Proceso enfermero aplicado a un paciente con úlceras por presión / Nursing process applied to a patient with pressure ulcers / Processo de enfermagem aplicado a um paciente com úlcera por pressão

Resumen Las escaras (también llamadas úlceras por presión y úlceras de decúbito) son lesiones en la piel y el tejido inferior, resultan de una presión prolongada sobre la misma. En la mayoría de los casos, se manifiestan en la piel que recubre las partes óseas del cuerpo, como talones, tobillos, caderas y coxis. Las personas que corren mayor riesgo de tener escaras tienen limitada su capacidad para cambiar de posición o pasan la mayor parte del tiempo en una cama o una silla de ruedas. Pueden desarrollarse en el transcurso de horas o días, la mayoría se curan con tratamiento, pero algunas nunca se curan completamente. El proceso enfermero es una herramienta metodológica a través del cual Enfermería puede apoyar al paciente y/o familiar en brindar cuidados y educación en la prevención y atención de las úlceras por presión. En México, dos estudios metacéntricos reportan que la prevalencia cruda de UPP es del 12,94% y del 17%, respectivamente. El presente caso se trata de una mujer adulto mayor, en edad extrema (81 años), atendida por su familiar, con regular adherencia a su tratamiento terapéutico y de cuidados, pasa la mayor parte del tiempo en cama, movilización regular aunque con buena higiene, con una escara de región sacra limpia en estadio ll, la paciente y familiar muestra disponibilidad y motivación para aprender acciones de cuidado y prevención adoptar cambios en los hábitos de vida, ser más saludable además mejorar la salud familiar.

Abstract Bedsores (also called pressure ulcers and pressure sores) are lesions on the skin and lower tissue, resulting from prolonged pressure on it. In most cases, they manifest on the skin that covers the bony parts of the body, such as heels, ankles, hips and coccyx. People who are most at risk for bedsores have limited ability to change position or spend most of their time in a bed or wheelchair. They can develop over the course of hours or days, most heal with treatment, but some are never completely cured. The nursing process is a methodological tool through which Nursing can support the patient and / or family in providing care and education in the prevention and care of pressure ulcers. In Mexico, two metacentric studies report that the crude prevalence of PU is 12.94% and 17%, respectively. The present case is about an elderly woman, (81 years), cared for by her relative, with regular adherence to her therapeutic and care treatment, spends most of the time in bed, regular mobilization although with good hygiene, with a clean sacral region eschar in stage II, the patient and family member show availability and motivation to learn care and prevention actions, adopt changes in life habits, be healthier and improve family health.

Resumo Escaras (também chamadas de úlceras de pressão e escaras) são lesões na pele e nos tecidos inferiores, resultantes de pressão prolongada sobre ela. Na maioria dos casos, eles se manifestam na pele que cobre as partes ósseas do corpo, como calcanhares, tornozelos, quadris e cóccix. Pessoas com maior risco de escaras têm capacidade limitada de mudar de posição ou de passar a maior parte do tempo em uma cama ou cadeira de rodas. Eles podem se desenvolver ao longo de horas ou dias, a maioria cura com tratamento, mas alguns nunca estão completamente curados. O processo de enfermagem é uma ferramenta metodológica por meio da qual a Enfermagem pode apoiar o paciente e / ou família na prestação de cuidados e educação na prevenção e cuidado das úlceras por pressão. No México, dois estudos metacêntricos relatam que a prevalência bruta de UP é de 12,94% e 17% 4, respectivamente. O presente caso se refere a uma idosa, em extrema idade (81 anos), cuidada por seu familiar, com adesão regular ao seu tratamento terapêutico e assistencial, passa a maior parte do tempo acamada, mobilização regular, porém, com boa higiene com uma escara limpa da região sacral em estágio II, o paciente e seu familiar demonstram disponibilidade e motivação para aprender ações de cuidado e prevenção, adotar mudanças de hábitos de vida, ter mais saúde e melhorar a saúde da família.

