Women amateur street runners have a higher level of chronotype self- perception than men

Abstract Aim: The aims of the present study were to verify the self-perception level of the chronotype of amateur street runners and to test the association between the chronotype, gender, age, and preferred training time. Methods: A total of 166 amateur street runners were included (♀ = 89, age 38.9 ± 11.2 years; ♂ = 77, age 38.0 ± 9.7 years). The Brazilian version of the Horne & östberg questionnaire was used to assess chronotypes and the preferred training time was determined through a multiple choice question. Based on chronotype definitions that suggest that when free to choose, morning-types (MT) would prefer training in the morning, evening-types (ET) in the evening and neither-types (NT) would not have a predilection for any specific time. The corroboration of this hypothesis was assumed as self-perception level of the chronotypes. Results: Women showed higher self-perception levels of their chronotype compared to men (58.4% vs. 41.6%; χ2 = 4.699; p = 0.030). By chronotypes, MT, NT, and ET self-perception levels were 73.9%, 15.9%, 88.9%, respectively (χ2 = 57.489; p < 0.001). The most observed women circadian typology was MT, while in men it was NT (χ2 = 8.951; p = 0.011). However, there was no significant association between gender and preferred training time (χ2 = 2.654; p = 0.265). Age, female gender and preference to exercise during the day are associated with MT. Conclusion: Women runners showed a greater perception of their circadian traits than men, despite there was no association between gender and preferred training time.

Emotional repercussions and quality of life in children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis or after kidney transplantation / Repercussões emocionais e qualidade de vida das crianças e adolescentes em hemodiálise ou após transplante renal

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the emotional repercussions and quality of life (QOL) associated with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis or a kidney transplant (TX). Methods: We conducted a quantitative-qualitative study. 48 children and adolescents with ESKD were interviewed; half of them underwent hemodialysis treatment, and the other half had a kidney transplantation. Their respective 48 caregivers also participated in the study. The questionnaire involved both the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and a thematic story-drawing tool. An analysis of the QOL questionnaire's results was done by comparing the sum of points between groups and the theme-based story-drawing consisted of interpreting the data contained in the material using Freudian and Lacanian theories. Results: In the QOL questionnaires, the total score was higher in the transplanted patients and in their caregivers, suggesting a perception of better QOL after kidney transplantation. In the specific aspects of the questionnaire, physical capacity was considered superior by children who underwent transplants and their caregivers. There were no differences between the groups in the emotional, social and school aspects. However, the caregivers of the patients who had a transplant perceived a significant difference in QOL in the school aspect. In the thematic story-drawings, emotional suffering in the two analyzed groups was evidenced regardless of the treatment. Conclusions: Despite the questionnaire results suggesting that transplantation does improve some aspects of QOL, there were no differences observed between kidney replacement therapies regarding the emotional repercussion of chronic kidney disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar as repercussões emocionais e a qualidade de vida (QV) associadas à doença renal crônica em crianças e adolescentes submetidos à hemodiálise ou ao transplante renal. Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 48 crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica, metade dos quais submetidos ao tratamento hemodialítico, e a outra metade, ao transplante renal. Os 48 respectivos cuidadores também participaram da pesquisa. Utilizou-se o questionário de QV Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory e o instrumento de desenho-estória com tema. A análise dos resultados do questionário de QV foi feita pela somatória dos pontos e a dos desenhos-estórias com tema consistiu na interpretação dos dados do material, utilizando as teorias freudiana e lacaniana. Resultados: Nos questionários de QV, a pontuação total foi superior na opinião dos pacientes transplantados e seus cuidadores, indicando percepção de melhor QV após o transplante renal. Nos aspectos específicos, a capacidade física também foi considerada superior por esse grupo. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos de pacientes nos aspectos emocional, social e escolar, porém os cuidadores dos pacientes transplantados notaram diferença na QV no aspecto escolar. Nos desenhos-estórias com tema, observou-se que o sofrimento emocional foi evidenciado nos dois grupos estudados. Conclusões: Não foram percebidas diferenças entre as terapêuticas renais substitutivas quanto às repercussões emocionais da doença renal crônica. Por outro lado, verificou-se que o transplante melhora a QV no aspecto geral.

