Investigating preoperative myoglobin level as predictive factor for acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a retrospective observational study

Abstract Background: Early identification of patients at risk of AKI after cardiac surgery is of critical importance for optimizing perioperative management and improving outcomes. This study aimed to identify the association between preoperative myoglobin levels and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing valve surgery or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: This retrospective study included 293 patients aged over 17 years who underwent valve surgery or CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass. We excluded 87 patients as they met the exclusion criteria. Therefore, 206 patients were included in the final analysis. The patients' demographics as well as intraoperative and postoperative data were collected from electronic medical records. AKI was defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network classification system. Results: Of the 206 patients included in this study, 77 developed AKI. The patients who developed AKI were older, had a history of hypertension, underwent valve surgery with concomitant CABG, had lower preoperative hemoglobin levels, and experienced prolonged extracorporeal circulation (ECC) times. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative myoglobin levels and ECC time were correlated with the development of AKI. A higher preoperative myoglobin level was an independent risk factor for the development of cardiac surgery-associated AKI. Conclusions: Higher preoperative myoglobin levels may enable physicians to identify patients at risk of developing AKI and optimize management accordingly.

Prótesis Starr-Edwards vigente y funcional por más de 40 años / Starr-Edwards prosthesis current and functional for more than 40 years

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las enfermedades valvulares cardíacas han sido un foco de estudio y de evolución continua, pues existen grupos de pacientes seleccionados en quienes el cambio valvular es parte de su terapéutica. En 1960 surgió el modelo de prótesis de válvula en forma de esfera enjaulada de Albert Starr y Lowell Edwards. El diseño fue perfeccionándose y es usado hasta la actualidad ya que muestra resultados clínicos aceptables. OBJETIVO. Describir el caso de un paciente portador, de uno de los primeros prototipos de prótesis valvular cardiaca metálica Starr-Edwards vigente y funcional por más de 40 años. CASO CLÍNICO. Paciente masculino con prótesis Starr-Edwards en posición aórtica, quien hasta la fecha lleva más de 40 años de uso, mantiene la clase funcional II de la New York Heart Association, realizando anticoagulación con Warfarina así como controles estrictos del índice internacional normalizado. DISCUSIÓN. Es primordial la evaluación y seguimiento de portadores de prótesis valvular para analizar anifestaciones clínicas (disnea) y hallazgos en los exámenes de laboratorio o de imagen (ecografía) para el control clínico y hemodinámica del paciente, con la intención de contemplar circunstancias que podrían determinar la nueva intervención valvular. CONCLUSIONES. Las válvulas metálicas, en particular las del tipo de prótesis de Starr-Edwards presentan alto riesgo trombótico por lo que es recomendable mantener anticoagulación plena evitando valores de índice internacional normalizado muy elevados que podrían crear escenarios de eventos hemorrágicos. Varios pacientes portadores de una de las prótesis más antiguas como es el modelo la prótesis Starr-Edwards, pueden llegar a tener una mejor supervivencia y resultados clínicos aceptables.

INTRODUCTION. Cardiac valve diseases have been a focus of study and continuous evolution, since there are selected groups of patients in whom valve replacement is part of their therapy. In 1960, the caged sphere valve prosthesis model of Albert Starr and Lowell Edwards was developed. The design was refined and is still used today because it shows acceptable clinical results. OBJECTIVE. To describe the case of a patient with one of the first prototypes of Starr- Edwards metallic heart valve prosthesis, which has been in use and functional for more than 40 years. CLINICAL CASE. Male patient with Starr-Edwards prosthesis in aortic position, who to date has been used for more than 40 years, maintains functional class II of the New York Heart Association, performing anticoagulation with Warfarin as well as strict controls of the international normalized index. DISCUSSION. The evaluation and follow-up of valve prosthesis carriers is essential to analyze clinical manifestations (dyspnea) and findings in laboratory or imaging tests (ultrasound) for the clinical and hemodynamic control of the patient, with the intention of contemplating circumstances that could determine the new valve intervention. CONCLUSIONS. Metallic valves, particularly those of the Starr-Edwards prosthesis type, present a high thrombotic risk and it is therefore advisable to maintain full anticoagulation, avoiding very high values of the international normalized index that could create scenarios of hemorrhagic events. Several patients carrying one of the older prostheses, such as the Starr-Edwards prosthesis model, may have better survival and acceptable clinical results.

Morbilidad posoperatoria asociada a ferropenia y anemia no severa preoperatorias en cirugía cardíaca electiva / Postoperative morbidity associated with iron deficiency and preoperative non-severe anemia in elective cardiac surgery / Morbidade pós-operatória associada à deficiência de ferro e anemia pré-operatória não grave em cirurgia cardíaca eletiva

Introducción: la anemia y la ferropenia son frecuentes en candidatos a cirugía cardíaca y se asocian a peores resultados posoperatorios. Su manejo no está estandarizado. No existen datos locales sobre prevalencia y pronóstico. Objetivo: evaluar si la anemia no severa y la ferropenia se asocian en nuestro medio a peores resultados posoperatorios en cirugía cardíaca electiva. Método: estudio de cohorte prospectivo en dos centros. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a cirugía cardíaca electiva. Se conformaron tres grupos: 1) control, 2) ferropenia aislada y 3) anemia no severa. Se consignaron variables clínicas y paraclínicas preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias. Se realizaron análisis uni y multivariados para determinar significancia estadística (p < 0,05). Resultados: se incluyeron 167 pacientes, mediana y distancia IQ 68 años [60-74], 61,68% hombres. FEVI media 59% [45-60], EuroSCORE II 0,96 [0,76-1,35]. Se llevaron a cabo 96 revascularizaciones (57,49%), 39 sustituciones valvulares (23,35%) y 30 combinadas (17,96%), una trombectomía y un implante de tubo aórtico. La prevalencia de ferropenia aislada fue 15,57%, de anemia total 40,72% y de anemia y/o ferropenia 56,29%. El grupo control tuvo menos días de internación (p = 0,0018) y el grupo ferropenia necesitó más volúmenes de glóbulos rojos transfundidos (p = 0,045). En el análisis univariado los grupos 2 y 3 se asociaron a mayores eventos posoperatorios compuestos (OR 2,86, p = 0,03, y OR 2,11, p = 0,03, respectivamente). El grupo 3 se asoció a mayor probabilidad de infección posoperatoria (OR 8,63, 1,03-72,12, p = 0,049). En el análisis multivariado el hematocrito se asoció inversamente a insuficiencia renal (OR 0,61; IC 95% 0,38-0,99, p=0,04) y la edad en forma directa (OR 1,14; IC 95% 1,02-1,28, p=0,02). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de anemia no severa y ferropenia fue alta, se asoció a complicaciones en el posoperatorio y mayor estadía hospitalaria. Es necesario protocolizar su manejo.