Medición de la saturación arterial de oxígeno en enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Measurement of blood oxygen saturation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Resumen La terapia con oxígeno a largo plazo mejoró la supervivencia de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Las medidas propuestas en las guías clínicas para evaluar la indicación y seguimiento de esta terapia son la presión arterial de oxígeno y la saturación arterial de oxígeno. Se ha generalizado el uso de la oximetría de pulso, pero la información para determinar si estas medidas son intercambiables es insuficiente. El objetivo es revisar los fundamentos fisiológicos de las variables relacionadas con la oxigenación y sus formas de medición. En la evaluación del paciente con patología respiratoria, la saturación de pulso es una ayuda clínica valiosa, sin embargo, sus limitaciones no le permiten, en ciertos rangos, reemplazar la valoración directa en sangre arterial (gasometría arterial) de la saturación arterial y la presión arterial de oxígeno, para determinar la indicación de la oxigenoterapia. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(3):19-25

Abstract Long-term oxygen therapy improves the survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Measures proposed in clinical clinics to evaluate the indication and monitoring of arterial blood pressure therapy and arterial oxygen saturation. The use of pulse oximetry has been widespread, but the information to determine if these measures are interchangeable is insufficient. The objective is to review the physiological foundations of variables related to oxygenation and their forms of measurement. In the assessment of the patient with respiratory pathology, pulse saturation is a valuable clinical aid., however, its limitations do not allow, in certain ranges, to replace direct arterial blood pressure (arterial blood gas) measurement of arterial saturation and arterial oxygen pressure, to determine the indication of oxygen therapy. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(3):19-25

A experiência do médico examinador tem influência na avaliação do tônus anal em comparação à manometria anorretal? / Is the physician expertise in digital rectal examination of value in detecting anal tone in comparison to anorectal manometry?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Digital rectal examination (DRE) is part of the physical examination, is also essential for the colorectal surgeon evaluation. A good DRE offers precious information related to the patient's complaints, which will help in decision making. It is simple, quick and minimally invasive. In many centers around the world, the DRE is still the only method to evaluate the anal sphincter prior to patient's management. On the other hand, anorectal manometry (ARM) is the main method for objective functional evaluation of anal sphincter pressures. The discrepancy of DRE depending on the examiner to determine sphincter tonus in comparison to ARM motivated this study. OBJECTIVE: To compare the DRE performed by proficient and non-experienced examiners to sphincter pressure parameters obtained at ARM, depending on examiners expertise. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients with complaints of fecal incontinence or chronic constipation, from the anorectal physiology clinic of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, were prospectively included. Each patient underwent ARM and DRE performed by two senior colorectal surgeons and one junior colorectal surgeon prior to the ARM. Patient's history was blinded for the examiner's knowledge, also the impressions of each examiner were blinded from the others. For the DRE rest and squeeze pressures were classified by an objective scale (DRE scoring system) that was compared to the parameters of the ARM for the analysis. The results obtained at the ARM were compared to the DRE performed by the seniors and the junior colorectal surgeons. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive analysis was performed for all parameters. For the rest and squeeze pressures the Gamma index was used for the comparison between the DRE and ARM, which varied from 0 to 1. The closer to 1 the better was the agreement. RESULTS: The mean age was 48 years old and 55.5% of patients were female. The agreement of rest anal pressures between the ARM and the DRE performed by the senior proficient examiners was 0.7 (CI 95%; 0.32-1.0), while for the junior non-experienced examiner was 0.52 (CI 95%; 0.09-0.96). The agreement of squeeze pressures was 0.96 (CI 95%; 0.87-1.0) for the seniors and 0.52 (CI 95%; 0.16-0.89) for the junior examiner. CONCLUSION: More experienced colorectal surgeons used to DRE had a more significant agreement with the ARM, thereafter would have more appropriate therapeutic management to patients with sphincter functional problems. ARM, therefore, persists as an important exam to objectively evaluate the sphincter complex, justifying its utility in the clinical practice.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Exame anorretal digital (EAD) faz parte do exame físico, também é essencial para a avaliação do cirurgião colorretal. Um bom EAD oferece informações preciosas relacionadas às queixas do paciente, que auxiliam na tomada de decisões. Sua realização é simples, rápida e minimamente invasiva. Em diversos centros ao redor do mundo, o toque retal ainda é o único método para avaliar o esfíncter anal antes do tratamento. Por outro lado, a manometria anorretal (MAR) é o principal método para avaliação funcional objetiva das pressões esfincterianas. A discrepância entre o EAD, dependendo do examinador para determinar o tônus esfincteriano em comparação à MAR motivou este estudo. OBJETIVO: Comparar o EAD com os parâmetros de pressão esfincteriana obtidos na MAR, dependendo da experiência dos examinadores. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis pacientes consecutivos com queixas de incontinência fecal ou constipação crônica, do ambulatório de Fisiologia Anorretal da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foram prospectivamente incluídos. Cada paciente foi submetido a MAR e EAD realizados por dois cirurgiões colorretais seniores e um júnior antes da MAR. A história dos pacientes propositalmente omitida dos examinadores, e os resultados de cada examinador foram cegos dos demais. Para o EAD, as pressões de repouso e contração foram classificadas por uma escala objetiva (EAD Scoring System), realizada pelos examinadores seniores e pelo júnior em todos os pacientes, que foi comparada com os parâmetros da MAR para a análise. ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA: A análise descritiva foi feita para todos os parâmetros. Para as pressões de repouso e contração, o índice Gamma foi utilizado para a comparação entre o EAD e a MAR, que variou de 0 a 1. Quanto mais próximo de 1 melhor a concordância entre os dois métodos de avaliação. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 48 anos e 55,5% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. A concordância das pressões anais de repouso entre a MAR e o EAD realizadas pelos examinadores seniores, proficientes, foi de 0,7 (IC 95%; 0,32-1,0), enquanto para o examinador júnior, menos experiente, foi de 0,52 (IC95%; 0,09-0,96). A concordância das pressões de contração foi de 0,96 (IC 95%; 0,87-1,0) para os examinadores seniores e de 0,52 (IC 95%; 0,16-0,89) para o júnior. CONCLUSÃO: Cirurgiões colorretais mais experientes, o EAD teve concordância mais significativa com a MAR, o que poderia levar a um manejo terapêutico mais adequado aos pacientes portadores de doença anorretais funcionais. A manometria anorretal permanece, portanto, como método de avaliação objetiva da função esfincteriana.

