Risco de mediastinite no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / Risk of mediastinitis in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery / Riesgo de mediastinitis en el postoperatorio de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica

Objetivo: classificar os pacientes segundo o risco de desenvolvimento de mediastinite no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Método: estudo observacional, transversal, realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pós-Operatória de um hospital universitário no interior paulista. Amostra consecutiva e não probabilística foi constituída por pacientes adultos, submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio. A coleta de dados foi realizada na alta da Terapia Intensiva, utilizando o Escore de Risco Multivariável para Mediastinite. Para a obtenção do escore foram realizadas análises estatística descritivas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 50 pacientes, 68% do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 62,7 anos. Nenhum paciente foi reoperado ou apresentava doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; 26,0% eram obesos; 12,0% apresentaram angina instável e 4,0% foram politransfundidos no pós-operatório. Segundo o escore, 58,0% apresentaram baixo e 42,0% médio risco de desenvolvimento de mediastinite. Conclusão: a maior parte dos pacientes apresentava baixo risco de desenvolvimento de mediastinite

Objective: to classify patients according to the risk of developing mediastinitis in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery. Method: observational, cross-sectional study, carried out in the Post-Operative Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital in the interior of São Paulo. Consecutive and non-probabilistic sample consisted of adult patients who underwent myocardial revascularization. Data collection was performed at discharge from the Intensive Care, using the Multivariable Risk Score for Mediastinitis. To obtain the score, descriptive statistical analyzes were performed. Results: the50 patients participated in the study, 68% were male, with a mean age of 62.7 years. No patient was reoperated or had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 26.0% were obese; 12.0% had unstable angina and 4.0% were transfused in the postoperative period. According to the score, 58.0% had a low and 42.0% medium risk of developing mediastinitis. Conclusion: most patients were at low risk of developing mediastinitis

Objetivo: clasificar a los pacientes según el riesgo de desarrollar mediastinitis en el postoperatorio de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. Método: estudio observacional, transversal, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Posoperatorios de un hospital universitario del interior de São Paulo. La muestra consecutiva y no probabilística estuvo constituida por pacientes adultos sometidos a revascularización miocárdica. La recolección de datos se realizó al alta de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, utilizando el Multivariable Risk Score para Mediastinitis. Para obtener la puntuación se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos. Resultados: participaron en el estudio 50 pacientes, el 68% eran varones, con una edad media de 62,7 años. Ningún paciente fue reintervenido ni presentó enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica; El 26,0% eran obesos; El 12,0% presentó angina inestable y el 4,0% recibió transfusión en el postoperatorio. Según el puntaje, el 58.0% tenía un riesgo bajo y el 42.0% medio de desarrollar mediastinitis. Conclusión: la mayoría de los pacientes tenían un riesgo bajo de desarrollar mediastinitis

Factores determinantes en la calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria sometidos a diferentes intervenciones terapéuticas / Determinants in quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease who underwent different therapeutic interventions

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad coronaria es la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo. Su tratamiento se asocia con una mejor calidad de vida, la cual puede medirse con el cuestionario de MacNew. Objetivo: Establecer los factores determinantes de calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de corte transversal, en el que se usó el cuestionario de MacNew para valorar la calidad de vida en tres dominios: social, emocional y físico. Se incluyeron 249 pacientes con enfermedad coronaria diagnosticada en los años 2004, 2009 o 2013. Los resultados se estratificaron por el tipo de tratamiento (médico, implantación de stent o cirugía de revascularización miocárdica). Se usó un modelo de regresión beta, como una alternativa al modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados: Los puntajes más bajos se asociaron con hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia y aumento del índice de masa corporal. En el dominio físico el puntaje disminuyó en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. El alto grado de escolaridad se asoció con mayores puntajes en todos los dominios. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria presentaron menor calidad de vida asociada a hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, aumento del índice de masa corporal o mayor edad y mejor calidad de vida asociada con mayor nivel de escolaridad y afiliación al sistema de salud, indiferente a la intervención terapéutica.

