Лечение хронических респираторных заболеваний в Соединенном Королевстве в период пандемии COVID-19: краткий обзор ситуации на январь 2021 года

Европейское региональное бюро ВОЗ опросило практикующих специалистов и пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, раком, диабетом и хроническими респираторными заболеваниями, и по итогам интервью составило сборник повествований, посвященных их личному опыту в отношении помощи при НИЗ в период пандемии COVID-19. Эти рассказы дадут представление о трудностях и возможностях в этой сфере и об инновационных решениях, которыми могут воспользоваться страны. В данном документе представлен краткий обзор ситуации по лечению хронических респираторных заболеваний в Соединенном Королевстве на яварь 2021 г. Пандемия COVID-19 обрушилась на Соединенное Королевство в марте 2020 г.. В сентябре нова начался рост случаев, и к ноябрю Управление национальной статистики сообщило, что уровень избыточной смертности возрос на 14% и составил 91 000 случаев, что является самым высоким оказателем со времен Второй мировой войны. К концу января 2021 г. число избыточных смертей выросло до 100 430.

Care of chronic respiratory disease in the United Kingdom in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: a snapshot in January 2021

WHO/Europe has interviewed practitioners and patients affected by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases to gather their experience on NCD care during the COVID-19 pandemic. This collection of stories sheds light on the challenges and opportunities faced in countries, and documents innovative solutions to overcome them. This document gives a snapshot of care for chronic respiratory disease in the United Kingdom (UK) in January 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic struck the UK in March 2020. A resurgence began in September and by November, the Office of National Statistics reported that excess deaths had risen to 91 000, a 14% rise and the highest on record since the Second World War. By the end of January 2021, excess deaths had risen to 100 430.

O espírito de um sobrevivente / The survivor's spirit / El espíritu de un sobreviviente

Em 2018, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) completou 30 anos de sua criação no Brasil. Embora reúna muitas conquistas nessas três décadas, o SUS hoje enfrenta novos desafios, impostos pela agenda liberal e conservadora em curso no país. Nesse contexto, o documentário O Espírito de 45 (2013), dirigido por Ken Loach, que destaca a criação do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (National Health Service - NHS), no Reino Unido, é um filme salutar. Tendo a cidadania e o bem comum como grandes temas, a obra mostra como é possível, revisitando o passado, despertar o espírito combativo em defesa de uma sociedade mais justa e solidária, que privilegie o bem-estar da população em lugar do lucro e que aponte caminhos para a defesa do SUS, enquanto uma conquista do povo brasileiro.

In 2018, the SUS ­ Sistema Unificado de Saúde (Unified Health System) celebrated the 30th anniversary of its setting up in Brazil. Despite its many achievements in these three decades, nowadays SUS faces new challenges which were imposed by a liberal and conservative agenda ongoing in the country. In this context, the documentary The Spirit of '45 (2013), directed by Ken Loach, which highlights the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom, is a very important film. Addressing citizenship and the common good as major themes, the movie shows how it is possible by revisiting the past to awaken the combative spirit in favour of a fairer and more solidary society, in order to prioritize the population's wellbeing instead of the profit and to point out ways to defend SUS as an achievement of the Brazilian people.

En 2018, el SUS ­ Sistema Único de Saúde (Sistema Único de Salud) completó 30 años de su creación en Brasil. Aunque haya tenido muchos logros en estas tres décadas, el SUS enfrenta hoy nuevos desafíos, impuestos por la agenda liberal y conservadora en curso en el país. En este contexto, la película documental The Spirit of '45 (2013), en la versión brasileña, O Espírito de 45, de Ken Loach, que destaca la creación del Servicio Nacional de Salud (National Health Service ­ NHS); en el Reino Unido, es un buen ejemplo. Con la ciudadanía y el bien común como temas principales, la producción muestra como es posible, reviviendo el pasado, despertar el espíritu combativo en defensa de una sociedad más justa y solidaria, que privilegie el bienestar de la población en lugar de losbeneficios lucrativos, y señale formas de defender el SUS, como un logro del pueblo brasileño.