Tratamiento de pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico con compresión ecoguiada / Treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm with echo-guided compression

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad obtenida con la compresión ecoguiada como primera elección para lograr la trombosis del pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico post estudio o intervencionismo. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de 9 pacientes en quienes se realizó la compresión ecoguiada como primera alternativa de manejo frente a pseudoaneurismas iatrogénicos secundarios a procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos ocurridos entre agosto de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Talca. Resultados: De 4.070 procedimientos se presentó la complicación en 9 pacientes, un 0,22%; 7 posterior a procedimientos terapéuticos (0,4%), y 2 en el grupo de diagnósticos (0,08%). La muestra se compone por 6 hombres y 3 mujeres de edad promedio 70 años. El vaso comprometido fue principalmente la arteria femoral con un 77%. Los pseudoaneurismas ocurrieron mayoritariamente posteriores a procedimientos terapéuticos (77%); y el éxito de la compresión ecoguiada se obtuvo en el 67%. No hubo complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento. Conclusiones: La compresión ecoguiada tiene un porcentaje de éxito menor en esta pequeña serie que los obtenidos por otros autores, pero al no presentar complicaciones y por su bajo costo creemos debe mantenerse como primera alternativa.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness obtained with echo guided compression as the first choice to achieve thrombosis of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm after study or interventionism. Material and Method: Retrospective observational study of 9 patients who underwent echo-guided compression as the first management alternative to iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures that occurred between August 2012 and December 2015 at the Regional Hospital of Talca. Results: Of 4,070 procedures the complication was presented in 9 patients, 0.22%; 7 after therapeutic procedures (0.4%), and 2 in the diagnostic group (0.08%). The sample consists of 6 men and 3 women of average age 70 years. The involved vessel was mainly the femoral artery with 77%. Pseudoaneurysms occurred mostly after therapeutic procedures (77%); and the success of the echogenic compression was obtained in 67%. There were no complications associated with treatment. Conclusions : Image guided compression has a lower success rate in this small series than those obtained by other authors, but since there are no complications and because of its low cost, we believe that it should be kept as the first alternative.

Cura húmeda de úlceras por presión. Atención en el ámbito domiciliar / Pressure ulcers humid healing: Attention within the home environment / Cura húmida de ulceras por pressão. Atenção no âmbito domiciliar

La necesidad de trabajar en el domicilio el tratamiento y prevención de las úlceras por presión (UPP) mediante sesiones basadas en cura húmeda es trascendente para la eversión y cicatrización en menor tiempo. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento de la cura húmeda en pacientes con UPP en un ambiente domiciliario. Método: Se realizó una intervención clínica con la técnica de cura húmeda en 11 UPP de 4 pacientes egresados del hospital con su problema de salud resuelto, pero no así las UPP observadas en puntos de presión, con lesiones grado II (n = 6) y grado III (n = 5). Se realizaron 12 curaciones, cada 72 h, en los domicilios de las personas. Se midió la severidad y su reversión con el instrumento Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH). Este instrumento tiene un alfa de Cronbach de 0.823. Resultados: Se curaron 9 UPP de 11; todas las de grado II (n = 6), mientras que de las de grado III se curaron 3 (n = 5). La cicatrización se dio en un lapso de 4 semanas, inferior a la cura tradicional que demora 2 veces más el tiempo de cicatrización. Conclusión: En el ámbito domiciliario, la cura húmeda fue eficaz para revertir las UPP de pacientes que las habían desarrollado durante su hospitalización y que egresaron sin tratamiento para ellas. La intervención se convierte en una opción para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y un medio que las instituciones de salud pueden poner en práctica.