Abstract Introduction: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Its treatment is associated with a better quality of life; it can be measured with the MacNew questionnaire. This study aims to establish the determin. Objective: To stablish the determinants of quality of life in coronary heart disease patients, in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, in which the MacNew questionnaire was applied to assess life quality in three domains: social, emotional and physical. 249 patients with coronary heart disease diagnosed in 2004, 2009 or 2013 were included. The results were stratified by type of treatment (doctor, stent implantation or myocardial revascularization surgery). Beta regression model was used, as an alternative to the linear regression model. Results: The MacNew lower scores were associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and increased body mass index. In the physical domain, the life quality score decreased in patients older than 60 years. High levels of education were associated with higher quality of life scores in all domains. Conclusions: Coronary heart disease patients presented lower quality of life associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, increased body mass index or older age and better quality of life associated with higher level of education and affiliation to the health system, regardless of the therapeutic intervention received.

Sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e ansiedade cardíaca pré-operatórios segundo o tipo de cirurgia cardíaca / Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y ansiedad cardíaca preoperatoria según el tipo de cirugía cardíaca / Pre-operative anxiety, depression and cardiac anxiety symptoms according to the type of heart surgery

RESUMO Introdução: observando a diferença de perfil dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio daqueles submetidos à correção cirúrgica de valvopatias, considera-se importante a avaliação do estado emocional de acordo com a cirurgia a ser realizada. Objetivo: comparar os sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e ansiedade cardíaca de pacientes no pré-operatório, segundo o tipo de cirurgia cardíaca a ser realizada: revascularização do miocárdio ou cirurgia de correção de valvopatias. Método: estudo observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, realizado nas enfermarias de cirurgia de um hospital universitário do interior paulista. Uma amostra consecutiva e não probabilística foi constituída pelos pacientes maiores de idade que vieram de casa para a internação e cujo agendamento para a realização da cirurgia foi eletivo. Para a avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, foi utilizado o instrumento Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; já para a avaliação da ansiedade cardíaca, foi utilizado o "Questionário de Ansiedade Cardíaca". Para a comparação das medidas dos sintomas, segundo o tipo de cirurgia, foi realizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os grupos foram homogêneos entre si, quanto à caracterização sociodemográfica, exceto para idade. Pacientes em pré-operatório de correção de valvopatias apresentaram escore maior para os sintomas de ansiedade cardíaca quando comparados com pacientes em pré-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio, e a diferença encontrada foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,020). Conclusão: pacientes em pré-operatório de correção de valvopatias apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade cardíaca quando comparados com pacientes em pré-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio.

RESUMEN Introducción: al observar la diferencia en el perfil de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica respecto a los sometidos a corrección quirúrgica de valvulopatías, se considera importante evaluar el estado emocional de acuerdo con la cirugía a realizar. Objetivo: comparar los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y ansiedad cardíaca de los pacientes en el período preoperatorio, según el tipo de cirugía cardíaca a realizar: revascularización miocárdica o cirugía de corrección de valvulopatías. Método: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado en las salas de recuperación de cirugía de un hospital universitario del interior de São Paulo. Una muestra consecutiva y no probabilística estuvo conformada por pacientes mayores que acudieron a su domicilio para ser hospitalizados y cuya cita para la cirugía fue electiva. Para evaluar los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión se utilizó el instrumento Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión; para la evaluación de la ansiedad cardíaca se utilizó el "Cuestionario de Ansiedad Cardíaca". Para comparar las medidas de síntomas, según el tipo de cirugía, se realizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: los grupos fueron homogéneos entre sí, encuanto a caracterización sociodemográfica, excepto por edad. Los pacientes en el período preoperatorio para la corrección de valvulopatías tuvieron una puntuación más alta para los síntomas de ansiedad cardíaca en comparación con los pacientes en el período preoperatorio de revascularización miocárdica, y la diferencia encontrada fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,020). Conclusión: los pacientes en período preoperatorio de corrección de valvulopatías presentaron más síntomas de ansiedad cardíaca en comparación con los pacientes en el período preoperatorio de revascularización miocárdica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: observing the difference in profile of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery from those undergoing surgical correction of valvular heart disease, it is considered important to assess the emotional state according to the surgery to be performed. Objective: to compare the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cardiac anxiety of patients in the preoperative period, according to the type of cardiac surgery to be performed: myocardial revascularization or surgery to correct valvular heart diseases. Method: observational, analytical, cross-sectional study carried out in the surgery wards of a university hospital in the countryside of São Paulo. A consecutive and non-probabilistic sample was made up of older patients who came home for hospitalization and whose appointment for the surgery was elective. To evaluate the symptoms of anxiety and depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale instrument was used; for the assessment of cardiac anxiety, the "Heart Anxiety Questionnaire" was used. To compare the measures of symptoms, according to the type of surgery, the Mann-Whitney test was performed for independent samples, with a significance level of 5%. Results: the groups were homogeneous among themselves, in terms of sociodemographic characterization, except for age. Patients in the preoperative period for correction of valvular heart disease had a higher score for the symptoms of cardiac anxiety when compared with patients in the preoperative period of myocardial revascularization, and the difference found was statistically significant (p=0.020). Conclusion: patients in the preoperative period for correction of valvular heart disease presented more symptoms of cardiac anxiety when compared with patients in the preoperative period of myocardial revascularization.