Capacidade aeróbica, força e resistência musculares de idosas praticantes de ginástica / Aerobic capacity, muscl estrength and resistance of the elderly women practitioners of gymnastics

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de 12 semanas de um programa de exercícios de ginástica sobre os níveis de condicionamento aeróbico, força de preensão manual e força e resistência musculares de membros inferiores de idosas praticantes de ginástica. Foram avaliadas 25 idosas, sendo 9 sedentárias (70 ± 7 anos) e 16 já praticantes de ginástica (70 ± 5 anos). As praticantes de ginástica foram submetidas a um programa de exercícios aeróbicos e de resistência muscular por um período de 12 semanas (2x/semana, 50 min/sessão). Antes do início do programa de exercícios, foram aplicados testes de caminhada de 6 minutos (avaliação da capacidade aeróbica), de dinamometria manual (avaliação da força de preensão manual) e levantar e sentar na cadeira em 30 segundos (avaliação da força e resistência musculares de membros inferiores). Ao final de 12 semanas, os testes foram reaplicados e os resultados demonstraram aumento significativo nos valores de metros caminhados em 6 minutos (514 ± 26 m vs. 457 ± 40 m), nos valores de quilograma-força (24,4 ± 4,3 kgf vs. 20,8 ± 4 kgf) e no número de repetições em 30 segundos (13 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 2 repetições) para o grupo praticante de ginástica. Em contrapartida, o grupo controle não mostrou alteração em nenhuma variável após 12 semanas. Conclui-se que um programa regular de exercícios de ginástica aeróbicos e de resistência muscular, com duração de 12 semanas, é capaz de proporcionar benefícios aos componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde de idosas. (AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of a gymnastic exercise program on the levels of aerobic conditioning, hand-grip strength and muscular strength and endurance in the lower limbs of elderly women practitioners of gymnastics. Twenty-five elderly women were evaluated, 9 sedentary (70 ± 7 years) and 16 practitioners of gymnastics (70 ± 5 years). The practitioners of gymnastics were submitted to aerobic and muscular endurance exercises for 12 weeks (2 times/week, 50 minutes/session). Before the beginning of the gymnastics exercise program, the 6-minute walk test (aerobic capacity assessment), the dynamometry manual (hand- -grip strength assessment) and the sit-up chair test in 30 seconds (muscular strength and endurance in the lower limbs assessment) were applied. At the end of the program, the tests were reapplied, and the results showed a significant increase in the values of meters walked in 6 minutes (514 ± 26 m vs. 457 ± 40 m), in the values of kilogram-force (24.4 ± 4.3 kgf vs. 20.8 ± 4 kgf) and in the number of repetitions in 30 seconds (13 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 2 repetitions) for the practitioners of gymnastics group. In contrast, the control group showed no change in any variable after 12 weeks. It can be concluded that a 12-week regular aerobic and muscular endurance exercise is able to provide benefits to the physical fitness components related to the health of the elderly. (AU)

Asociación entre capacidad aeróbica y calidad de vida en adultos mayores de una ciudad colombiana / Association between aerobic capacity and quality of life in older adults in Colombia

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar la asociación entre la capacidad aeróbica y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adultos mayores, se encuestaron 121 personas en quienes se realizó el protocolo de Bruce modificado, como predictor del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 máximo) y el cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36. El promedio de VO2 máximo para hombres fue de 26,56±12,67 mL/kg/min, y para mujeres de 25,36±10,72 mL/kg/min, obteniéndose asociación significativa entre el sexo y el nivel de VO2 máximo (p=0,018), las dimensiones de función física y función social fueron las de mayor promedio en el total de la muestra y la capacidad aeróbica explica en un 15,3% la función física. Se concluye que el nivel pobre de VO2 máximo predomino en ambos sexos y existe asociación entre el nivel de VO2 máximo con las dimensiones de función física, desempeño físico, salud general, vitalidad y función social.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the association of aerobic capacity with health-related quality of life in 121 subjects using the modified Bruce protocol as a predictor of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 maximum) and the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. The average maximum VO2 was 26.56 ± 12.67 mL/kg/min for men and 25.36 ± 10.72 mL/kg/min for women. There was a significant association between sex and maximum VO2 (p = 0.018). Physical function and social function were the variables with the highest average values in the total sample, and aerobic capacity explained 15.3% of the physical function. In conclusion, low maximum VO2 was found in both sexes, and there was a significant association of maximum VO2 with physical function, physical performance, general health, vitality, and social function.