The need to carry out prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers (PU) within the home environment by means of humid healing sessions is very important for the prompt eversion and cicatrization of the wounds. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the humid healing in patients with PU within the home environment. Method: A clinical intervention was performed using the humid healing technique on 11 PU in 4 discharged patients showing degree II lesions (n = 6), and degree III lesions (n = 5). Twelve healings every 72 h were carried out at the homes of these patients. The ulcers severity and progress were estimated using the Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH) instrument, which has a Cronbach alfa of 0.823. Results: Nine PU out of the total 11 healed-all degree II (n = 6) and 3 degree III (n = 5). The cicatrization process only took 4 weeks, a time which is much shorter than the usual 8 weeks which take the traditional healing. Conclusion: Within the home environment, humid healing was an effective method to address PU in patients previously discharged from hospitals. This kind of interventions represents an option which health institutions can promote in order to improve the quality of life of these patients.

A necessidade de trabalhar na residência o tratamento e prevenção das Ulceras por pressão (UPP) mediante sessões baseadas em cura húmida, é transcendente para a eversão e cicatrização em menor tempo. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento da cura húmida em pacientes com UPP em um ambiente domiciliar. Método: Realizou-se uma intervenção clínica com a técnica de cura húmida em 11 UPP de quatro pacientes formados do hospital com seu problema de saúde resolvido, mas não assim as UPP observadas em pontos de pressão, com lesões grau II (n = 6) e III (n = 5). Realizaram-se 12 curas, cada 72 h nas residências das pessoas. Mediu-se a severidade e sua reversão com o instrumento Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH). Este instrumento tem um alfa de Cronbach de 0.80. Resultados: Foram curadas 9 UPP de 11, todas as de grau II (n = 6), enquanto que as de grau III, 3 (n = 5). A cicatrização deu-se em um lapso de 4 semanas, inferior à cura tradicional que demora duas vezes mais o tempo de cicatrização. Conclusão: No âmbito domiciliar, a cura húmida foi eficaz para reverter as UPP de pacientes que as tinham desenvolvido durante sua hospitalização e que se formaram sem tratamento para elas. A intervenção se tornou em una opção para melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas e um médio que as instituições de saúde podem pôr em prática.

Secondary hyperalgesia occurs regardless of unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis involvement in individuals with mild or moderate level / A hiperalgesia secundária ocorre independentemente do envolvimento unilateral ou bilateral da osteoartrite de joelho em indivíduos com doença leve ou moderada

ABSTRACT Background: Secondary hyperalgesia in individuals with less severe levels of knee osteoarthritis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to measure the pressure pain threshold of individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis and compare with no osteoarthritis. Methods: Ten healthy controls and 30 individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis divided into two groups (unilateral and bilateral involvement) were included. Dermatomes in lumbar levels (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) and sacral level (S1 and S2), myotomes (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, adductor longus, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, and popliteus muscles), and sclerotomes in lumbar levels (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5 supraspinous ligaments), over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas, pes anserinus bursae, and at the patellar tendon pressure pain threshold were assessed and compared between individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis. Results: Knee osteoarthritis groups (unilateral and bilateral) reported lower pressure pain threshold compared to the control group in most areas (dermatomes, myotomes, and sclerotomes). There were no between group differences in the supra-spinous ligaments and over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas of the sclerotomes. No difference was seen between knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that individuals with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis had primary and secondary hyperalgesia, independent of unilateral or bilateral involvement. These results suggest that the pain have to be an assertive focus in the clinical practice, independent of the level of severity or involvement of knee osteoarthritis.