Revascularização Completa Versus Tratamento da Artéria Culpada no Infarto com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Registro Multicêntrico / Complete Revascularization Versus Treatment of the Culprit Artery Only in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Multicenter Registry

Resumo Fundamento São restritos os dados sobre o manejo e o prognóstico dos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) com acometimento multiarterial no Brasil, o que mostra a necessidade de investigar as estratégias de revascularização disponíveis. Objetivo Avaliar os desfechos relacionados à revascularização completa em comparação com o tratamento da artéria culpada em pacientes multiarteriais com IAMCSST. Métodos Foi realizada um estudo de coorte prospectiva em dois centros de hemodinâmica do Sul do Brasil, com seguimento de 1 ano após a intervenção índice. O desfecho primário foi composto de óbito cardiovascular, reinfarto ou angina recorrente e secundários acidente vascular encefálico, parada cardiorrespiratória não fatal, sangramento maior ou necessidade de reintervenção. A probabilidade de ocorrência de desfechos foi comparada entre os grupos através de regressão logística binária. Considerou-se como estatisticamente significativo o valor de probabilidade < 0,05. Resultados Participaram 85 pacientes, com média de idade de 62±12 anos, sendo 61 (71,8%) do sexo masculino. Cinquenta e oito (68,2%) pacientes receberam a estratégia de revascularização completa e 27 (31,8%), a de revascularização incompleta. A chance de ocorrência tanto do desfecho primário quanto do secundário foi significativamente maior entre os indivíduos tratados com revascularização incompleta quando comparados com os tratados com estratégia completa [razão de chances (OR) 5,1, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,6-16,1 vs. OR 5,2, IC95% 1,2-22,9, respectivamente], assim como os óbitos cardiovasculares (OR 6,4, IC95% 1,2-35,3). Conclusão Dados deste registro regional, de dois centros do Sul do Brasil, demonstram que a estratégia de revascularização completa esteve associada à redução significativa dos desfechos primário e secundário no seguimento de 1 ano quando comparada à estratégia de revascularização incompleta. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):229-237)

Abstract Background Data on the management and prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel disease are limited in Brazil, showing that the available revascularization strategies should be investigated Objective To assess the outcomes of complete revascularization versus treatment of the culprit artery only in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at two medical centers in southern Brazil with a 1-year follow-up after the index procedure. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death, reinfarction, or recurrent angina, while the secondary outcome was stroke, nonfatal cardiac arrest, major bleeding, or need for reintervention. The probability of outcomes occurring was compared between the groups using binary logistic regression. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Eighty-five patients were included. Their mean age was 62±12 years, and 61 (71.8%) were male. Fifty-eight (68.2%) were treated with complete revascularization and 27 (31.8%) with incomplete revascularization. The chance of both the primary and secondary outcomes occurring was significantly greater among patients treated with incomplete revascularization when compared to those treated with complete revascularization (odds ratio [OR] 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-16.1 vs. OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.2-22.9, respectively), as well as cardiac death (OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.2-35.3). Conclusion Registry data from two centers in southern Brazil demonstrate that the complete revascularization strategy is associated with a significant reduction in primary and secondary outcomes in a 1-year follow-up when compared to the incomplete revascularization strategy (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(2):229-237)