Factores de riesgo del comportamiento y preparación de aficionados inscritos a carreras atléticas de fondo de 18 a 64 años en Bogotá, Colombia, 2014 / Behavioral risk factors and readiness in amateur marathon runners 18-64 years of age in Bogotá, Colombia, 2014 / Fatores de risco comportamentais e prontidão em corredores amadores de 18 a 64 anos, inscritos em corridas de fundo em Bogotá, Colômbia, 2014

La participación en carreras atléticas de calle ha aumentado; esto requiere detectar riesgos previos al esfuerzo físico. El objetivo fue identificar factores de riesgo del comportamiento y preparación física de inscritos a una carrera. Estudio transversal en aficionados de 18-64 años. Encuesta digital con módulos de IPAQ, Par-Q+ y STEPwise. Muestreo aleatorio sistemático con n = 510, para una inactividad física esperada de 35% (±5%). Se evaluó nivel de actividad física, consumo de alcohol (peligroso), de fruta, verdura, tabaco y sal, y preparación. El cumplimiento de actividad física fue 97,4%; 2,4% consume un nivel óptimo de fruta o verdura (diferencias por edad, sexo y estrato), 3,7% fuma y 44,1% consumo peligroso de alcohol. El 19,8% reportó Par-Q+ positivo y 5,7% requiere supervisión. Hay diferencias por trabajo y estudio. Los aficionados cumplen el nivel de actividad física; pero no de otros factores. Una estrategia de seguridad en el atletismo de calle es evaluar los factores de riesgo relacionados con el estilo de vida, así como la preparación.

Participation in amateur street marathons has become increasingly popular and requires prior individual health risk assessment. The objective was to identify risk factors and readiness in registered runners. This was a cross-sectional study in a random sample (n = 510) of registered amateur runners 18-64 years of age, using a digital survey with IPAQ, Par-Q+, and STEPwise, with an expected physical inactivity rate of 35% (±5%). The study explored physical activity, (binge) alcohol consumption, fruit, vegetable, and salt intake, smoking, and readiness. Self-reported rates were: 97.4% recommended level of physical activity, 2.4% optimal fruit and vegetable intake, 3.7% smoking, and 44.1% binge drinking. 19.8% were Par-Q+ positive and 5.7% practiced supervised exercise. The analysis showed differences by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Recreational runners followed the recommended levels of physical activity but did not score well on other risk factors. Prior evaluation of lifestyle-related risk factors and readiness provides a safer athletic strategy.

A participação em corridas de rua tem aumentado; isto requer uma detecção de riscos prévios ao esforço físico. O objetivo foi identificar os fatores de risco de comportamento e de readiness nos inscritos em uma corrida atlética. Estudo transversal em aficionados de 18 a 64 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário digital com módulos do IPAQ, Par-Q+ e STEPwise. Uma amostra aleatória sistemática, n = 510, para uma inatividade física estimada em 35% (± 5%). Avaliou-se o nível de atividade física, o consumo perigoso de álcool, fruta, verdura, tabaco, sal e readiness. A realização de atividade física foi de 97,4%; 2,4% consomem níveis ideais de frutas ou verduras (diferenças de idade, sexo e estrato); 3,7% são fumantes; e 44,1% consomem álcool. Dezenove vírgula oito por cento relataram Par-Q+ positivo e 5,7% requerem exercício supervisionado. Existem diferenças de trabalho e estudo.Os corredores recreacionais atendem aos níveis de atividade física, mas não de outros fatores. Uma estratégia de atletismo seguro é avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida e readiness.