RESUMO Introdução: A ocorrência de hiperalgesia secundária em indivíduos com níveis menos graves de osteoartrite de joelho ainda é incerta. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o limiar de dor à pressão (LDP) de indivíduos com osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ) leve ou moderada e comparar com indivíduos sem osteoartrite. Métodos: Foram incluídos 10 controles saudáveis e 30 indivíduos com OAJ leve ou moderada, divididos em dois grupos (envolvimento unilateral e bilateral). Foi avaliado e comparado o LDP em dermátomos (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1 e S2), miótomos (músculos vasto medial, vasto lateral, reto femoral, adutor longo, tibial anterior, fibular longo, ilíaco, quadrado lombar e poplíteo) e esclerótomos (ligamentos supraespinais L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5), sobre as áreas sacrais L5-S1 e S1-S2, bolsa anserina e tendão patelar entre os indivíduos com e sem OAJ. Resultados: Os grupos OAJ (unilateral e bilateral) relataram menor LDP em comparação com o grupo controle na maior parte das áreas (dermátomos, miótomos e esclerótomos). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos nos ligamentos supraespinais e ao longo das áreas sacrais L5-S1 e S1-S2 dos esclerótomos. Não foi observada qualquer diferença entre os indivíduos com OAJ. Conclusão: Esses achados sugerem que os indivíduos com OAJ leve a moderada tinham hiperalgesia primária e secundária, independentemente do acometimento unilateral ou bilateral. Esses resultados sugerem que a dor precisa ser um foco assertivo na prática clínica, independentemente do grau de gravidade ou envolvimento da OAJ.

Effects of chest wall compression on expiratory flow rates in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Manual chest wall compression (CWC) during expiration is a technique for removing airway secretions in patients with respiratory disorders. However, there have been no reports about the physiological effects of CWC in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective: To compare the effects of CWC on expiratory flow rates in patients with COPD and asymptomatic controls. Method: Fourteen subjects were recruited from among patients with COPD who were receiving pulmonary rehabilitation at the University Hospital (COPD group). Fourteen age-matched healthy subjects were also consecutively recruited from the local community (Healthy control group). Airflow and lung volume changes were measured continuously with the subjects lying in supine position during 1 minute of quiet breathing (QB) and during 1 minute of CWC by a physical therapist. Results: During CWC, both the COPD group and the healthy control group showed significantly higher peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs) than during QB (mean difference for COPD group 0.14 L/sec, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.24, p<0.01, mean difference for healthy control group 0.39 L/sec, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.57, p<0.01). In the between-group comparisons, PEFR was significantly higher in the healthy control group than in the COPD group (-0.25 L/sec, 95% CI -0.43 to -0.07, p<0.01). However, the expiratory flow rates at the lung volume at the PEFR during QB and at 50% and 25% of tidal volume during QB increased in the healthy control group (mean difference for healthy control group 0.31 L/sec, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.47, p<0.01: 0.31 L/sec, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.47, p<0.01: 0.27 L/sec, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.41, p<0.01, respectively) but not in the COPD group (0.05 L/sec, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.12: -0.01 L/sec, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.08: 0.02 L/sec, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.90) with the application of CWC. Conclusion: The effects of chest wall compression on expiratory flow rates was different between COPD patients and asymptomatic controls.

Correlation between intra-abdominal pressure and pulmonary volumes after superior and inferior abdominal surgery

OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing abdominal surgery are at risk for pulmonary complications. The principal cause of postoperative pulmonary complications is a significant reduction in pulmonary volumes (FEV1 and FVC) to approximately 65-70% of the predicted value. Another frequent occurrence after abdominal surgery is increased intra-abdominal pressure. The aim of this study was to correlate changes in pulmonary volumes with the values of intra-abdominal pressure after abdominal surgery, according to the surgical incision in the abdomen (superior or inferior). METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 60 patients who underwent elective open abdominal surgery with a surgical time greater than 240 minutes. Patients were evaluated before surgery and on the 3rd postoperative day. Spirometry was assessed by maximal respiratory maneuvers and flow-volume curves. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured in the postoperative period using the bladder technique. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56±13 years, and 41.6% 25 were female; 50 patients (83.3%) had malignant disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical incision (superior or inferior). The lung volumes in the preoperative period showed no abnormalities. After surgery, there was a significant reduction in both FEV1 (1.6±0.6 L) and FVC (2.0±0.7 L) with maintenance of FEV1/FVC of 0.8±0.2 in both groups. The maximum intra-abdominal pressure values were similar (p = 0.59) for the two groups. There was no association between pulmonary volumes and intra-abdominal pressure measured in any of the groups analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that superior and inferior abdominal surgery determines hypoventilation, unrelated to increased intra-abdominal pressure. Patients at high risk of pulmonary complications should receive respiratory care even if undergoing inferior abdominal surgery. .

