A real-time quantitative assay for hepatitis B DNA virus (HBV) developed to detect all HBV genotypes / Ensaio quantitativo em tempo real para o DNA do vírus da hepatite B (HBV) desenvolvido para detectar todos os genótipos do HBV

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Besides genotype, quantitative analysis of HBV infection is extensively used for monitoring disease progression and treatment. Affordable viral load monitoring is desirable in resource-limited settings and it has been already shown to be useful in developing countries for other viruses such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV. In this paper, we describe the validation of a real-time PCR assay for HBV DNA quantification with TaqMan chemistry and MGB probes. Primers and probes were designed using an alignment of sequences from all HBV genotypes in order to equally amplify all of them. The assay is internally controlled and was standardized with an international HBV panel. Its efficacy was evaluated comparing the results with two other methods: Versant HBV DNA Assay 3.0 (bDNA, Siemens, NY, USA) and another real-time PCR from a reference laboratory. Intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibilities were determined and the mean of CV values obtained were 0.12 and 0.09, respectively. The assay was validated with a broad dynamic range and is efficient for amplifying all HBV genotypes, providing a good option to quantify HBV DNA as a routine procedure, with a cheap and reliable protocol.

O vírus da Hepatite B (HBV) é uma das principais causas de doença crônica do fígado no mundo. Além do genótipo, a análise quantitativa do HBV é amplamente utilizada para monitorar a progressão da doença e o tratamento. Em locais com recursos escassos, métodos baratos para o monitoramento da carga viral são desejáveis e, em países em desenvolvimento, sua utilidade já foi demonstrada para outros vírus, como o da Hepatite C e HIV. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a validação de um teste de PCR em Tempo Real para a quantificação do DNA do HBV utilizando sondas Taqman/MGB. Os oligos e sondas foram escolhidos usando um alinhamento contendo seqüências de todos os genótipos do HBV para garantir uma amplificação igual de todos eles. O teste possui um controle interno e foi padronizado com um painel internacional de HBV. Sua eficácia foi testada comparando-se os resultados com outros dois métodos: Versant HBV DNA Assay 3.0 (bDNA, Siemens, NY, USA) e outro PCR em tempo real realizado em um laboratório de referência. As reprodutibilidades intra e inter-ensaio foram determinadas e a média dos valores de CV obtidos foram de 0,12 e 0,09, respectivamente. O teste foi validado com uma ampla faixa dinâmica e amplificou com eficiência os diferentes genótipos de HBV, fornecendo uma boa opção para a quantificação de rotina do DNA do HBV, com um protocolo barato e confiável.

Analysis of 5382insC (BRCA1) and 6174delT (BRCA2) mutations in 382 healthy Chilean women with a family history of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. Chilean studies reveal that this cancer presents the third highest mortality rate. A family history of breast cancer is one of the major risk factors for the development of this disease. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two main hereditary breast cancer susceptibility genes, and mutations in these genes are related to inherited breast cancer. In specific populations only some mutations have been found to be associated with susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to establish the frequency of 5382insC (BRCA1) and 6174delT (BRCA2) germline mutations in 382 healthy Chilean women with at least two relatives affected with breast cancer and in probands and their relatives from 8 high risk families for breast cancer, using mismatch PCR assay. The results obtained showed that 5382insC and 6174delT mutations were not found in either of the groups studied. The ethnic origin of the contemporary Chilean population and the data reported in the literature suggest that these mutations may be absent or have a very low frequency in this population.. This genetic study is part of a breast cancer screening program that also includes annual mammography and clinical breast examination over a five-year period. Strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer lie in early detection in women with genetic risk.