Improving dietary intake and achieving food product improvement: policy opportunities and challenges for the WHO European Region in reducing salt and sugar in the diet: featuring case studies from United Kingdom, Israel, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands

This paper provides case studies of several food product improvement policies from across the WHO European Region. The aim is to share country experience, assess the various merits of the different approaches, discuss lessons learned, and provide guidance for best practice that may be more widely applicable across the European Region.

The link between ankylosing spondylitis and oral health conditions: two nested case-control studies using data of the UK Biobank

Abstract Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects the axial skeleton and the sacroiliac joints. Recent studies investigated the link between AS and oral diseases, particularly periodontitis. Others suggested that periodontitis may have a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between AS and oral conditions. Material and Methods: This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 26307. The UK Biobank recruited around 500000 participants throughout Great Britain. Clinical records were available for 2734 participants. Two case-control studies were conducted based on whether AS was self-reported or clinically diagnosed. Oral conditions were identified using self-reported reports of oral ulcers, painful gums, bleeding gums, loose teeth, toothache, and dentures. The association between AS and oral conditions was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. Results: A total of 1307 cases and 491503 control participants were eligible for the self-reported AS study. The mean age was 58 years for the cases [7.5 standard deviation (SD)] and 57 years for the control groups (8.1 SD). Also, 37.1% of the cases and 54.2% of the control participants were females. Among the oral conditions, only oral ulcers were strongly associated with AS [1.57 adjusted odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31 to 1.88]. For the study of clinically diagnosed AS, 153 cases and 490351 control participants were identified. The mean age for both cases and control groups was 57 years; 7.6 SD for the cases and 8.1 for the control group. Females corresponded to 26.1% of the cases, and 54.2% of the control participants. Clinically diagnosed AS was associated with self-reported oral ulcers (2.17 adjusted OR; 95% CI 1.33 to 3.53). Conclusion: Self-reported and clinically diagnosed AS populations have increased risk of reporting oral ulcers. Further investigations are required to assess the link between a specific type of oral condition and AS.

The versatility of health impact assessment: experiences in Andalusia and other European settings

The driving forces behind current health challenges often lie outside the direct control of the health sector; ensuring the inclusion of health and well-being as a key component of policy development in all sectors (the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach) has been emphasized as the best way to approach these challenges. As a tool to this end, health impact assessment (HIA) can be used to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, programme or project related to population health and the distribution of these effects within the population. This publication describes experience gained in HIA implementation in Andalusia over the last five years and includes case studies from Andalusia and other European settings, illustrating a range of approaches taken in various regional, political and policy contexts. Focusing on the development of the tools and procedures involved, it presents general conclusions, including elements of success and conflict, misgivings, windows of opportunity and lessons learned.

Padrões alimentares de indivíduos em situação de pobreza / Eating patterns of individuals in poverty's situation