Introduction: anemia and iron deficiency are frequent in candidates for cardiac surgery and are associated with poorer postoperative results. Its therapeutic approach is not standardized. There are no local data on prevalence and prognosis. Objective: to assess whether non-severe anemia and iron deficiency are associated with poorer postoperative results in elective cardiac surgery in our patients. Method: prospective cohort study in two centers. Patients > 18 years of age who underwent elective cardiac surgery were included. Three groups were formed: 1) control, 2) isolated iron deficiency and 3) non-severe anemia. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative clinical and paraclinical outcomes were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05). Results: 167 patients were included, 68 years [60-74], 61.68% men. Mean LVEF 59% [45-60], EuroSCORE II 0.96 [0.76-1.35]. 96 revascularizations (57.49%), 39 valve replacements (23.35%) and 30 combined (17.96%), one thrombectomy and one aortic tube were carried out. The prevalence of isolated iron deficiency was 15.57%, total anemia 40.72% and anemia and/or iron deficiency 56.29%. The control group had fewer days of hospitalization (p = 0.0018) and the ferropenia group needed more red blood cells transfusions (p = 0.045). In the univariate analysis, groups 2 and 3 were associated with higher compound postoperative events (OR 2.86, p = 0.03, and OR 2.11, p = 0.03, respectively). Group 3 was associated with a higher probability of postoperative infection (OR 8.63, 1.03-72.12, p = 0.049). In the multivariate analysis, the hematocrit values ​​were associated with renal failure (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.28, p = 0.02). Conclusions: the prevalence of non-severe anemia and iron deficiency was high, it was associated with greater complications in the postoperative period and a longer hospital stay. It is necessary to protocolize its therapeutic approach.

Introdução: a anemia e a deficiência de ferro são frequentes em candidatos à cirurgia cardíaca e estão associadas a maus resultados pós-operatórios. Sua abordagem terapêutica não é padronizada. Não existem dados locais sobre prevalência e prognóstico. Objetivo: avaliar se a anemia não grave e a deficiência de ferro estão associadas a maus resultados pós-operatórios em cirurgia cardíaca eletiva em nossos pacientes. Método: estudo de coorte prospectivo em dois centros. Pacientes > 18 anos de idade submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva foram incluídos. Foram formados três grupos: 1) controle, 2) deficiência de ferro isolada e 3) anemia não grave. Variáveis clínicas e paraclínicas pré-operatórias, intraoperatórias e pós-operatórias foram registradas. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para determinar a significância estatística (p < 0,05). Resultados: 167 pacientes foram incluídos, 68 anos [60-74], 61,68% homens. LVEF média 59% [45-60], EuroSCORE II 0,96 [0,76-1,35]. Foram realizadas 96 revascularizações (57,49%), 39 trocas valvares (23,35%), 30 combinadas (17,96%), uma trombectomia e um tubo aórtico. A prevalência de deficiência de ferro isolada foi de 15,57%, anemia total 40,72% e anemia e/ou deficiência de ferro 56,29%. O grupo controle teve menos dias de internação (p = 0,0018) e o grupo de deficiência de ferro necessitou de mais transfusão de volumes de hemácias (p = 0,045). Na análise univariada, os grupos 2 e 3 foram associados a eventos pós-operatórios compostos mais elevados (OR 2,86, p = 0,03 e OR 2,11, p = 0,03, respectivamente). O grupo 3 foi associado a uma maior probabilidade de infecção pós-operatória (OR 8,63, 1,03-72,12, p = 0,049). Na análise multivariada, o hematócrito foi associado à insuficiência renal (OR 1,14, IC 95% 1,02-1,28, p = 0,02). Conclusões: a prevalência de anemia não grave e deficiência de ferro foi elevada, associada a complicações pós-operatórias e maior tempo de internação. É necessário protocolar sua abordagem terapêutica.

Predictive factors of prolonged ventilation following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Introduction: In this trial, we initially aimed to investigate the major predictive factors for prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in our center and, secondarily, we tried to find out the effects of the independent factors on mortality. Methods: Between July 2017 and August 2018, 207 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB were retrospectively investigated. The patients were randomly divided into two subgroups according to the duration of ventilator dependence (group 1 <24 hours, n=164, 79%; group 2 >24 hours, n=43, 21%). Results: 207 patients (mean age 59.47±10.56) who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB were enrolled in this study (n=145, 70% of male patients; n=62, 30% of female patients). Amid these patients, 43 (n=43, 20.77%) had prolonged intubation time. After multivariate logistic regression analysis among preoperative factors, female gender (OR=2.321, P=0.028), leukocytosis (OR=1.233, P=0.006), perioperative lactate level (OR=1.224, P=0.027), CPB time (OR=1.012, P=0.012) and postoperative revision for bleeding (OR=23.125, P=0.040) were significantly detected. The effect of predictive factors on mortality after cardiac surgery was determined and found that PMV did not affect hospital mortality (OR=1.979, P=0.420). Conclusion: In our report, we revealed, differently from previous studies, that intraoperative lactate levels which manifest organ perfusion and oxygenation were included and were significantly different in the early extubation group compared to the PMV group. Female gender, preoperative leukocytosis, intraoperative CPB time, lactate levels and postoperative revision for bleeding were the independent predictive factors for PMV. Moreover, PMV did not affect the early-term mortality during hospital stay.