Anteroposterior displacement behavior of the center of pressure, without visual reference, in postmenopausal women with and without lumbar osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the anteroposterior displacement behavior of the center of pressure without any visual reference and determine its relationship with knee muscle strength and reports of falls in postmenopausal women. Among those with osteoporosis, the specific objective was to evaluate the correlation of thoracic kyphosis and vitamin D with center of pressure displacement. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study without intervention. The assessments were performed on 126 postmenopausal women (aged 55-65 years) who were grouped according to their lumbar bone density into osteoporosis and control groups. Center of pressure was evaluated on a force platform (100 Hz frequency and 10 Hz filter), with the subjects standing on both feet with eyes closed for 60 seconds. Knee muscle strength was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer in concentric/concentric mode at a velocity of 60°/s. In the osteoporosis group, vitamin D was assayed, and the thoracic spine was radiographed. RESULTS: In the control group, there was a correlation between the center of pressure and knee strength (r = 0.37; p<0.003). Reports of falls were not associated with center of pressure displacement (p = 0.056). In the osteoporosis group, thoracic kyphosis and vitamin D levels were not correlated with the center of pressure. CONCLUSION: Anteroposterior center of pressure displacement without visual influence was not associated with falls, thoracic kyphosis or vitamin D in the osteoporosis group. Only knee muscle strength was associated with center of pressure displacement in the control group. .

Prognostic value of urethral mobility and valsalva leak point pressure for female transobturator sling procedure

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of urethral mobility and Valsalva leak point pressure on postoperative outcomes of transobturator sling (TOT) for female stress urinary incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort was conducted including 66 patients submitted to TOT from March 2006 to May 2009. Urethral hypermobility was defined as mobility ≥ 30º on Q-tip test, and Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) was classified as greater than 60 cmH2O or 60 and less on preoperative urodynamics. These parameters were compared through well defined postoperative objective and subjective success criteria. Intensity of urinary leakage and quality of life was analysed by ICIQ-SF. Statistical analysis was accomplished and the results rendered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean follow up was 10 months (3 to 28). Mean age was 55 years (33 to 80), 70% were white and 30% African descendent, mean body mass index was 27 (21 to 38), average vaginal and abdominal deliveries were 2.8 and 0.5 respectively. A quarter had prior stress incontinence surgery. Patients with urethral hypermobility had higher objective success rates (98% versus 81.25%, p = 0.04). The subjective success rate was also greater in the hypermobility group (84% versus 62.5%), but statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.07). VLPP had no influence on either objective or subjective postoperative success rates (p = 0.17 and 0.34, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, those with low mobility and high VLPP had worse objective success rates in comparison to the group with hypermobility and low VLPP (p = 0.04) and also in relation to the remaining of the studied population. Other possible prognostic factors (previous surgery, mixed incontinence, gestational status) had no influence on success rates. CONCLUSIONS: High urethral mobility, regardless of the sphincteric status indicated by VLPP, is a favorable prognostic factor for tension-free transobturator tape procedure. No relationship was demonstrated between postoperative success rates and VLPP.

Obesity and smoking: Are they modulators of cough intravesical peak pressure in stress urinary incontinence?

PURPOSE: SUI (Stress Urinary Incontinence) results from sudden increases in intravesical peak pressures exceeding urethral resistance leading to involuntary urine loss. Obesity and smoking are well established reversible risk factors for SUI and may alter intravesical peak pressures. BMI, smoking status, and other clinical factors were studied to determine their relationship to CIPP (maximal Intravesical Peak Pressures generated by Cough) in SUI complaining women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred nineteen women complaining of SUI were evaluated with medical history and urodynamics. Age, parity, comorbidities, previous surgery, BMI and history of smoking were obtained. The maximal intravesical peak pressures generated by cough (CIPP) and cough leak point pressure (CLPP) were acquired. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Current smokers and former smokers had similar CIPP (170cmH2O and 170cmH2O; p = 0.5, respectively); Those individuals who had never smoked had significantly lower CIPP (140cmH2O; p = 0.000 and p = 0.009 respectively). BMI was directly related to CIPP (r = 0.41; p = 0.000). Vaginal deliveries (r = -0.15, p = 0.08) and diabetes (r = 0.15, p = 0.016) were also directly related to CIPP on univariate analysis. Only smoking status (p = 0.000) and BMI (p = 0.000) were independently significantly related to CIPP on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and smoking showed increased CIPP (maximal Intravesical Peak Pressures generated by Cough). While reduced BMI is related to lower CIPP, smoking cessation does not appear to diminish CIPP. These findings suggest that weight loss may reduce incontinence by CIPP modulation. However, the benefits of smoking cessation without additional lifestyle modification, may have no benefit to improve urinary incontinence.