Introdução - Os padrões alimentares de refeições, comparados aos padrões diários, discriminam com mais acuidade a alimentação dos indivíduos, que por sua vez é muito influenciada pela renda, no entanto há poucos estudos. Objetivos - Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as definições de café da manhã, almoço e jantar. Adaptar um índice de qualidade do café da manhã. Estudar os padrões de refeições de indivíduos em situação de pobreza. Métodos - Foi realizada uma extensiva busca em base de dados online. Breakfast Quality Meal Index (BMQI) foi baseado e adaptado do Main Meal Quality Index e recomendações internacionais para avaliar a qualidade do café da manhã. Foram utilizados dados brasileiros da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares e britânicos do National Diet and Nutrition Survey para comparar os padrões de refeições de indivíduos em situação de pobreza através de três parâmetros: frequência alimentar, omissão das refeições e qualidade da refeição. Foram considerados em pobreza relativa os indivíduos com renda equivalente, em dólar, abaixo de 60% da mediana da renda nacional anual equivalente, perfazendo uma amostra final de 3073 brasileiros e 464 britânicos. As análises estatísticas foram efetuadas no STATA®, sendo considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados - A revisão sistemática encontrou 21 definições distintas de refeições que variaram de um a quatro critérios usados simultaneamente. As definições mais utilizadas foram "pre-determined eating events" (61.5% dos estudos), "self-report" (13.1%) e "time-of-day" (7.8%). O BMQI foi positivamente associado com carboidrato (g), proteína (g), fibra (g), vitaminas e minerais (mg) e negativamente associado com gordura total (g), gordura saturada (g), colesterol (mg), e açúcar de adição (g). O BMQI foi positivamente associado com idade, renda, área rural e qualidade da dieta; e negativamente associado com o índice de massa corpórea. Na comparação dos padrões de refeições de brasileiros e britânicos em situação de pobreza, estes últimos realizaram mais refeições (4,7 versus 3,8) (p<0,001), no entanto, os brasileiros pularam menos o café da manhã, almoço e jantar. Não houve diferença entre os países para a qualidade geral do café da manhã, porém, em relação aos componentes, os britânicos apresentaram melhores pontuações para proteína, cálcio e frutas e os brasileiros para fibra, gordura saturada, açúcar de adição e carne processada (p<0,001). Os brasileiros apresentaram melhores pontuações para almoço e jantar (69,2 e 62,1 respectivamente) quando comparados aos britânicos (45,9 e 48,3, respectivamente). As pontuações de gordura saturada e gordura total do almoço e jantar dos brasileiros superaram o dobro dos indivíduos britânicos. Conclusões - Levando em consideração o número de diferentes definições de refeições, um consenso é necessário na sua padronização. O BMQI identificou a qualidade do café da manhã, mostrando um papel protetor contra o excesso de peso nos brasileiros. Brasileiros em situação de pobreza apresentaram melhores padrões de refeições, pularam menos refeições e apresentaram melhor qualidade de almoço e jantar e melhor escore para marcadores de dieta saudável quando comparados aos britânicos.

Introduction - Meals patterns more accurately than daily patterns distinguish individuals' diet and are strongly influenced by income levels; however, there are only few studies. Objectives - To perform a systematic review about breakfast, lunch and dinner definitions. To adapt for breakfast a meal quality index. To study the meals' pattern of individuals in poverty situation. Methods - Extensive search in online databases was performed. The Breakfast Meal Quality Index (BMQI) was adapted from Main Meal Quality Index including also international nutritional recommendations to evaluate the breakfast quality. Data from two cross-sectional population-based studies, one from Brazil, the National Diet Survey, and one from the UK, the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme were used to compare the meals' patterns of individuals in poverty situation through three parameters: eating frequency, meals omission and meals' quality. Individuals with equivalised income, in dollar, 60% below of the national annual equivalised median income were considered as in relative poverty, performing a final sample of 3,073 Brazilians and 464 British. All analyses were performed using the software Stata, and it was considered a significance level of 5%. Results - The present review showed twenty one distinct definitions of meals that ranged from one to four criteria used simultaneously. The three most used meal definitions were "pre-determined eating events" (61.5% of the studies), "self-report" (13.1%) and "time-of-day" (7.8%). The BMQI was positively associated with the following nutrients: carbohydrate (g), protein (g), fiber (g), vitamins and minerals (mg) and negatively associated with total fat (g), saturated fat (g), cholesterol (mg) and added sugar (g). BMQI score was positively associated with age, income, rural residence area and diet quality; and negatively associated with body mass index. Adults in relative poverty situation in the UK had higher eating frequency (4.7 versus 3.8 of Brazilians) (p<0.001), however, Brazilians skipped less breakfast, lunch and dinner. There was no difference between the countries for breakfast quality, but British presented better score for protein, calcium and fruits components (p<0.001), and Brazilians for fiber, saturated fat, added sugar and processed meat at breakfast (p<0.001). For lunch and dinner qualities, Brazilians in relative poverty presented better score (69.2 e 62.1, respectively) when compared to British in similar situation (45.9 e 48.3). Saturated and total fat components scores of Brazilian's lunch and dinner surpassed the double of British in relative poverty. Conclusions - Taking into consideration the number of different meals definitions, a consensus is needed on their standardization. The BMQI adequately discriminated the breakfast, showing a protective role against overweight in Brazilians. Brazilians in relative poverty situation presented better meal patterns, skipped fewer meals, and had better lunch and dinner quality and better scores for unhealthy diet markers when compared to British.