Internal Validation of a Risk Score for Prediction of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery has great clinical and economic implications. Many attempts have been made to identify risk factors aiming at a better evaluation of prophylactic treatment strategies. Objective: To perform an internal validation of a risk score for POAF. Methods: A prospective cohort of 1,054 patients who underwent myocardial revascularization and/or valve surgery was included. The risk score model was developed in 448 patients, and its performance was tested in the remaining 606 patients. Variables with a significance level of 5% in the cohort were included and subjected to a multiple logistic regression model with backward selection. Performance statistics was performed using the c-statistic, the chi-square and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) goodness-of-fit, Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Four variables were considered predictors of outcome: age (≥ 70 years), mitral valve disease, the non-use or discontinuation of beta-blockers and a positive water balance (> 1,500 mL). The ROC curve was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.79). The risk model showed a good ability according to the performance statistics - HL test x(2) = 0.93; p = 0.983 and r = 0.99 (Pearson's coefficient). There was an increase in the frequency of POAF with the increase of the score: very low risk = 0.0%; low risk = 3.9%; intermediate risk = 10.9%; and high risk = 60.0%; p < 0.0001. Conclusion: The predictive variables of POAF allowed us to construct a simplified risk score. This scoring system showed good accuracy and can be used in routine clinical practice.

Itinerário terapêutico - a busca pelo cuidado em saúde empreendida por pessoa com câncer colorretal / Itinerario terapéutico - la busca por el cuidado en salud emprendida por persona con cáncer colorrectal / The therapeutic itinerary - the search for health care undertaken by a person with colorectal cancer

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender, por meio do Itinerário Terapêutico, a busca pelo cuidado empreendida pela pessoa com câncer colorretal e os mecanismos de Gestão do Cuidado. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de caso único de abordagem qualitativa, cuja coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da Entrevista Narrativa. Para subsidiar a análise dos dados utilizou-se o software IRaMuTeQ®. Resultados: Emergiram dois Subcorpus e cinco classes, por meio dos quais foi possível delinear o itinerário terapêutico e as estratégias de cuidado na perspectiva da pessoa permitiu compreender que a produção do cuidado invade linhas não formais, possibilitando as vias de tratamento que estavam ao seu alcance. É desvelado a inexistência de um fluxo que oriente o caminhar em tempo oportuno e seguro, surgindo sentimento de insegurança e desconfiança. Assim, os mediadores atravessam e produzem contra fluxos na regulação, fazendo surgir redes vivas calcadas no enfrentamento de um trabalho morto, desarticulado e inoperante. Considerações finais: Os resultados permitiram identificar a desarticulação dos serviços e a necessidade de elaboração de uma Linha de Cuidado oncológica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender, por medio del Itinerario Terapéutico, la busca por el cuidado emprendida por la persona con cáncer colorrectal y los mecanismos de Gestión del Cuidado. Método: se trata de un estudio de caso único de abordaje cualitativo, cuya recolección de datos fue realizada por medio de la Entrevista Narrativa. Para auxiliar el análisis de los datos se utilizó el software IRaMuTeQ®. Resultados: surgieron dos Subcorpus y cinco clases, por los cuales fue posible trazar el itinerario terapéutico; y las estrategias de cuidado en la perspectiva de la persona permitieron comprender que la producción del cuidado va más allá de aspectos no formales, posibilitando las vías de tratamiento que estaban a su disposición. Se percibe la inexistencia de un flujo que oriente el caminar en tiempo oportuno y seguro, surgiendo sentimiento de inseguridad y desconfianza. Así, los mediadores atraviesan y producen contra flujos en la regulación, haciendo surgir redes vivas basadas en el enfrentamiento de un trabajo muerto, desarticulado e inoperante. Consideraciones finales: los resultados permitieron identificar la desarticulación de los servicios y la necesidad de elaboración de una Línea de Cuidado oncológico.