Resultados de la cirugía de reparación valvular mitral en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción (2009-2020) / Results of surgical mitral valve repair at Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital, Concepción, Chile

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, resultados operatorios inmediatos y a 5 años de la cirugía de reparación valvular mitral. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de la cohorte de pacientes operados de reparación valvular por insuficiencia mitral (IM) en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente desde el 2009 hasta marzo 2020 (N=206). Se comparan los pacientes con IM primaria y secundaria en sus características clínicas, ecocardiográficas, técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas, cirugías asociadas, morbimortalidad operatoria, sobrevida y reintervenciones hasta el 30 de mayo de 2020. Resultados: 124(60,2%) hombres. Edad media 62,6±10,5 años. La IM fue primaria en 134 y secundaria en 72. En comparación con los pacientes portadores de IM primaria, aquellos con IM secundaria tuvieron más enfermedad coronaria (69,4% versus 11,9%; p<0,001) y mayor riesgo operatorio (EuroSCORE logístico 7,7±6,7 versus 5,2±7,3; EuroSCORE II 3,4±4,8 versus 2,4±4,7; p<0,001). El mecanismo más frecuente de IM primaria fue tipo II (65,7%) y en las secundarias fue el tipo III (48,6%) seguido del tipo I (30,6%). Las IM primarias se corrigieron principalmente con procedimientos para disminuir el prolapso (76,1%). En las secundarias la técnica más utilizada fue el implante de un anillo exclusivo (76,4%). Hubo 116 cirugías asociadas y 10 (4,9%) conversiones a reemplazo valvular. Hubo 57 complicaciones operatorias y fallecieron 12 (5,8%) pacientes, 5 (3,7%) con IM primaria y 7(9,7%) con IM secundaria. La sobrevivencia global a 5 años fue 83,5% (90% en las primarias y 78% en las secundarias) y hubo 6 reintervenciones. Conclusiones: La cirugía de reparación valvular, tanto en pacientes con IM primaria como secundaria, tuvo una baja mortalidad operatoria y excelentes resultados a 5 años.

Abstract: Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics, operative and long term results of surgical mitral valve repair. Material and methods: Retrospective study of the cohort of patients undergoing valve repair due to mitral regurgitation (MR) at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital from 2009 to March 2020 (N = 206). Patients with primary and secondary MR were compared on clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, surgical techniques, associated surgeries, operative morbidity and mortality, survival and reinterventions up to May 30, 2020. Results: 124 (60.2%) were men. The average age was 62.6±10.5 years. Type of MR was primary in 134 and secondary in 72. Compared to patients with primary MR, those with secondary MR had more coronary artery disease (69.4% versus 11.9%; p <0.001) and greater operative risk (logistic EuroSCORE 7.7±6, 7 versus 5.2±7.3; EuroSCORE II 3.4±4.8 versus 2,4±4.7; p<0.001). The most frequent mechanism of MR was type II in primary (65.7%) and type III (48.6%) followed by type I (30.6%) in secondary MR. Primary MR was corrected mainly with procedures to decrease prolapse (76.1%). In secondary MR the main technique used was the implantation of an exclusive ring (76.4%). There were 116 associated surgeries and 10(4.9%) conversions to valve replacement. There were 57 operative complications and 12(5.8%) patients died, 5 (3.7%) with primary MR and 7 (9.7%) with secondary MR. Overall survival at 5 years was 83.5% (90% in primary MR and 78% in secondary MR) and there were 3 reoperations. Conclusions: Valve repair surgery in both primary and secondary MR patients was associated to a low operative mortality and excellent results at 5 year post surgery.

In-hospital and long-term outcomes after open-heart surgery in turkish octogenarians: a single-center study

Abstract Objective: We aimed to analyze the early and long-term results of open-heart surgery in Turkish patients aged 80 years or older who were operated on at our center. Methods: All patients aged 80 years or older who underwent surgery between January 2000 and December 2013 at a high-level heart center were included in the study. The in-hospital data of study patients were obtained from the electronic database and from the hospital files. Survival data were analyzed as a long-term outcome. Results: A total of 245 patients aged 80-93 years were evaluated in the study. The patients were followed up 5.4±3.7 years after open-heart surgery. In-hospital mortality rates were 10% in elective cases and 15.1% overall. Age ≥85 years, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emergency surgery were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. The median survival time was found to be 4.4±0.3 years for all participants. The long-term survival of patients who underwent emergency cardiac surgery was significantly lower than that of elective patients (log-rank <0.001). Conclusion: Octogenarians have satisfactory long-term outcomes after open-heart surgery when operated electively. On the other hand, patients operated under emergency conditions have worse in-hospital outcomes and long-term follow-up results.

Acute kidney injury after heart valve surgery in elderly patients: any risk factors to modify?

Abstract Introduction: Postoperative acute kidney injury contributes to longer hospital stays and increased costs related to cardiac surgery in the elderly. We analyse the influence of the patient's age on risk factors for acute kidney injury after cardiac valve surgery. Methods: We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for acute kidney injury in 939 consecutive patients undergoing valve surgery, between 2013 and 2018. Results: The prevalence of acute kidney injury was 19.5%. Hypertension (P=0.017); RR (95% CI): 1.74 (1.10-3.48), age ≥70 years (P=0.006); RR (95% CI): 1.79 (1.17-2.72), preoperative haematocrit <33% (P=0.009); RR (95% CI): 2.04 (1.19-3.48), glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (P<0.0001); RR (95%) CI: 2.36 (1.54-3.62) and cardiac catheterization <8 days before surgery (P=0.021); RR (95% CI): 2.15 (1.12-4.11) were identified as independent risk factors. In patients older than 70 years, with no kidney disease diagnosed preoperatively, glomerular filtration rate <70 ml/min/1.73 m2, male gender, cardiopulmonary bypass time, preoperative haematocrit <36% and preoperative therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were risk factors for acute kidney injury after valve surgery. Conclusions: In elderly patients, postoperative acute kidney injury develops with higher values of preoperative glomerular filtration rate than those observed in a younger population. Preoperative correction of anaemia, discontinuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and surgical techniques reducing cardiopulmonary bypass time would be considered to reduce the prevalence of renal failure.

Sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e ansiedade cardíaca pré-operatórios segundo o tipo de cirurgia cardíaca / Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y ansiedad cardíaca preoperatoria según el tipo de cirugía cardíaca / Pre-operative anxiety, depression and cardiac anxiety symptoms according to the type of heart surgery

RESUMO Introdução: observando a diferença de perfil dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio daqueles submetidos à correção cirúrgica de valvopatias, considera-se importante a avaliação do estado emocional de acordo com a cirurgia a ser realizada. Objetivo: comparar os sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e ansiedade cardíaca de pacientes no pré-operatório, segundo o tipo de cirurgia cardíaca a ser realizada: revascularização do miocárdio ou cirurgia de correção de valvopatias. Método: estudo observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, realizado nas enfermarias de cirurgia de um hospital universitário do interior paulista. Uma amostra consecutiva e não probabilística foi constituída pelos pacientes maiores de idade que vieram de casa para a internação e cujo agendamento para a realização da cirurgia foi eletivo. Para a avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, foi utilizado o instrumento Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; já para a avaliação da ansiedade cardíaca, foi utilizado o "Questionário de Ansiedade Cardíaca". Para a comparação das medidas dos sintomas, segundo o tipo de cirurgia, foi realizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os grupos foram homogêneos entre si, quanto à caracterização sociodemográfica, exceto para idade. Pacientes em pré-operatório de correção de valvopatias apresentaram escore maior para os sintomas de ansiedade cardíaca quando comparados com pacientes em pré-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio, e a diferença encontrada foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,020). Conclusão: pacientes em pré-operatório de correção de valvopatias apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade cardíaca quando comparados com pacientes em pré-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio.