Diretrizes de saúde bucal nas políticas de atenção primária em cinco países selecionados: uma revisão integrativa / Oral health guidelines in the primary care policies of five selected countries an integrative review

Introdução: Historicamente, a saúde bucal é considerada um componente à parte dos sistemas de saúde. A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) oferece uma oportunidade de produzir saúde de forma integral. Para tanto, diretrizes são necessárias a fim de orientar a formulação de políticas capazes de modificar a organização desses sistemas. Objetivo: Produzir uma análise comparativa sobre as diretrizes relativas ao componente saúde bucal das políticas de APS em cinco países com sistemas de saúde universal. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura científica e cinzenta. Documentos científicos e técnicos referentes a Austrália, Canadá, Nova Zelândia, Reino Unido e Brasil; do ano 2000 a 2016; em inglês, português, espanhol e francês foram considerados. Critérios de exclusão foram definidos. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada nos documentos selecionados baseada em aspectos da saúde bucal na APS. As categorias integralidade da assistência; ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças; e equipe de saúde bucal foram definidas para analisar aspectos conceituais das diretrizes. Resultados: Quarenta e dois estudos foram selecionados para compor a revisão integrativa. Os resultados indicam que Reino Unido e Brasil encontram-se em estágio mais avançado na integração da saúde bucal na APS que os demais países. Quanto à integralidade da assistência, a dimensão horizontal foi mais destacada, sugerindo sincronia da saúde bucal com outras áreas na provisão da assistência. Ações intersetoriais de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças são complexas, no entanto, parecem ser efetivas para expandir a atenção à saúde bucal em outros setores. Fluoretação e ações conjuntas com o setor de educação são consagradas. Equipes multiprofissionais amplas com participação dos profissionais de saúde bucal são preconizadas. Enfoque interdisciplinar, inclusão de profissionais de nível médio e educação permanente foram temas recorrentes. Conclusão: Quarenta anos após a Declaração de Alma-Ata, nota-se esforços para a integração da saúde bucal nas políticas de APS, contudo, esta ainda representa um importante desafio para os sistemas de saúde

Background: Historically, oral health is apart of the health systems. The Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy offers an opportunity for a holistic approach in health. Guidelines are needed to orient the formulation of policies and change the health systems' organization. Objective: To produce a comparative analysis of oral health perspectives in the PHC policies of five selected countries with universal health care systems. Methods: An integrative review of the scientific and grey literature was led. Scientific and technical documents from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Brazil were considered. The time limit was defined from the year 2000 until 2016. The documents should be in English, Portuguese, Spanish or French. The findings were analysed and exclusion criteria were defined. Content data analysis was performed based on aspects of oral health in PHC. The categories comprehensiveness of care; health promotion and disease prevention actions; and oral health team were defined for the conceptual analysis of the guidelines. Results: Forty-two studies were selected to compose an integrative review. The results indicate that United Kingdom and Brazil are in a more advanced stage of the integration of oral health in PHC then the other countries. In the description of the comprehensiveness of care, the horizontal dimension was more prominent, suggesting that the provision of oral care should be together with other areas of health. Health promotion and disease prevention actions in intersectoral contexts are complex, but seem to be effective to insert oral health in other sectors of health and beyond. Fluoridation and actions with the education sector are the most established ones. Multiprofessional teams with the participation of oral health professionals are recommended. Interdisciplinary approach, inclusion of mid-level professionals and permanent education were recurrent themes. Conclusion: Forty years after the Declaration of Alma-Ata, it seems that there are advances in the integration of oral health in PHC. Although, it stills represents a major challenge for the health care systems

Health diplomacy: european perspectives

Global processes – such as climate change, pandemics and modern societies’ patterns of unsustainable consumption – gave health diplomacy new relevance, making it central to health governance at global and regional levels, and integral to foreign policy in many countries. This book is part of the WHO Regional Office for Europe’s response to the WHO Regional Committee for Europe’s 2010 request that it strengthen the capacity of diplomats and health officials in global health diplomacy. It presents 17 case studies that illustrate recent developments in the WHO European Region. The examples range from negotiating for health in the Paris Agreement on climate change and the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals, to placing antimicrobial resistance on the global agenda and showing the relevance of city health diplomacy. Chapters review subregional efforts in south-eastern Europe and central Asian countries; progress on road safety in the Russian Federation; experience with integrated health diplomacy in Malta and Switzerland; Germany’s activities in the Group of 7 and Group of 20; the work of WHO country offices from a diplomacy perspective and the collaboration between WHO and the European Union; and training to increase capacity for health diplomacy in diplomats and health officials. A discussion of future challenges for health diplomacy concludes this unique compilation. This publication was tabled as a background document during the Sixty-seventh session of the Regional Committee for Europe, Budapest, 11–14 September 2017.

