemorragia digestiva (p=0.003), recuento leucocitario (p=0.021), secreción peritoneal fecaloidea (p=0.007), número de perforaciones (p=0.001) y a la técnica quirúrgica, siendo la que presentó mayor mortalidad la resección mas ileostomía (48.3 por ciento; p=0.001). El grupo de pacientes que presentaron complicaciones post-quirúrgicas fue de un 80.16 por ciento, de éstos 19.8 por ciento fallecieron. La complicación más frecuente fue infección de herida (67.3 por ciento) y sepsis (27.7 por ciento). En el análisis multivariado se evidenciaron dos parámetros en relación a morbilidad: tratamiento médico previo (p menor que 0.05; OR=2.9) y número de perforaciones (p=0.01; OR=6.4). Con respecto a mortalidad fueron parámetros significativamente estadísticos: hemorragia digestiva baja (p=0.02; OR=11.4), recuento leucocitario (p menor que 0.008; OR= 7.9), tipo de operación (p=0.03; OR=1.8), secreción peritoneal (p menor que 0.04; OR= 3.02) y número de perforaciones (p=0.008; OR= 4.6). CONCLUSIONES: A partir de los factores de riesgo identificados en la presente serie puede establecerse una escala de riesgo para predecir una menor, moderada o mayor probabilidad de presentar complicaciones y mortalidad postoperatorias.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk factors, morbidity and mortality rates and the types of postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for ileal typhoid perforation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 126 patients with anatomohistological diagnosis of ileal typhoid perforation treated at the Belen Hospital, Trujillo, Peru between 1966 and 2000. RESULTS: The average age of the total series was of 21.39 mayor menor 13.4 years (range 1 to 57 years); of which, 97 (76.98 per cent) were male and 29 (23.02 percent) women (proportion M:F,3.3:1). By means of univariate analysis, the morbidity was related with the absence of previous medical treatment (p=0.035). The mortality was associated to time of perforation exceeding 48 hours(p=00001); digestive hemorrhages (p=0.003), leukocyte count (p=0.021) fecaloid peritoneal secretion (p=0.007) number of perforations (p=0.001)and the surgical technique, that presented major mortality was the resection and ileostomy (48.3 percent; p=0.001). The group of patients that presented post-surgical complications was 80.16 percent, of which 19.8 percent of them died. The most frequent complications were wound infections (67.3 percent)and sepsis (27.7 percent). In the multivariate analysis two parameters were evidenced in relation to morbidity: previous medical treatment (p menor que 0.05; OR=2.9)and number of perforations (p=0.01; OR=6.4).With regard to mortality the significant statistical parameters were: low digestive hemorrhages (p=0.02;OR=11.4)leukocyte count (p percent 0.008;OR=7.9) type of operation (p=0.03; OR=1.8) peritoneal secretion (p percent 0.04; OR =3.02) and number of perforations (p=0.008; OR = 4.6). CONCLUSIONS:The risk factors identified in the present series can be useful to elaborate a risk scale to predict a small, moderate or greater probability of complications and postoperative mortality.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y cirugía / Intestinal inflamatory disease and sugery

El objetivo de este artículo es divulgar el rol actual de la cirugía en la enfermedad inflamatoria crónica del intestino, considerando que se han consolidado avances significativos en los últimos 20 a 25 años y tomando en cuenta que no menos del 20 a 45 por ciento de los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa idiopática (CUI), y del 90 por ciento de los portadores de enfermedad de Crohn (EC), requerirán una operación, debido a su condición, durante el transcurso de sus vidas. Se exponen las indicaciones quirúrgicas, urgentes y electivas, en ambas enfermedades, destacando dentro de las primeras, el megacolon tóxico, perforación y hemorragia masiva; y en las electivas, el fracaso o imposibilidad de seguir el tratamiento médico, la aparición de displasia en la CUI; cáncer, tanto en la CUI como en la EC; y las estenosis y fístulas sintomáticas en el EC. Se comenta el tipo de operación más apropiada en cada situación, destacando la colectomía subtotal como operación de urgencia estándar de las afecciones colónicas agudas, y las resecciones mínimas, e incluso estenoplastía, en la EC del intestino delgado. La operación electiva ideal en la CUI es la proctolectomía restauradora con reservorio ileal y anastomosis entre el reservorio y el ano. Tal intervención reseca toda la mucosa colo-rectal, eliminando el órgano de choque, al mismo tiempo que preserva la función esfinteriana. Ella está contraindicada en situaciones de urgencia, al igual que en la colitis de la EC. Los pacientes sometidos a un reservorio pueden lograr una excelente calidad de vida, pero a costa de una considerable morbilidad, aunque con una muy baja letalidad.

Alternativas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica / Surgical alternatives for chronic ulcerative colitis

Antecedentes: Se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas para el manejo quirúrgico de la colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica. Objetivo: En este artículo de revisión se analizan las alternativas quirúrgicas actuales para definir su papel en el manejo general de los pacientes con CUCI. Resultados: La proctocolectomía total no restaurativa con ileostomía permanente continúa la operación estándar de oro para la CUCI. La proctocolectomía total restaurativa, con o sin excisión de la zona de transición anal, se está convirtiendo en la operación más ampliamente utilizada. Evita una ileostomía permanente, y permite buenos resultados funcionales en la mayoría de los pacientes. La proctocolectomía subtotal con una bolsa de Hartmann es un procedimiento adecuado en los pacientes operados de urgencia, para permitir la realización de un reservorio ileoanal en una operación subsecuente. La colectomía con anastomosis ileorrectal, y la creación de una ileostomía continente son procedimientos que deben limitarse a candidatos selectos. Conclusiones: Actualmente, la proctocolectomía total con reservorio es la operación de elección en la mayoría de los pacientes, pero el estado general preoperatorio es importante para definir la mejor alternativa quirúrgica en cada individuo

La vulnerabilidad del cecoascendente ante episodios de descompensación hemodinámica / The vulnerability of the cecoascendent colon in haemodinamic failure

Se presentan 7 pacientes, tratados en nuestro Servicio, con necrosis isquémica perforativa de cecoascendente, asociada con patologías extracolónicas como fiebre reumática, insuficiencia cardíaca, diabetes, insuficiencia renal crónica y colagenopatías. Se destaca el ciego como área de riesgo en las hipotensiones severas de origen funcional y farmacológico. Se mencionan hipótesis de las causas fisiopatológicas de esta rara entidad. Se analiza la conducta quirúrgica de elección.

Visceral complications of electrical burn injury: a report of two cases and review o the literature

Two patients with high voltage electrical injury involving the trunk are presented. Both injuries were complicated by visceral damage; and one patient died from sepsis secondary to bowel perforations. The rarity of this complications is examined in light of the pathophysiology of electrical injury, and its management is discussed wiht reference to previously published reports on this conditions