ABSTRACT Objective: Understanding, through the Therapeutic Itinerary, the search for care undertaken by the person with colorectal cancer and the Care Management mechanisms. Method: This is a unique case study with a qualitative approach, whose data collection was carried out through the Narrative Interview. To support the data analysis, the IRaMuTeQ® software was used. Results: Two Sub-corpus and five classes have emerged, through which it was possible to delineate the therapeutic itinerary and the care strategies from the perspective of the person allowed understanding that the production of care invades non-formal lines, enabling the treatment pathways that were within reach. It is unveiled the lack of a flow that guides the walk in a timely and safe time, with a feeling of insecurity and distrust. Thus, mediators move across and produce against flows in regulation, giving rise to live networks based on facing dead, disjointed and inoperative work. Final thoughts: The results made it possible to identify the disarticulation of services and the need to develop an oncological Care Line.

O itinerário terapêutico da criança com doença falciforme / El itinerario terapéutico del niño con anemia falciforme / The therapeutic itinerary of the child withfalciform disease

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer o itinerário terapêutico da criança com doença falciforme acompanhada em um ambulatório de hematologia de um hospital público infantil. Método: pesquisa qualitativa realizada em um ambulatório de hematologia pediátrica de um hospital público do estado do Espírito Santo. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de janeiro a junho de 2019 por meio da entrevista semiestruturada com 10 familiares da criança com doença falciforme. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise Temática. Resultados: o itinerário terapêutico se inicia a partir da descoberta da doença e encaminhamento aos serviços de saúde especializados. Os participantes relataram o conhecimento sobre a crise e quais os locais de atendimento que levam a criança para ser atendida. Além disso, houve relato quanto à frequência de consultas e o acesso ao serviço, demostrando não terem dificuldade com ele e estarem satisfeitos com o atendimento prestado. Considerações finais: o estudo revelou um itinerário terapêutico no qual a criança perpassa por serviços de saúde gerais no momento do diagnóstico e é encaminhada para o serviço especializado, na rede de atenção à saúde secundária, para seguimento do seu tratamento e prevenção das complicações. Além disso, os serviços de saúde são eficazes, porém centralizados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer el itinerario terapéutico del niño con anemia falciforme acompañado en un centro ambulatorio de hematología de un hospital público infantil. Método: investigación cualitativa realizada en un centro ambulatorio de hematología pediátrica de un hospital público del estado de Espírito Santo-Brasil. La recolección de los datos ocurrió en el período de enero a junio de 2019 por medio de entrevista semiestructurada con 10 familiares del niño con anemia falciforme. Los datos fueron sometidos al Análisis Temático. Resultados: el itinerario terapéutico se inicia a partir del descubrimiento de la enfermedad y el encaminamiento a los servicios de salud especializados. Los participantes relataron el conocimiento sobre la crisis y cuáles los lugares de atención que llevan al niño para ser atendido. Asimismo, hubo relato sobre la frecuencia de consultas y el acceso al servicio, demostrando no tener dificultad con él y que están satisfechos con la atención prestada. Consideraciones finales: el estudio reveló un itinerario terapéutico en el cual el niño pasa por servicios de salud generales en el momento del diagnóstico y es encaminado para el servicio especializado, en la red de atención a la salud secundaria, para la continuación de su tratamiento y la prevención de las complicaciones. Además, los servicios de salud son eficaces, pero centralizados.