Public policies on healthcare-associated infections: a Brazil and UK case study

ABSTRACT To summarize the historical events and drivers underlying public policy for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections in Brazil and in the United Kingdom. In doing so, the article aims to identify lessons and recommendations for future development of public policy. The analysis is based on a historical overview of national healthcare-associated infections programs taken from previously published sources. Findings highlight how the development of healthcare-associated infections prevention and control policies followed similar trajectories in Brazil and the United Kingdom. This can be conceptualized around four sequential phases: Formation, Consolidation, Standardization, and Monitoring and Evaluation. However, while we identified similar phases of development in Brazil and the United Kingdom, it can be seen that the former entered each stage around 20 years after the latter.

Tendências e contratendências de mercantilização: as reformas dos sistemas de saúde alemão, francês e britânico / Marketisation tendencies and countertendencies: the Germany, French and British healthcare systems reforms

Ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, entre meados das décadas de 1980 e 2010, os sistemas de saúde da Alemanha, França e Reino Unido foram reformados, gerando uma crescente mercantilização no financiamento e na prestação de serviços. O trabalho analisa as raízes dessas mudanças, assim como identifica que a mercantilização não ocorreu nem mediante os mesmos mecanismos e nem com a mesma profundidade, havendo importante inércia institucional. As diferenças observadas atestam as especificidades de cada país, em termos de seu contexto econômico, de seus arranjos políticos, das características institucionais de cada sistema e das formas que assumiram os conflitos sociais (extra e intra sistema de saúde). Os sistemas de saúde alemão, francês e britânico, enquanto sistemas públicos de ampla cobertura e integralidade, são frutos do período após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Um conjunto de fatores contribuiu para aquele momento histórico: os próprios impactos do conflito, que forjaram a ampliação na solidariedade nacional e a maior pressão por parte dos trabalhadores; a ascensão socialista na União Soviética; o maior apoio à ação e ao planejamento estatal; o forte crescimento econômico, fruto da emersão de um regime de acumulação fordista, pautado na expansão da produtividade

Over the last thirty years, between mid-1980 and 2010 decades, Germany, France and the United Kingdom healthcare systems have been renovated, creating a growing marketisation in the financing and provision of services. This Thesis analyzes the roots of these changes, and identifies that marketisation did not take place or by the same mechanisms nor with the same depth, with important institutional inertia. The observed differences attest to the specificities of each country in terms of its economic context, their political arrangements, the institutional characteristics of each system and the different social conflicts (intra and extra healthcare system). The German, French and British health systems, while public systems of broad coverage and completeness, are the result of the period after the II World War. A number of factors have contributed to that historic moment: the very impact of the conflict, which forged the expansion on national solidarity and greater pressure from workers; the rise of socialism in the Soviet Union; a bigger support for action and state planning; strong economic growth, thanks to the emergence of a Fordist accumulation regime, based on the productivity expansion

Patient's Perception About Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of coronary artery disease referred for heart surgery has an important psychological component. The purpose of this study was to access the difficulties experienced by individuals awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting and to determine strategies that facilitate adaptation to a new lifestyle, modified by the disease. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory study involving patients admitted to a university teaching hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting. Semi-structured interviews were performed in accordance with a previously defined script based on the study objective. Each transcription was read in its entirety to verify the representativeness, homogeneity and pertinence of the data obtained (pre-analysis), followed by separation of categories of analysis. RESULTS: The descriptions of this study show that patients admitted to the completion of coronary artery bypass grafting experience a wide range of psychological difficulties, considering that surgery acquires interpretations that vary according to individuals' subjectivity. The patients recognized the benefit of being able to discuss their feelings as a means of diminishing their fear and anxiety. CONCLUSION: Helping patients find resources to confront more positively the daily hospitalization is an important aspect for the health care professionals who assist them. This goal can be achieved through modification of the biomedical model of care for a biopsychosocial view. The investment of time and attention is of fundamental importance and aims to overcome existing deficiencies that interfere with the outcome of patients after cardiac surgery.