RESUMEN Introducción: al observar la diferencia en el perfil de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica respecto a los sometidos a corrección quirúrgica de valvulopatías, se considera importante evaluar el estado emocional de acuerdo con la cirugía a realizar. Objetivo: comparar los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y ansiedad cardíaca de los pacientes en el período preoperatorio, según el tipo de cirugía cardíaca a realizar: revascularización miocárdica o cirugía de corrección de valvulopatías. Método: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado en las salas de recuperación de cirugía de un hospital universitario del interior de São Paulo. Una muestra consecutiva y no probabilística estuvo conformada por pacientes mayores que acudieron a su domicilio para ser hospitalizados y cuya cita para la cirugía fue electiva. Para evaluar los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión se utilizó el instrumento Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión; para la evaluación de la ansiedad cardíaca se utilizó el "Cuestionario de Ansiedad Cardíaca". Para comparar las medidas de síntomas, según el tipo de cirugía, se realizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: los grupos fueron homogéneos entre sí, encuanto a caracterización sociodemográfica, excepto por edad. Los pacientes en el período preoperatorio para la corrección de valvulopatías tuvieron una puntuación más alta para los síntomas de ansiedad cardíaca en comparación con los pacientes en el período preoperatorio de revascularización miocárdica, y la diferencia encontrada fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,020). Conclusión: los pacientes en período preoperatorio de corrección de valvulopatías presentaron más síntomas de ansiedad cardíaca en comparación con los pacientes en el período preoperatorio de revascularización miocárdica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: observing the difference in profile of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery from those undergoing surgical correction of valvular heart disease, it is considered important to assess the emotional state according to the surgery to be performed. Objective: to compare the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cardiac anxiety of patients in the preoperative period, according to the type of cardiac surgery to be performed: myocardial revascularization or surgery to correct valvular heart diseases. Method: observational, analytical, cross-sectional study carried out in the surgery wards of a university hospital in the countryside of São Paulo. A consecutive and non-probabilistic sample was made up of older patients who came home for hospitalization and whose appointment for the surgery was elective. To evaluate the symptoms of anxiety and depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale instrument was used; for the assessment of cardiac anxiety, the "Heart Anxiety Questionnaire" was used. To compare the measures of symptoms, according to the type of surgery, the Mann-Whitney test was performed for independent samples, with a significance level of 5%. Results: the groups were homogeneous among themselves, in terms of sociodemographic characterization, except for age. Patients in the preoperative period for correction of valvular heart disease had a higher score for the symptoms of cardiac anxiety when compared with patients in the preoperative period of myocardial revascularization, and the difference found was statistically significant (p=0.020). Conclusion: patients in the preoperative period for correction of valvular heart disease presented more symptoms of cardiac anxiety when compared with patients in the preoperative period of myocardial revascularization.

Valor pronóstico del sistema de calificación APACHE II en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca / Prognostic value of APACHE II score in postoperative of cardiac surgery

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos: El sistema de calificación APACHE II permite predecir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en terapia intensiva. Sin embargo, no está validado para cirugía cardíaca, ya que no posee buena capacidad diferenciadora. El objetivo es determinar el valor pronóstico de APACHE II en el postoperatorio de procedimientos cardíacos. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó en forma retrospectiva la base de cirugía cardíaca. Se incluyó a pacientes intervenidos entre 2017 y 2018, de los cuales se calculó la puntuación APACHE II. Se utilizó curva ROC para determinar el mejor valor de corte. El punto final primario fue mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Como puntos finales secundarios se evaluó la incidencia de bajo gasto cardíaco (BGC), accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), sangrado quirúrgico y necesidad de diálisis. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logístico multivariado para ajustar a las variables de interés. Resultados: Se analizó a 559 pacientes. La media del sistema de calificación APACHE II fue de 9.9 (DE 4). La prevalencia de mortalidad intrahospitalaria global fue de 6.1%. El mejor valor de corte de la calificación para predecir mortalidad fue de 12, con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0.92. Los pacientes con APACHE II ≥ 12 tuvieron significativamente mayor mortalidad, incidencia de BGC, ACV, sangrado quirúrgico y necesidad de diálisis. En un modelo multivariado, el sistema APACHE II se relacionó de modo independiente con mayor tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR, 1.14; IC95%, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: El sistema de clasificación APACHE II demostró ser un predictor independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes que cursan el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca.

Abstract Background and objectives: The APACHE II score allows predicting in-hospital mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units. However, it is not validated for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, since it does not have a good discriminatory capacity in this clinical scenario. The aim of this study is to determine prognostic value of APACHE II score in postoperative of cardiac surgery. Materials and methods: The study was performed using the cardiac surgery database. Patients undergoing surgery between 2017 and 2018, with APACHE II score calculated at the admission, were included. The ROC curve was used to determine a cut-off value The primary endpoint was in-hospital death. Secondary endpoints included low cardiac output (LCO), stroke, surgical bleeding, and dialysis requirement. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to adjust to various variables of interest. Results: The study evaluated 559 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The mean of APACHE II Score was 9.9 (SD 4). The prevalence of in-hospital death was 6.1%. The best prognostic cut-off value for the primary endpoint was 12, with a ROC curve of 0.92. Patients with an APACHE II score greater than or equal to 12 had significantly higher mortality, higher incidence of LCO, stroke, surgical bleeding and dialysis requirement. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the APACHE II score was independently associated with higher in-hospital death (OR, 1.14; 95CI%, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The APACHE II Score proved to be an independent predictor of in-hospital death in patients undergoing postoperative cardiac surgery, with a high capacity for discrimination.