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the therapeutic itinerary of the child with a sickle cell disease monitored in a hematology clinic of a public children's hospital. Method: this is qualitative research carried out in a pediatric hematology clinic of a public hospital in the state of Espírito Santo. Data collection washeld from January to June 2019 through semi-structured interviews with 10 family members of the child with a sickle cell disease. We submitted the data to the Thematic Analysis. Results: the therapeutic itinerary begins with the discovery of the disease and referral to specialized health services. The participants reported their knowledge of the crisis and the places of care to which they take the child to be attended. Also, there was a report regarding the frequency of consultations and access to the service, showing that they have no difficulty with it and are satisfied with the service provided. Final considerations: the study revealed a therapeutic itinerary in which the child goes through general health services at the time of diagnosis and is referred to the specialized service, in the secondary health care network to monitor his treatment and prevent complications. The health services are also effective, yet centralized.

Itinerário terapêutico de pessoa submetida à revascularização do miocárdio: repercussões para gestão do cuidado / Therapeutic itinerary of a patient submitted to myocardial revascularization: repercussions to care management

Objetivo: Compreender por meio do Itinerário Terapêutico a busca empreendida pelo cuidado em saúde de pessoa submetida à revascularização do miocárdio e os mecanismos de gestão do cuidado. Método: Estudo de caso único, descritivo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa desenvolvido a partir de Entrevista Narrativa e o tratamento dos dados foi guiado pela Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade temática, que permeou os processos de organização da análise, codificação, categorização e inferências. Neste processo, considerou-se como unidade de registro o acontecimento e unidade de contexto a ação. Resultados: O Itinerário Terapêutico está apresentado a partir de sua representação gráfica e subdividido em duas categorias temáticas: "acolhimento moroso e centrado na atenção especializada" e "marcas da (contra)regulação em uma experiência de cuidado com linhas desarticuladas". Conclusão: A situação analisada desvelou o Itinerário Terapêutico, as falhas no processo de comunicação e as dificuldades em ser reorientado aos serviços adequados em decorrência dos distintos espaços percorridos pelo usuário, culminam com a sua peregrinação por serviços de saúde que repercute diretamente na gestão do cuidado nas suas dimensões individual, sistêmica e societária. Possibilitou identificar os descaminhos da pessoa pelo sistema de saúde em busca de resolutividade, que consequentemente acarreta implicações negativas em seu cotidiano ao prolongar o percurso desde o início do adoecimento ,bem como as interferências a que foi submetido na garantia do cuidado integral.

Objective: To understand the reason why a person submitted to myocardial revascularization looks for health care and the mechanisms of care management through the Therapeutic Itinerary. Method: it is a single case study, descriptive exploratory, with a qualitative approach developed from Narrative Interview and the data treatment was guided by Content Analysis in the thematic mode, which permeated the processes of organization of analysis, coding, categorization and inferences. In this process, the event was considered the unit of record and the context unit of action. Results:The Therapeutic Itinerary is presented from its graphical representation and subdivided into two thematic categories: "slow support and centered on specialized attention" and "marks of (contra) regulation in a care experience with disjointed lines". Conclusion:The situation analyzed revealed the Therapeutic Itinerary, the failures in the communication process and the difficulties in being redirected to the appropriate services due to the different spaces visited by the user, culminating in his pilgrimage to health services that directly affects the management of care in its individual, systemic and corporate dimensions. It made it possible to identify the person's misdirection through the health system in search of resolution, which consequently has negative implications in his daily life by prolonging the journey since the beginning of the illness, as well as the interferences he was subjected to in ensuring comprehensive care.

Primer separador retráctil de pulmón para facilitar la disección extrapleural de la arteria torácica interna / First retractable lung spreader to facilitate extrapleural dissection of the internal thoracic artery

RESUMEN La disección de la arteria torácica interna es uno de los procedimientos más definitorios de la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica, pues se ha demostrado que la calidad de vida y la evolución a corto y largo plazo de los pacientes dependerán de las características morfológicas del injerto. Hace más de 25 años se propuso la utilización de un separador pulmonar maleable para facilitar la disección de la arteria torácica interna, especialmente su segmento proximal, pero nunca se ha fabricado ese dispositivo. Se presenta un separador pulmonar manufacturado a partir de dispositivos en desuso, empleados en cirugía coronaria. Se comentan y discuten las principales ventajas demostradas durante más de tres años en cerca de un centenar de pacientes.