Echocardiographic evaluation during weaning from mechanical ventilation

INTRODUCTION: Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and other cardiorespiratory variables can change during weaning from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVES: To analyze changes in cardiac function, using Doppler echocardiogram, in critical patients during weaning from mechanical ventilation, using two different weaning methods: pressure support ventilation and T-tube; and comparing patient subgroups: success vs. failure in weaning. METHODS: Randomized crossover clinical trial including patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h and considered ready for weaning. Cardiorespiratory variables, oxygenation, electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiogram findings were analyzed at baseline and after 30 min in pressure support ventilation and T-tube. Pressure support ventilation vs. T-tube and weaning success vs. failure were compared using ANOVA and Student's t-test. The level of significance was p<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-four adult patients were evaluated. Seven patients failed at the first weaning attempt. No echocardiographic or electrocardiographic differences were observed between pressure support ventilation and T-tube. Weaning failure patients presented increases in left atrium, intraventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness and diameter of left ventricle and shorter isovolumetric relaxation time. Successfully weaned patients had higher levels of oxygenation. CONCLUSION: No differences were observed between Doppler echocardiographic variables and electrocardiographic and other cardiorespiratory variables during pressure support ventilation and T-tube. However cardiac structures were smaller, isovolumetric relaxation time was larger, and oxygenation level was greater in successfully weaned patients.

Mean intrasellar pressure, visual field, headache intensity and quality of life of patients with pituitary adenoma / Pressão intra-selar média, campo visual, intensidade de cefaléia e qualidade de vida em portadores de adenoma hipofisário

Intrasellar pressure (ISP) measurement technique has recently opened a new line of research in neuroendocrinology. The absolute and mean ISP values were investigated in 25 patients consecutively operated at the Brasilia University Hospital (DF). These data were correlated with serum prolactin levels, number of visual quadrant affected, tumor size, quality of life (measured through the SF-36 scale) and graded headache (measured through the HIT-6 scale). No correlation was observed. The p values were 0.887; 0.137; 0.892; 0.812 and 0.884; respectively. The HIT-6 values were inversely and moderately correlated with total RAND SF-36 and its mental and physical dimensions.

A técnica da medida da pressão intra-selar (PIS) abriu, recentemente, uma nova linha de pesquisa em neuroendocrinologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi aferir os valores absolutos da PIS e calcular a pressão intra-selar média (PIM) em uma população de 25 pacientes operados consecutivamente no Hospital Universitário de Brasília (DF). Não se observou correlação significativa entre a PIM e o número de quadrantes visuais comprometidos (p=0,137), área do tumor (p=0,892), nível de qualidade de vida mensurado pela escala SF-36 (p=0,812) e a presença e a intensidade da cefaléia mensurada pela escala HIT-6 (p=0,884). Contudo, o HIT-6 correlacionou-se de forma inversa e intensidade moderada com os valores de HIT-6 e suas dimensões mental e física.

Rehabilitación respiratoria en pediatría / Pulmonary rehabilitation in children

La rehabilitación respiratoria se ha consolidado como parte fundamental del manejo y tratamiento de muchos enfermos pulmonares crónicos en edad adulta. La literatura reporta constante información de los múltiples beneficios que tiene el ejercicio practicado de manera sistemática, tanto en sujetos enfermos como sanos, sean estos niños o adultos; siempre considerando una acabada evaluación inicial que permita detectar aquellos en quienes el ejercicio produzca efectos deletéreos en su salud. En nuestro país, el concepto de rehabilitación respiratoria en pediatría está escasamente desarrollado. Sólo existen esfuerzos aislados, que solucionan problemas individuales y no colectivos. El Programa Nacional de Asistencia Ventilatoria no Invasiva en Domicilio (AVNI), es probablemente el primer esfuerzo sistemático en aplicar los principios de la rehabilitación pulmonar en pediatría, en donde un equipo trans-disciplinario le ofrece a los pacientes pediátricos portadores de una patología neuromuscular un enfoque integral que mejore su condición de calidad de vida. Este artículo resume algunos conceptos en torno a los principios de entrenamiento muscular en niños, el concepto de presión inspiratoria y la introducción de válvulas de entrenamiento.

Experience with local negative pressure (vacuum method) in the treatment of complex wounds / Experiência com pressão negativa local (método a vácuo) no tratamento de feridas complexas