Desfechos após inserção de balão intra-aórtico em pacientes de cirurgia cardíaca / Outcomes after intra-aortic balloon pump insertion in cardiac surgery patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se o momento de inserção de um balão intra-aórtico pré-operatório em comparação com o intraoperatório se associa com menor mortalidade em 30 dias ou diminuição do tempo de permanência no hospital entre pacientes que passaram por inserção de um balão intra-aórtico para cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Este foi um estudo observacional de pacientes submetidos à inserção de um balão intra-aórtico no período pré-operatório ou intraoperatório de cirurgia cardíaca em nosso departamento entre 2000 e 2012. Avaliamos a associação entre a inserção pré-operatória em comparação com a intraoperatória de um balão intra-aórtico e a mortalidade em 30 dias em uma análise de regressão logística multivariada, incluindo a classificação pré-operatória segundo a New York Heart Association, a presença de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória, a reoperação, a creatinina pós-operatória e a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio isolada como cofatores. Utilizamos um modelo linear multivariado para avaliar se a inserção pré-operatória do balão intra-aórtico, em comparação com a intraoperatória, associou-se com o tempo de permanência no hospital após a cirurgia, com ajuste para reoperação, cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio isolada, cirurgia valvar, sexo, idade, tempo de bypass cardiopulmonar, tempo de oclusão aórtica, condição pré-operatória do paciente (cirurgia eletiva, de urgência ou emergência) e infarto do miocárdio pré-operatório. Resultados: Foram submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca aberta em nosso departamento 7.540 pacientes consecutivos, tendo sido inserido um balão intra-aórtico em momento pré-operatório ou intraoperatório em 322 (4,2%) pacientes. A média de idade foi 67 ± 10,2 anos, e a mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 12,7%. O tempo mediano de permanência no hospital foi de 9 dias (7 - 13). A inserção pré-operatória de balão intra-aórtico, em comparação com a intraoperatória, não afetou a incidência de mortalidade em 30 dias (RC ajustada = 0,69; IC95% 0,15 - 3,12; p = 0,63) e nem o tempo de permanência no hospital após a cirurgia (β = 5,3; IC95% 1,6 - 12,8; p = 0,13). Conclusão: Em comparação com a inserção intraoperatória, a inserção pré-operatória de um balão intra-aórtico não se associou com menor mortalidade em 30 dias nem reduziu o tempo de permanência no hospital.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether preoperative versus intraoperative insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump is associated with lower 30-day mortality or reduced length of hospital stay among patients who had an intra-aortic balloon pump inserted for cardiac surgery. Methods: This was an observational study of patients who had an intra-aortic balloon pump inserted in the preoperative or intraoperative period of cardiac surgery in our department between 2000 and 2012. We assessed the association between preoperative versus intraoperative insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump and 30-day mortality in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, including preoperative New York Heart Association class, postoperative atrial fibrillation, reoperation, postoperative creatinine and isolated coronary bypass grafting as cofactors. We used a multivariate linear model to assess whether a preoperative versus intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump was associated with length of postoperative hospital stay, adjusting for reoperation, isolated coronary bypass grafting, heart valve surgery, sex, age, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, preoperative patients' status (elective, urgency or emergency surgery) and preoperative myocardial infarction. Results: Overall, 7,540 consecutive patients underwent open heart surgery in our department, and an intra-aortic balloon pump was inserted pre- or intraoperatively in 322 (4.2%) patients. The mean age was 67 ± 10.2 years old, the 30-day mortality was 12.7%, and the median length of hospital stay was 9 days (7 - 13). Preoperative versus intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump insertion did not affect the incidence of 30-day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.15 - 3.12; p = 0.63) and length of postoperative hospital stay (β = 5.3; 95%CI, -1.6 to 12.8; p = 0.13). Conclusion: Preoperative insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump was not associated with a lower 30-day mortality or reduced length of postoperative hospital stay compared to intraoperative insertion.

Predictive factors of mortality in acute aortic dissection and validity of the euroscore algorithm in a small-sized cardiac surgery institution

Abstract Introduction: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a devastating surgical emergency, with high operative mortality. Several scoring algorithms have been used to establish the expected mortality in these patients. Our objective was to define the predictive factors for mortality in our center and to validate the EuroSCORE and Penn classification system. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery for AAD from 2006 to 2016 were retrieved from the institution's database. Preoperative, operative and postoperative variables were collected. Observed and expected mortality was calculated by EuroSCORE. Logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to find predictors of operative mortality and survival, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for logistic EuroSCORE, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. Results: 87 patients (27.6% female) underwent surgery for AAD. The mean age was 58.6±9.7 years. Expected and observed operative mortality was 25.8±15.1% and 20.7%, respectively. Penn Aa, Ab and Abc shared similar observed/expected (O/E) mortality ratio. The only independent predictor of operative mortality (OR: 3.63; 95% CI: 1.19-11.09) and survival (HR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.5-4.8) was female gender. EuroSCORE showed a very poor prediction capacity, with an AUC=0.566. Conclusion: Female gender was the only independent predictor of operative mortality and survival in our institution. EuroSCORE is a poor scoring algorithm to predict mortality in AAD, but with consistent results for Penn Aa, Ab and Abc.

Perioperative central venous oxygen saturation and its correlation with mortality during cardiac surgery: an observational prospective study / Correlação entre saturação venosa central de oxigênio perioperatória e mortalidade em cirurgia cardíaca: estudo prospectivo observacional

Abstract Background: Cardiac surgery can produce persistent deficit in the ratio of Oxygen Delivery (DO2) to Oxygen Consumption (VO2). Central venous oxygen Saturation (ScvO2) is an accessible and indirect measure of DO2/VO2 ratio. Objective: To monitor perioperative ScvO2 and assess its correlation with mortality during cardiac surgery. Methods: This prospective observational study evaluated 273 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Blood gas samples were collected to measure ScvO2 at three time points: T0 (after anesthetic induction), T1 (end of surgery), and T2 (24 hours after surgery). The patients were divided into two groups (survivors and nonsurvivors). The following outcomes were analyzed: intrahospital mortality, length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and hospital stay (LOS), and variation in ScvO2. Results: Of the 273 patients, 251 (92%) survived and 22 (8%) did not. There was a significant perioperative reduction of ScvO2 in both survivors (T0 = 78% ± 8.1%, T1 = 75.4% ± 7.5%, and T2 = 68.5% ± 9%; p< 0.001) and nonsurvivors (T0 = 74.4% ± 8.7%, T1 = 75.4% ± 7.7%, and T2 = 66.7% ± 13.1%; p < 0.001). At T0, the percentage of patients with ScvO2< 70% was greater in the nonsurvivor group (31.8% vs. 13.1%; p= 0.046) and the multiple logistic regression showed that ScvO2 is an independent risk factor associated with death, OR = 2.94 (95% CI 1.10−7.89) (p= 0.032). The length of ICU and LOS were 3.6 ± 3.1 and 7.4 ± 6.0 days respectively and was not significantly associated with ScvO2. Conclusions: Early intraoperative ScvO2 < 70% indicated a higher risk of death. A perioperative reduction of ScvO2 was observed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with high intraoperative and lower postoperative levels.