Estudio piloto sobre entrenamiento físico durante hemodiálisis / A pilot study on physical training of patients in hemodialysis

Background: Exercise training during the dialytical procedure may have positive cardiovascular effects and prevent or revert muscle wasting in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Aim: To evaluate the effects of an exercise training program in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Material and Methods: Fifteen patients on chronic hemodialysis aged 21 to 69 years (three females) were included in the study. Nine of these were included in an exercise training program. During 16 weeks, exercise sessions were carried out during each dialytical procedure that included a warm-up period, aerobic exercises done using standing cycles, and resistance exercises, performed using Thera-Band® elastic bands and loops. Borg scale was used to control the intensity of training. At baseline and at the end of the study, a blood sample prior and after the dialytical procedure was obtained to measure C reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6. Quadriceps muscle strength, six minutes´ walk and quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire, were also measured. Results: Four experimental subjects did not complete the study period, two that withdrew before starting, one due to problems with the venous access and one that decided to withdraw after 1 month of training. Among the five patients that finished the training period, significant improvements in the six minutes´ walk and quadriceps strength were observed in the experimental group. No significant changes were observed among controls. No changes were observed in either group in C reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 levels or quality of life. Conclusions: Among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis exercise training improves endurance and muscle strength.

Disfunção muscular periférica em DPOC: membros inferiores versus membros superiores / Peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD: lower limbs versus upper limbs

O prejuízo funcional parece diferir entre membros superiores e membros inferiores de pacientes com DPOC. Dois possíveis mecanismos explicam os sintomas importantes de dispneia e fadiga relatados pelos pacientes ao executar tarefas com membros superiores não sustentados: a disfunção neuromecânica dos músculos respiratórios e a alteração dos volumes pulmonares durante as atividades realizadas com membros superiores. A disfunção neuromecânica está relacionada à alteração do padrão respiratório e à simultaneidade de estímulos aferentes e eferentes musculares, o que causaria a dissincronia na ação dos músculos respiratórios em pacientes com DPOC durante esse tipo de exercício. Adicionalmente, o aumento da ventilação durante os exercícios com membros superiores em pacientes com DPOC induz à hiperinsuflação dinâmica em diferentes cargas de trabalho. Nos membros inferiores, há redução da força e da endurance muscular do quadríceps femoral nos pacientes com DPOC comparados a indivíduos saudáveis. Uma explicação para essas reduções é a anormalidade no metabolismo muscular (diminuição da capacidade aeróbia), a dependência do metabolismo glicolítico e o acúmulo rápido de lactato durante o exercício. Quando contrastadas as atividades de membros superiores e membros inferiores, os exercícios com membros superiores resultam em maior demanda metabólica e ventilatória com mais intensa sensação de dispneia e fadiga. Devido às diferenças nas adaptações morfofuncionais dos músculos dos membros superiores e membros inferiores em pacientes com DPOC, protocolos específicos de treinamento de força e/ou endurance devem ser desenvolvidos e testados para os grupos musculares desses segmentos corporais.

In patients with COPD, the degree of functional impairment appears to differ between the upper and lower limbs. Significant dyspnea and fatigue have been reported by these patients when performing tasks with unsupported upper limbs and two mechanisms have been proposed to explain this fact: neuromechanical dysfunction of respiratory muscles; and changes in lung volume during such activities. The neuromechanical dysfunction seen in COPD patients during this type of exercise is related to changes in the breathing pattern, as well as to the simultaneity of afferent and efferent muscle stimuli, resulting in respiratory muscle asynchrony. In addition, the increased ventilation during upper limb exercise in patients with COPD leads to dynamic hyperinflation at different workloads. During lower limb exercises, the strength and endurance of the quadriceps muscle is lower in COPD patients than in healthy subjects. This could by explained by abnormal muscle metabolism (decreased aerobic capacity), dependence on glycolytic metabolism, and rapid accumulation of lactate during exercise. In comparison with lower limb exercises, upper limb exercises result in higher metabolic and ventilatory demands, as well as in a more intense sensation of dyspnea and greater fatigue. Because there are differences between the upper and lower limb muscles in terms of the morphological and functional adaptations in COPD patients, specific protocols for strength training and endurance should be developed and tested for the corresponding muscle groups.