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Use of topical negative pressure over difficult-to-heal wounds has been studied. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects from negative pressure in the treatment of complex wounds. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series developed at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with complex wounds were treated with the vacuum system and then underwent a surgical procedure to close the wound. RESULTS: 85 percent of the skin grafts took well, and 87.5 percent of the local flaps were successful, thus demonstrating adequate wound preparation. The wounds were closed within shorter times than observed using other conventional treatments In two cases, the vacuum system was also used to stabilize the skin grafts over the wounds. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the vacuum method is safe and efficient for preparing wounds for surgical closure. It allows for an improvement of local wound conditions, and healthy granulation tissue develops with control over local infection.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Foi estudado o uso tópico de pressão negativa em feridas de difícil resolução. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da pressão negativa como tratamento de feridas complexas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Série de casos atendidos em um hospital terciário (Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo). MÉTODOS: Vinte e nove pacientes com feridas complexas foram tratados com o sistema a vácuo e, então, submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico para o fechamento da ferida. RESULTADOS: 85 por cento dos enxertos de pele tiveram boa "pega" e 87,5 por cento dos retalhos locais foram mobilizados com êxito, o que aponta para um preparo adequado do leito da ferida. As feridas foram fechadas em tempo mais curto que o que nós observamos em outros tratamentos convencionais. Em dois casos, o vácuo também foi usado para a estabilização dos enxertos de pele em cima das feridas. CONCLUSÕES: O vácuo é um método seguro e eficiente no preparo de feridas para o fechamento cirúrgico. Permite melhora das condições locais da ferida, com desenvolvimento de tecido de granulação saudável e controle da infecção local.

Daño pulmonar agudo asociado a ventilación mecánica / Ventilator associated acute lung injury

Mechanical ventilation plays a central role In the critical care setting; but its use is closely related with some life threatening complications as nosocomial pneumonia and low cardiac performance. One of the most severe complications is called ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI) and it includes: Barotrauma, volutrauma, atelectrauma, biotrauma and oxygen-mediated toxic effects and it is related with an inflammatory response secondary to the stretching and recruitment process of alveoli within mechanical ventilation. The use of some protective ventilatory strategies has lowered the mortality rate 10% approximately.

La importancia de la asistencia mecánica ventilatoria (AMV) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) es indiscutible; sin embargo, su uso está ligado con complicaciones como neumonía nosocomial y deterioro del rendimiento cardiaco, que en algunas ocasiones ponen en peligro la vida del enfermo. Una de las complicaciones más graves es el daño pulmonar asociado a la ventilación mecánica (DPVM). El DPVM se caracteriza por la presencia de edema pulmonar rico en proteínas. Se recomienda establecer cierto número de estrategias de protección pulmonar (EPP) para prevenir este tipo de lesión. Una vez instituidas, las EPP han demostrado una disminución de la mortalidad de aproximadamente 10%.

Influência da pressäo de liberaçäo dos stents coronários implantados em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Análise pela angiografia coronária quantitativa / Influence of balloon pressure inflation in patients undergoing primary coronary stent implantation during acute myocardial infarction. A quantitative coronary angiography analysis

OBJECTIVE:To verify the influence of moderate- or high-pressure balloon inflation during primary coronary stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: After successful coronary stent implantation, 82 patients were divided into 2 groups according to the last balloon inflation pressure: group 1 ( 12 to <16 atm) and group 2 ( 16 to 20 atm), each with 41 cases. All patients underwent late coronary angiography. RESULTS: In group 1, the mean stent deployment pressure was 13.58±0.92 atm, and in the group 2 it was 18.15±1.66 atm. Stents implanted with moderate pressures ( 12 to <16 atm) had a significantly smaller postprocedural minimal lumen diameter, compared to with those with higher pressure, with lesser acute gain (2.7± 0.4 mm vs 2.9±04 mm; p=0.004), but the late lumen loss (0,9±0,8 mm vs 0,9±0,6 mm) and the restenosis (22 percent vs. 17.1 percent) and target-vessel revascularization rates (9.8 percent vs 7.3 percent) were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: During AMI stenting, the use of high pressures ( 16 atm) did not cause a measurable improvement in late outcome, either in the late loss, its index, and the net gain, or in clinical and angiographic restenosis rates

Estudo das funçöes equipressiva e de drenagem da tuba auditiva e sua correlaçäo com resultados cirúrgicos de miringoplastia / Equipressive and drainage function study of the auditive tube and their relation with myringoplasty surgical results

O sucesso da miringoplastia depende, entre outros fatores, da funçäo da tuba auditiva. Neste estudo, avalia-se a funçäo tubária em trinta doentes portadores de otite média crônica simples com indicaçäo de miringoplastia, pré-operatoriamente, para verificar a relaçäo entre funçäo tubária e resultados cirúrgicos. A funçäo equipressiva é avaliada através da prova de insuflaçäo e desinsuflaçäo, e a funçäo de drenagem através da instilaçäo de técnico na orelha média. A prova de desinsuflaçäo é o melhor teste de funçäo tubária empregado neste estudo. Mas a disfunçäo tubária näo contra-indica a cirurgia, pois nem todos os doentes com disfunçäo nesta prova tiveram maus resultados cirúrgicos