Resumo Justificativa: A cirurgia cardíaca pode produzir déficit persistente na razão entre oferta de oxigênio (DO2) e consumo de oxigênio (VO2). A Saturação venosa central de Oxigênio (SvcO2) é uma medida acessível e indireta da razão DO2/VO2. Objetivo: Monitorar a SvcO2 perioperatória e avaliar sua correlação com a mortalidade em cirurgia cardíaca. Método: Este estudo observacional prospectivo avaliou 273 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. Coletamos amostras de sangue para medir a SvcO2 em três momentos: T0 (após indução anestésica), T1 (final da cirurgia) e T2 (24 horas após a cirurgia). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (sobreviventes e não sobreviventes). Os seguintes desfechos foram analisados: mortalidade intra-hospitalar, tempo de permanência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e de internação hospitalar, e variação na SvcO2. Resultados: Dos 273 pacientes, 251 (92%) sobreviveram e 22 (8%) não. Houve queda significante da SvcO2 perioperatória nos sobreviventes (T0 = 78% ± 8,1%, T1 = 75,4% ± 7,5% e T2 = 68,5% ± 9%; p< 0,001) e nos não sobreviventes (T0 = 74,4% ± 8,7%, T1 = 75,4% ± 7,7% e T2 = 66,7% ± 13,1%; p< 0,001). No T0, a porcentagem de pacientes com SvcO2< 70% foi maior no grupo não sobrevivente (31,8% vs. 13,1%; p = 0,046) e a regressão logística múltipla mostrou que a SvcO2 é um fator de risco independente associado ao óbito, OR = 2,94 (95% IC 1,10 − 7,89) (p = 0,032). O tempo de permanência na UTI e de hospitalização foi de 3,6 ± 3,1 e 7,4 ± 6,0 dias, respectivamente, e não foi significantemente associado à SvcO2. Conclusões: Valores precoces de SvcO2 intraoperatória < 70% indicaram maior risco de óbito em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Observamos redução perioperatória da SvcO2, com altos níveis no intraoperatório e mais baixos no pós-operatório.

Peripheral vs. central cannulation in cardiac reoperations: technical considerations and outcomes

Abstract Objective: To compare peripheral and central cannulation techniques in cardiac reoperation. Methods: This retrospective study included 258 patients undergoing cardiac reoperation between January 2013 and July 2018. Patients were divided into two groups according to the cannulation type. The first group included 145 (56.2%) patients operated with standard central cannulation through aorta and right atrium or bicaval cannulation. In this group, cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted after sternotomy. The second group consisted of 113 (43.8%) patients operated with peripheral cannulation through femoral artery, vein, and internal jugular vein. In this group, cardiopulmonary bypass was started before sternotomy and after systemic heparinisation. The two groups' operative complications and postoperative outcomes were compared. Results: Procedure-related injury was higher in the central cannulation group than in the peripheral cannulation group (8.3% vs. 1.8%, respectively, P=0.038). Cardiopulmonary bypass time was shorter in the central cannulation group (P=0.008) and total operation time was similar between the groups (P=0.115). Postoperative red blood cell requirement was higher with central cannulation (P=0.004). Operative mortality (2.8% vs. 0, P=0.186), hospital mortality (4.3% vs. 2.7%, P=0.523), and one-year survival rate (90.3% vs. 94.7%, P=0.202) were similar between the groups. Conclusion: Peripheral cannulation reduces cardiac injury and blood transfusion in cardiac reoperation. The cannulation type does not affect postoperative complication, mortality, and one-year survival.

Echocardiographically measured epicardial fat predicts new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective: The current study aims to investigate the role of echocardiographically measured epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness in the prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four patients scheduled to undergo isolated on-pump CABG due to coronary artery disease were enrolled to the current study. Patient characteristics, medical history and perioperative variables were prospectively collected. EAT thickness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Any documented episode of new-onset postoperative AF (POAF) until discharge was defined as the study endpoint. Fortyfour participants with POAF served as AF group and 80 patients without AF served as Non-AF group. Results: Two groups were similar in terms of baseline echocardiographic and laboratory findings. In laboratory findings, the groups were similar in terms of the studied parameters, except N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT Pro-BNP), which was higher in AF group than in Non-AF group (P=0.035). The number of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) grafts was not different in both groups. AF group had higher cross-clamp (CC) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times than Non-AF group (P=0.01 and P<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, EAT was found an independent predictor for the development of POAF (OR 4.47, 95% CI 3.07-5.87, P=0.001). Conclusion: We have shown that EAT thickness is associated with increased risk of AF development and can be used as a prognostic marker for this purpose.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños con cardiopatía congénita operados durante el primer año de vida / Health related quality of life in children with congenital heart disease that undergo cardiac surgery during their first year of life

Introducción. En las últimas décadas, el desarrollo de métodos diagnósticos, técnicas quirúrgicas y cuidados intensivos, aumentó la sobrevida de los niños con cardiopatía congénita. En este contexto, las secuelas a largo plazo adquirieron mayor relevancia. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud mide el impacto de las enfermedades crónicas. Nuestro objetivo fue describir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en pacientes con cardiopatía congénita operados durante el primer año de vida.Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal, realizado entre agosto de 2017 y diciembre de 2018 en un hospital general universitario. Se utilizó el cuestionario PedsQL 4.0, versión genérica. Se incluyeron pacientes de entre 2 y 4 años con cardiopatía congénita operados durante el primer año de vida y niños sanos. Se compararon los resultados con T-Test o Wilcoxon según la distribución observada. Se consideró significativo el valor de p < 0,05.Resultados. Se incluyeron 31 pacientes. El 26 % tenían ventrículo único. La primera cirugía fue, en un 61,3 %, en el período neonatal. No hubo diferencia (p = 0,10) entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud global de la población con cardiopatía congénita y de los niños sanos. Sin embargo, se observaron puntajes más bajos con diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las esferas social (p = 0,0092) y escolar (p = 0,0001).Conclusiones. Nuestra cohorte de niños con cardiopatía congénita tiene una calidad de vida global comparable con la de los niños sanos, excepto en las escalas correspondientes a funcionamiento social y escolar.