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit in Brazil evaluated by PCR and association with perinatal aspects

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting 0.4 percent to 2.3 percent newborns. Most of them are asymptomatic at birth, but later 10 percent develop handicaps, mainly neurological disturbances. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of CMV shed in urine of newborns from a neonatal intensive care unit using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlate positive cases to some perinatal aspects. Urine samples obtained at first week of life were processed according to a PCR protocol. Perinatal data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Twenty of the 292 cases (6.8 percent) were CMV-DNA positive. There was no statistical difference between newborns with and without CMV congenital infection concerning birth weight (p=0.11), gestational age (p=0.11), Apgar scores in the first and fifth minutes of life (p=0.99 and 0.16), mother's age (p=0.67) and gestational history. Moreover, CMV congenital infection was neither related to gender (p=0.55) nor to low weight (<2,500g) at birth (p=0.13). This high prevalence of CMV congenital infection (6.8 percent) could be due to the high sensitivity of PCR technique, the low socioeconomic level of studied population or the severe clinical status of these newborns.

Persistent infections in chronic Chagas'disease patients treated with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi nitroderivatives

We used a molecular method and demonstrated that treatment of the chronic human Trypanosoma cruzi infections with nitroderivatives did not lead to parasitological cure. Seventeen treated and 17 untreated chronic Chagas' disease patients, with at least two out of three positive serologic assays for the infection, and 17 control subjects formed the study groups. PCR assays with nested sets of T. cruzi DNA primers monitored the efficacy of treatment. The amplification products were hybridized to their complementary internal sequences. Untreated and treated Chagas' disease patients yielded PCR amplification products with T. cruzi nuclear DNA primers. Competitive PCR was conducted to determine the quantity of parasites in the blood and revealed < 1 to 75 T. cruzi/ml in untreated (means 25.83 +/- 26.32) and < 1 to 36 T. cruzi/ml in treated (means 6.45 +/- 9.28) Chagas' disease patients. The difference between the means was not statistically significant. These findings reveal a need for precise definition of the role of treatment of chronic Chagas'disease patients with nitrofuran and nitroimidazole compounds.

Detecçäo de mRNAs quiméricos BCR/ABL em pacientes portadores de leucemia mielóide crônica, leucemia linfóide aguda/mielóide aguda pela reaçäo de polimerizaçäo em cadeia (PCR) / Detection of BCR/ABL chimeric mRNAs in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia/ acute myeloid by polimerase chain reaction (PCR)

A leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC) é uma doença caracterizada pela proliferaçao e acumulaçao de células mielóides e seus precursores, induzida pela transformaçao neoplásica de uma célula hematopoética pluripotente, a stem-cell. Esse clone possui uma anormalidade citogenética que se caracteriza pela translocaçao recíproca entre os cromossomos 9 e 22 [t(9;22) (q34;q11)], resultando na formaçao do cromossomo Philadelphia (Ph1). O resultado dessa translocaçao é a justaposiçao do gene BCR com o protooncogene ABL, originando um gene híbrido que codifica uma proteína anormal com atividade tirosina quinase exacerbada. A reaçao de polimerizaçao em cadeia (PCR) baseada na amplificaçao do cDNA híbrido BCR/ABL tem sido considerada um meio altamente sensível e específico para detecçao dessa patologia, em nível molecular. O RNA total foi extraído pelo método de isocianato de guanidina, de leucócitos de sangue periférico e (ou) medula óssea. A primeira fita (cDNA) foi sintetizada utilizando primer complementar à regiao 3' do mRNA quimérico BCR/ABL, transcriptase reversa (Super Script II - Gibco-BRL) segundo sugestao do fabricante. A reaçao de PCR foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira utilizando primers complementares à regiao BCR e ABL, num total de 25 ciclos com temperatura de 94 graus Celsius, 49 graus Celsius e 72 graus Celsius para desnaturaçao, anelamento e extensao, respectivamente; na segunda etapa foram utilizados primers internos aos primeiros (Nested-PCR) num total de 35 ciclos com temperatura de anelamento de 60 graus Celsius (primers sintetizados pela Genomic - Engenharia Molecular, SP). O controle de todo o procedimento técnico foi realizado pela amplificaçao de uma regiao do gene ABL. A presença de bandas características da LMC foram visualizadas após eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida 6 por cento e coloraçao por brometo de etídio. O método foi considerado extremamente sensível e rápido para a detecçao da t(9;22) quando comparada com a citogenética convencional.