Lipid profile, apolipoprotein A-I and oxidative stress in professional footballers, sedentary individuals, and their relatives / Perfil lipídico, apolipoproteína A-I e estresse oxidativo em jogadores de futebol profissionais, indivíduos sedentários e seus familiares

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether lipid profile (LP), apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-I) and malondialdehyde (MDA) have any relationship with physical exercise by comparing the groups of footballers (FG) with sedentary individuals (CG) and their relatives (RFG and RCG). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty individuals from FG and CG, 60 from RFG, and 57 from RCG were studied. RESULTS: FG showed lower levels of total cholesterol (119.5 ± 37.9 mg/dL), LDL-cholesterol fraction (53.6 ± 30.3), apo A-I (116.7 ± 11.9), and higher level of HDL-cholesterol fraction (HDLc) (49.7 ± 8.5) compared to RFG (148.3 ± 36.9, P = 0.02; 82.4 ± 37.7, P < 0.01; 124.6 ± 10.2, P = 0.03; and 42.7 ± 7.7, P < 0.01; respectively). Moreover, FG had reduced levels of MDA (101.0 ± 77.0 ng/mL) compared to CG (290.0 ± 341.0, P = 0.03) and RFG (209.9 ± 197.5, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an association between physical exercise and lower levels of MDA in FG. Physical activity seems to promote beneficial effects on the LP regardless of the genetic influence considering HDLc levels.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se perfil lipídico (PL), apolipoproteína A-1 (apo A-I) e malondialdeído (MDA) têm relação com atividade física comparando os grupos: jogadores de futebol (FG) com indivíduos sedentários (CG) e seus familiares. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos de FG e CG, além de 60 familiares de FG (RFG) e 57 de CG (RCG). RESULTADOS: FG mostrou menores níveis (média ± DP [mg/dL]) de colesterol total (119.5 ± 37.9), LDL colesterol (53.6 ± 30.3), e apo A-I (116.7 ± 11.9), e maiores níveis de HDL colesterol (HDLc) (49.7 ± 8.5) comparado ao RFG (148.3 ± 36.9, P = 0.02; 82.4 ± 37.7, P < 0.01; 124.6 ± 10.2, P = 0.03; e 42.7 ± 7.7, P < 0.01; respectivamente). Além disso, o FG mostrou níveis reduzidos de MDA (101.0 ± 77.0 [ng/mL]) comparado a CG (290.0 ± 341.0, P = 0.03) e RFG (209.9 ± 197.5, P = 0.04). CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados sugerem que existe uma associação entre atividade física e níveis reduzidos de MDA em FG. O exercício físico parece promover efeitos benéficos no PL independente da influência genética considerando os níveis de HDLc.

Effect of exercise on the caloric intake of breast cancer patients undergoing treatment

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an exercise intervention on the total caloric intake (TCI) of breast cancer patients undergoing treatment. A secondary purpose was to determine whether or not a relationship existed between changes in TCI, body fat composition ( percentBF), and fatigue during the study, which lasted 6 months. Twenty females recently diagnosed with breast cancer, scheduled to undergo chemotherapy or radiation, were assigned randomly to an experimental (N = 10) or control group (N = 10). Outcome measures included TCI (3-day food diary), percentBF (skinfolds), and fatigue (revised Piper Fatigue Scale). Each exercise session was conducted as follows: initial cardiovascular activity (6-12 min), followed by stretching (5-10 min), resistance training (15-30 min), and a cool-down (approximately 8 min). Significant changes in TCI were observed among groups (F1,18 = 8.582; P = 0.009), at treatments 2 and 3, and at the end of the study [experimental (1973 ± 419), control (1488 ± 418); experimental (1946 ± 437), control (1436 ± 429); experimental (2315 ± 455), control (1474 ± 294), respectively]. A significant negative correlation was found (Spearman rho(18) = -0.759; P < 0.001) between TCI and percentBF and between TCI and fatigue levels (Spearman rho(18) = -0.541; P = 0.014) at the end of the study. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that an exercise intervention administered to breast cancer patients undergoing medical treatment may assist in the mitigation of some treatment side effects, including decreased TCI, increased fatigue, and negative changes in body composition.