Introduction. Advances in diagnostic methods, surgical techniques and postoperative intensive care have significantly increased the survival rates for children with congenital heart disease.In this context, long term sequelae acquired greater relevance. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a concept that helps to measure the impact of chronic diseases.The purpose of the current study was to describe HRQOL in children with congenital heart disease that undergo cardiac surgery during their first year of life.Methods. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between August 2017 and December 2018 at a University General Hospital. PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales were used.Children with congenital heart disease between 2 and 4 years old who had cardiac surgery during their first year of life and healthy children were included.Scores were compared with T-test or Wilcoxon according to the observed distribution. p value < 0.05 was considered significant.Results. A total of 31 children with congenital heart disease (26 % with a single ventricle) and 62 healthy children were enrolled. The first surgery was in the neonatal period in 61.3 %.Our study showed no statistical differences (p = 0.10) between HRQOL Total Scale Score of children with congenital heart disease compared to healthy children. However, lower scores were observed with statistically significant differences in social (p = 0.0092) and school (p = 0.0001) scales.Conclusions. Our cohort of children diagnosed with congenital heart disease has a global quality of life comparable with healthy children except in social and school functioning scales.

Valve heart surgery in Brazil - the bypass registry analysis

Abstract Objective: To analyze the profile and outcomes of patients who underwent valve heart surgery in Brazil, using information retrieved from the Brazilian Registry of Cardiovascular Surgeries in Adults (BYPASS Registry) database. Methods: This is a multicenter cohort study, evaluating 920 patients submitted to heart valve surgery. Demographics and postoperative clinical outcomes were assessed and compared to estimate mortality risk using the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE). Results: Isolated aortic valve replacement was the most frequently performed surgery (34%), followed by isolated mitral valve replacement (24.9%). Valve repair was performed in 21% of mitral procedures. Minimally invasive access was performed in 1.6% and the most frequent postoperative complications were arrhythmias (22.6%), infections (5.7%), and low-output syndrome (5.1%). Operations covered by the public health system accounted for 80.8% and the hospital mortality rate was 7.3%. Conclusion: The most frequent isolated valve surgery in Brazil is the aortic valve replacement by conventional open access and the rheumatic disease is still the main etiology for valve surgery. The BYPASS Registry has a fundamental role to provide information on the profile of patients with valve heart disease in our country in order to delineate adequate strategies for health promotion and resource allocation for cardiac surgery.

Negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of surgical site infection in cardiac surgery / Terapia de presión negativa en el tratamiento de la infección del sitio quirúrgico en la cirugía de corazón / Terapia por pressão negativa no tratamento de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em cirurgia cardíaca

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the relationship between epidemiological and clinical characteristics of postoperative cardiac surgery patients undergoing negative pressure wound therapy for the treatment of surgical site infection. Methods: an observational, cross-sectional analytical study including a convenience sample consisting of medical records of patients undergoing sternal cardiac surgery with surgical site infection diagnosed in medical records treated by negative pressure wound therapy. Results: medical records of 117 patients, mainly submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery and with deep incisional surgical site infection (88; 75.2%). Negative pressure wound therapy was used on mean for 16 (±9.5) days/patient; 1.7% had complications associated with therapy and 53.8% had discomfort, especially pain (93.6%). The duration of therapy was related to the severity of SSI (p=0.010) and the number of exchanges performed (p=0.045). Conclusions: negative pressure wound therapy has few complications, but with discomfort to patients.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir la relación entre las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los pacientes con cirugía cardíaca postoperatoria sometidos a terapia de presión negativa para el tratamiento de la infección del sitio quirúrgico. Métodos: estudio analítico observacional transversal que incluye una muestra de conveniencia que consiste en registros médicos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca esternal con infección del sitio quirúrgico diagnosticada en registros médicos tratados con terapia de presión negativa. Resultados: se incluyeron registros médicos de 117 pacientes, que se sometieron principalmente a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica e infección del sitio quirúrgico incisional profundo (88; 75.2%). La terapia de presión negativa se usó en promedio durante 16 (± 9.5) días/paciente; El 1.7% tuvo complicaciones asociadas con la terapia y el 53.8% tuvo molestias, especialmente dolor (93.6%). La duración de la terapia se relacionó con la gravedad de SSI (p=0.010) y el número de intercambios realizados (p=0.045). Conclusiones: la terapia de presión negativa presenta pocas complicaciones, pero con molestias para los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever as relações entre as características epidemiológicas e clínicas de pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca submetidos à terapia por pressão negativa para o tratamento de infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal analítico, incluindo uma amostra por conveniência composta por prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca esternal com infecção do sítio cirúrgico diagnosticada em prontuário, tratada pela terapia por pressão negativa. Resultados: foram incluídos prontuários de 117 pacientes, submetidos principalmente à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e com infecção do sítio cirúrgico incisional profunda (88; 75.2%). A terapia por pressão negativa foi utilizada em média por 16 (±9.5) dias/paciente; 1.7% tiveram complicações associadas à terapia e 53.8% apresentaram desconforto, principalmente dor (93.6%). O tempo de uso da terapia esteve relacionado à gravidade da ISC (p=0.010) e à quantidade de trocas realizadas (p=0.045). Conclusões: a terapia por pressão negativa apresenta poucas complicações, porém com desconforto aos pacientes.