Adelantamiento rotuliano tipo Bandi versus limpieza articular artroscópica para el manejo de la artrosis patelofemoral: Seguimiento a un año / Bandi tibial tubercule osteotomy vs artrhroscopy lavage in patelo femoral arthritis: 1 year follow-up

Introducción: La osteoartritis (OA) es una artropatía degenerativa que modifica las propiedades mecánicas y biológicas, del cartílago articular y del hueso subcondral, su tratamiento va encaminado hacia el alivio del dolor, mantener la función articular y reducir la progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar los resultados quirúrgicos de la limpieza articular artroscópica y adelantamiento rotuliano utilizando la escala WOMAC. Metodología: Estudio transversal en el que se compara el resultado funcional del tratamiento de la OA patelofemoral en pacientes operados por limpieza articular artroscópica y pacientes operados por adelantamiento rotuliano con técnica de Bandi. Las variables fueron, género, edad, lado afectado, técnica quirúrgica e índice de WOMAC prequirúrgico y a los 12 meses de seguimiento. Utilizamos estadística descriptiva así como t de Student para la diferencia de promedios de WOMAC entre ambos grupos de pacientes. Resultados: n = 37 pacientes, la edad promedio fue 53.48 años (28-82), ± 12.55, el género 11 (29.7%) hombres y 26 (70.3%) mujeres, el lado afectado: 19 (51.35%) derecho y 18 (48.65%) izquierdo. Técnica quirúrgica: 45.9% artroscópico y 54.1% con técnica de Bandi. Los pacientes operados mediante Bandi y adelantamiento rotuliano tuvieron mejoría del dolor, rigidez articular y de la función física (p = 0.00); la comparación del puntaje global de WOMAC para ambas técnicas al año no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.78). Conclusión: Ambas técnicas (Bandi y limpieza artroscópica) ofrecen buenos resultados a los 365 días de operados, sin embargo, los pacientes manejados por limpieza artroscópica presentan menor dolor comparados con los de adelantamiento rotuliano tipo Bandi.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that modifies the mechanical and biological properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, treatment is aimed at relieving pain, maintain joint and reduce disease progression function. The aim of this paper is to compare the surgical outcomes of the arthroscopic articular cleaning and Bandi procedure by using the WOMAC scale. Methods: Cross-sectional study, functional outcome of treatment of patellofemoral ostheoarthritis by arthroscopic articular cleaning and Bandi procedure are compared. Variables were gender, age, affected side, surgical technique and preoperative and 12 months follow up WOMAC evaluation. We used descriptive statistics and t-test for mean difference in WOMAC between both groups of patients. Results: n = 37 patients, the mean age was 53.48 (28-82), ± 12.55 years; 11 (29.7%) males and 26 (70.3%) women, the affected side: 19 (51.35%) right and 18 (48.65%) left. Surgical technique: 45.9% arthroscopic articular cleaning and 54.1% Bandi procedure. Patients operated by both technics: Bandi and arthroscopic articular cleaning had improvement in pain, stiffness and physical function (p = 0.00); comparison of global WOMAC score for both techniques a year after showed no statistically significant differences (p = 0.78). Conclusion: Both techniques (Bandi and arthroscopic articular cleaning) offer good results at 365 days of surgery, however patients managed by arthroscopic articular cleaning have less pain compared with Bandi procedure.

