Pulmonary histoplasmoma: a disguised malady

Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, which is transmitted via dust and aerosols. Lung involvement is the most common, with a varied clinical presentation. Although it is not the only source of infection, H. capsulatum is frequently found in bat guano, which is the reason why it is highly prevalent among caving practitioners. The solitary histoplasmoma of the lung is an unusual and chronic manifestation of this entity, which mimics, or at least is frequently misconstrued, as a malignancy. Almost invariably, the diagnosis of this type of histoplasmosis presentation is achieved after lung biopsy. The authors present the case of a young woman who sought medical care because of chest pain. The diagnostic work-up revealed the presence of a pulmonary nodule. She was submitted to a thoracotomy and wedge pulmonary resection. The histologic analysis rendered the diagnosis of histoplasmoma. Thisreport aims to call attention to this diagnosis as the differential diagnosis of a pulmonary nodule.

Histoplasmose pulmonar cavitária crônica / Chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis

A histoplasmose é uma micose sistêmica causada pelo fungo dimórfico térmico Histoplasma capsulatum, que pode ser isolado a partir de solo contaminado com excrementos de aves e morcegos. Dentre as apresentações clínicas dessa doença, a histoplasmose pulmonar cavitária crônica (HPCC) é uma manifestação rara. O diagnóstico diferencial com tuberculose deve ser realizado em pacientes que apresentam lesões cavitadas nos segmentos pulmonares superiores. É relatado um caso de uma paciente com HPCC que apresentou dispneia progressiva e piora do padrão radiológico em quatro anos de evolução da doença.

Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which can be isolated from soil contaminated with droppings from birds or bats. Chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis is one of the rarest clinical presentations of this disease. The differential diagnosis with tuberculosis should be made in patients presenting with cavitated lesions in upper lung segments. We report the case of a female patient with chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis who had presented with progressive dyspnea and worsening of the radiological pattern over a four-year period.

Adiaspiromicose pulmonar humana / Human pulmonary adiaspiromycosis

A adiaspiromicose é uma doença fúngica sistêmica que acomete usualmente roedores e raramente atinge o homem. É causada pelo fungo Emmonsia crescens e ocorre após a inalação da forma contagiante (conídios). Embora estas formas não se multipliquem nem se disseminem no organismo humano, induzem uma reação inflamatória crônica granulomatosa de padrão miliar que pode levar a falência respiratória e morte. Apresentamos aqui um caso de adiaspiromicose pulmonar humana em paciente imunocompetente que exibia infiltrado intersticial pulmonar difuso ao exame de imagem e fora diagnosticado mediante biópsia pulmonar.

Adiaspiromycosis is a systemic fungal disease that usually affects rodents and rarely infects humans. It is caused by the fungus Emmonsia crescens and occurs after inhalation of its contagious form (conidia). Although these forms neither multiply nor spread in the human body, they cause a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction of miliary pattern, which may lead to respiratory failure and death. In this study we present a case of human pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in an immunocompetent patient that showed a diffuse pulmonary interstitial infiltrate diagnosed by pulmonary biopsy.

La infección pulmonar y sistémica causada por el Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Avances recientes y perspectivas terapéuticas / Pulmonary and systemic infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Recent advances and therapeutic perspectives

La paracoccidioidomicosis es una infección fúngica subaguda o crónica adquirida por la inhalación del Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, caracterizada por la presencia de infiltados pulmonares "en mancha", y/o lesiones ulcesosa de la mucosa oronasal y la piel. La linfadenopatía es frecuente. En los casos diseminados, todas las vísceras pueden ser afectadas, pero las glándulas suprarrenales son especialmente susceptibles. El diagnóstico se confirma con el examen microscópico directo de los productos patológicos, la histopatología o el cultivo del agente infeccioso. Las técnicas de seroinmunología pueden ser de utilidad en el diagnóstico. Es endémica en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales de Sudamérica, Centroamérica y México. Los trabajadores con mayor riesgo son aquellos en contacto con el suelo, principalmente los campesinos, agricultores y obreros de la construcción; la incidencia más alta se ha registrado entre los adultos de 30 a 50 años de edad, siendo mucho más prevalente en los hombres que en las mujeres. El reservorio probablemente sea el suelo o la tierra cargada con las esporas del hongo. El medicamento de elección es el itraconazol. La anfotericina B seguida de una terapia prolongada con sulfas, resulta ser más barata pero menos efectiva. Sin embargo, los casos diseminados más graves, y la insuficiencia respiratoria residual representan un reto significativo a la terapéutica disponible.