Validación prospectiva multicéntrica del EuroSCORE II en Argentina / Multicenter prospective validation of the EuroSCORE II in Argentina

Resumen Objetivo: Validar, en forma prospectiva y en múltiples centros, la precisión y utilidad clínica del European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II) para predecir la mortalidad operatoria de la cirugía cardíaca en centros de Argentina Método: Entre enero de 2012 y febrero de 2018 se incluyeron en forma prospectiva 2,000 pacientes consecutivos que fueron sometidos a cirugía cardíaca en diferentes centros de Argentina. El punto final fue mortalidad hospitalaria por cualquier causa. La discriminación, calibración, precisión y utilidad clínica del EuroSCORE II se evaluaron en la cohorte global y en los diferentes tipos de cirugías, basándose en las curvas Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, razón de mortalidad observada/esperada, índice de Shannon y curvas de decisión. Resultados: El área ROC del EuroSCORE II estuvo entre 0.73 y 0.80 para todo tipo de cirugía, y el valor más bajo fue para la cirugía coronaria. La mortalidad observada y esperada fue 4.3 y 3.0%, respectivamente (p = 0.034). El análisis de la curva de decisión demostró un beneficio neto positivo para los umbrales por debajo de 0.24 para todo tipo de cirugía. Conclusiones: El EuroSCORE II tuvo un desempeño adecuado en términos de discriminación y calibración para todos los tipos de cirugía, aunque algo inferior para la cirugía coronaria. Si bien en términos generales subestimó el riesgo en los grupos de riesgo intermedio, el comportamiento global fue aceptable. El EuroSCORE II podría considerarse una opción de modelo genérico y actualizado de estratificación del riesgo operatorio para predecir la mortalidad hospitalaria de la cirugía cardíaca en nuestro contexto.

Abstract Objective: To validate prospectively in multiple centers, the accuracy and clinical utility of the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE II) to predict the operative mortality of cardiac surgery in Argentina. Methods: Between January 2012 and February 2018, 2,000 consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery in different centers in Argentina were prospectively included. The end-point was in-hospital all-cause mortality. Discrimination, calibration, precision and clinical utility of the EuroSCORE II were evaluated in the global cohort and in the different types of surgeries, based on ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, observed/expected mortality ratio, Shannon index and decision curves analysis. Results: ROC area of the EuroSCORE II was between 0.73 and 0.80 for all types of surgery, being the lowest value for coronary surgery. The observed and expected mortality was 4.3% and 3.0%, respectively (p = 0.034). The decision curve analysis showed a positive net benefit for all thresholds below 0.24, considering all type of surgeries. Conclusion: The EuroSCORE II showed an adequate performance in terms of discrimination and calibration for all types of surgery, although somewhat inferior for coronary surgery. Though in general terms this model underestimated the risk in intermediate risk groups, its overall performance was acceptable. The EuroSCORE II could be considered an optional updated generic model of operative risk stratification to predict in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery in our context.

Fibrilación auricular en cirugía cardíaca / Atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery

Resumen La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia más frecuente en el periodo posquirúrgico de la cirugía cardíaca. Se relaciona con insuficiencia cardíaca, insuficiencia renal, embolismo sistémico y más días de estancia y mortalidad. La fibrilación auricular en el periodo posquirúrgico de la cirugía cardíaca (FAPCC) suele aparecer en las primeras 48 horas. Los principales mecanismos que producen la aparición y el mantenimiento de la FAPCC son el aumento del tono simpático y la respuesta inflamatoria. Los factores de riesgo adjuntos son la edad avanzada, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, enfermedad renal crónica, cirugía valvular, fracción de expulsión del ventrículo izquierdo menor de 40% e interrupción de fármacos bloqueadores β. Existen instrumentos que han demostrado predecir la aparición de FAPCC. El tratamiento profiláctico con bloqueadores β y amiodarona se relaciona con disminución de la aparición de FAPCC. Dada su naturaleza transitoria, se sugiere que el tratamiento inicial de FAPCC sea el control de la frecuencia cardíaca y sólo en caso de que el tratamiento no consiga el retorno al ritmo sinusal está indicada la cardioversión eléctrica. Se desconoce cuál debe ser el seguimiento a largo plazo y sólo se conocen en escasa medida las complicaciones más allá de este periodo. La FAPCC no es una arritmia benigna ni aislada en los pacientes sometidos a operación cardíaca, por lo que la identificación de los factores de riesgo, su prevención y el seguimiento en el ámbito ambulatorio deben formar parte de las unidades dedicadas a la atención y los cuidados de estos pacientes.

Abstract Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent arrhythmia in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. It is associated with heart failure, renal insufficiency, systemic embolism and increase in days of in-hospital and mortality. Atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery (FAPCC) usually appears in the first 48 h after surgery. The main mechanisms involved in the appearance and maintenance of FAPCC are the increase in sympathetic tone and the inflammatory response. The associated risk factors are advanced age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, valve surgery, fraction of ejection of the left ventricle less 40% and the withdrawal of beta-blocker drugs. There are instruments that have been shown to predict the appearance of FAPCC. Prophylactic treatment with beta-blockers and amiodarone, is associated with a decrease in the appearance of FAPCC. Given its transient nature, it is suggested that the initial treatment of FAPCC be the heart rate control and only if the treatment does not achieve a return to sinus rhythm, the use of electrical cardioversion is suggested. It is unknown what should be the long-term follow-up and complications beyond this period are little known. FAPCC is not a benign or isolated arrhythmia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, so the identification of risk factors, their prevention, and follow-up in the outpatient setting, should be part of the units dedicated to the care and care of these patients.

Prevalence of carotid stenosis and incidence of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing non-coronary cardiac surgery

Abstract Introduction: Many publications on coronary surgery and carotid stenosis (CS) can be found, but we do not have enough information about the relationship between ischemic stroke, CS and non-coronary cardiac surgery. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with the stroke and CS ≥50% in patients undergoing non-coronary surgeries. Objectives: We assessed 241 patients, aged 40 years or older, between 2009 and 2016, operated in Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazil. We perform carotid Doppler in patients 40 years of age or older before any cardiac surgery as a routine. The incidence and possible risk factors for CS ≥50% and perioperative stroke were analyzed by univariate statistical analysis. Results: 11 patients (4.56%) presented perioperative stroke. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50%: OR=5.3750 (1.2909-22.3805), P=0.0208. Eighteen patients (7.46%) had CS ≥50% and their risk factors were extracardiac arteriopathy: OR=18.6607 (6.3644-54.7143), P<0.0001; COPD: OR=3.9040 (1.4491-10.5179), P=0.0071; diabetes mellitus: OR=2.9844 (1.0453-8.5204), P=0.0411; recent myocardial infarction: OR=13.8125 (1.8239-104.6052), P=0.0110; EuroSCORE II higher P=0.0056. Conclusion: The incidences of stroke and CS ≥50% were 4.56% and 7.46%, respectively. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50% and for CS ≥50% were extracardiac arteriopathy, COPD, diabetes mellitus, recent myocardial infarction and higher EuroSCORE II.