Effects of programmed physical activity on body composition in post-pubertal schoolchildren / Efeito da atividade física programada sobre a composição corporal em escolares pós-púberes

OBJECTIVE: To assess body composition modifications in post-pubertal schoolchildren after practice of a physical activity program during one school year. METHODS: The sample consisted of 386 students aged between 15 and 17 years and divided into two groups: the study group (SG) comprised 195 students and the control group (CG), 191. The SG was submitted to a physical activity program and the CG attended conventional physical education classes. Body composition was assessed using body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM). RESULTS: A positive effect of the physical activity program on body composition in the SG (p < 0.001) was observed, as well as on the interaction time x group in all the variables analyzed in both genders. A reduction in %BF (mean of differences = -5.58%) and waist circumference (-2.33 cm), as well as an increase in LM (+2.05 kg) were observed in the SG for both genders, whereas the opposite was observed in the CG. CONCLUSION: The practice of programmed physical activity promotes significant reduction of body fat in post-pubertal schoolchildren. .

OBJETIVO: Verificar as modificações da composição corporal de escolares pós-púberes após a prática da atividade física programada durante um ano letivo. MÉTODO: Amostra composta de 386 alunos, divididos em dois grupos: estudo 195 e controle 191, entre 15 e 17 anos. O grupo estudo (GE) foi submetido a atividade física programada e o grupo controle (GC) a aulas convencionais de educação física. A composição corporal foi avaliada pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G) e massa gorda (MG) e magra (MM). RESULTADOS: Foi possível observar um efeito positivo do programa de atividade física sobre a composição corporal no GE (p < 0,001) do grupo e da interação tempo x grupo em todas as variáveis analisadas em ambos os sexos. Foram observados reduções na %G (média das diferenças = -5,58%) e no perímetro da cintura (-2,33 cm) e aumento da MM (+2,05 kg) no GE em ambos os sexos. O contrário foi observado no GC. CONCLUSÃO: A prática de atividade física programada promove redução significativa de gordura corporal em escolares pós-púberes. .

Expenditures in the health care system in Brazil: the participation of states and the Federal District in financing the health care system from 2002 to 2013

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the public expenditures of states on health care and the participation of states and the Federal District in financing the Unified Health System, better known by the acronym SUS. To develop the research, two targets were used: “to rescue expenses per government source (federal, state and municipal) during the period from 2002 to 2013” and “to rescue resource transfers from the federal SUS to the states and also to municipalities”. METHODS: This research is bibliographic, documentary and descriptive and used a quantitative approach. Data were extracted from the Information System Public Health Budget, and additional data were collected from the public managers of states, municipalities and the Federal District during the period from 2002 to 2013. Federal data from the Undersecretary of Planning and Budget (originally extracted from the Integrated System of Financial Administration of the Federal Government and available on the Budget Public Health System webpage) were also collected. RESULTS: The data revealed that during the same researched period, the Federal District has maintained the health care system budget, whereas states and municipalities have increased their budgets for the same spending. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the results, there is clearly a disparity regarding the investment expended by the entities of the Federation. Although municipalities and states have gradually increased their application of resources to health care, the federal state has maintained the same budget. These results reveal a bit of concern about public health funding. .

Toxicological profile of deltamethrin in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Triatoma brasiliensis is the species of greatest epidemiological relevance in the semi-arid region of Brazil. This species is predominantly found in domestic environments, and it has the ability to build large colonies with high levels of natural infection via Trypanosoma cruzi. Thus, T. brasiliensis is one of the most efficient transmitters of Chagas disease (CD) to humans. Despite household spraying with residual insecticides, many areas report persistent reinfestations for reasons that remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the toxicological profile of deltamethrin in T. brasiliensis from areas with persistent reinfestation in State of Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: The susceptibility reference lineage (SRL) was derived from Umari. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied to the dorsal abdomen of first instar nymphs. The control group received only pure acetone. Mortality was evaluated after 72h. Qualitative tests assessed mortality in response to a diagnostic dose of 1xLD99 (0.851 nanograms of active ingredient per treated nymph) of the SRL. RESULTS: The susceptibility profile characterization of the T. brasiliensis populations revealed 50% resistance ratios (RR50) that ranged from 0.32 to 1.21. The percentage of mortality in response to the diagnostic dose was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that T. brasiliensis was highly susceptible to deltamethrin. The control difficulties found might be related to the recolonization of the triatomines originating from neighboring environments and the possible operational failures related to the process of spraying that enabled specimens less susceptible to deltamethrin to survive. .