ABSTRACT Internal thoracic artery dissection is one of the most defining procedures of coronary artery bypass grafting, as it has been demonstrated that the quality of life and short-long term outcome of patients will depend on the morphological characteristics of the graft. More than 25 years ago, the use of a malleable lung spreader was proposed to facilitate the internal thoracic artery dissection especially its proximal segment, but that device has never been manufactured. A lung spreader, assembled from disused devices, used in coronary artery revascularization is presented. The main advantages confirmed over more than three years in nearly a hundred patients are discussed and commented upon.

Clinical Course of Patients Undergoing Myocardial Revascularization Surgery in a Public Cardiology Referral Hospital in Pará, Brazil

Myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) is the most frequently performed cardiac surgery in Brazil. However, data on mortality rates among patients undergoing MRS in hospitals other than the main referral centers in the northern Brazil are scarce. Objective: To describe the clinical course of patients that submitted to MRS in the major public cardiology referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis, by review of medical records of patients who had undergone MRS at Hospital das Clínicas Gaspar Vianna (FHCGV) from January 2013 to June 2014. Results: A total of 179 patients were evaluated. Mortality rate was 11.7% until 30 days after surgery. Waiting time for surgery ≥ 30 days (OR 2.59, 95%CI 1.02 - 6.56, p = 0.039), infection during hospitalization (OR 3.28, 95%CI 1.15 - 9.39, p = 0.021) and need for hemodialysis after surgery (OR 9.06 95%CI 2.07 - 39.54, p = 0.001) were predictors of mortality after CABG. Conclusion: A high mortality rate in the study population was found, higher than that reported in the literature and in other regions of Brazil

Impact of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Muscle Mass Reduction on the 7th Postoperative Day

Ischemic heart failure is a chronic and degenerative disease with high morbidity and mortality in the world. Coronary artery bypass grafting is indicated as elective treatment and may cause a catabolic state that depletes energy reserves. Data on body composition evaluation in the postoperative period of major cardiac surgery are limited. Objective: To evaluate the influence of elective coronary artery bypass grafting on body composition on the seventh postoperative day of patients with ischemic heart failure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which eighteen volunteers with New York Heart Association Class II and III heart failure underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The energy and protein reserves of the participants were evaluated by anthropometry in the preoperative and on the seventh postoperative day. Paired t-Test or Mann-Whitney test was used if applicable. A significance level was considered at p value < 0.05. Results: A significant loss of muscle mass was observed through the reduction of arm muscle circumference after surgery (4.2%, p 0.007). Major surgery causes hypermetabolic state and systemic inflammatory stimulus, due to the release of hormones and cytokines that may justify the observed loss of muscle mass. Conclusion: Coronary artery bypass grafting had an impact on muscle mass reduction seven days after surgery in patients with ischemic heart failure

The Prognostic Value and Clinical Use of Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in Asymptomatic Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / O Valor Prognóstico e o uso Clínico da Cintilografia de Perfusão Miocárdica em Pacientes Assintomáticos após Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea

Abstract Background: The role of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in the follow-up of asymptomatic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not established. Objectives: To evaluate the prognostic value and clinical use of MPS in asymptomatic patients after PCI. Methods: Patients who underwent MPS consecutively between 2008 and 2012 after PCI were selected. The MPS were classified as normal and abnormal, the perfusion scores, summed stress score (SSS), and summed difference score (SDS) were calculated and converted into percentage of total perfusion defect and ischemic defect. The follow-up was undertaken through telephone interviews and consultation with the Mortality Information System. Primary endpoints were death, cardiovascular death, and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and secondary endpoint was revascularization. Logistic regression and COX method were used to identify the predictors of events, and the value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 647 patients were followed for 5.2 ± 1.6 years. 47% of MPS were normal, 30% were abnormal with ischemia, and 23% were abnormal without ischemia. There were 61 deaths, 27 being cardiovascular, 19 non-fatal AMI, and 139 revascularizations. The annual death rate was higher in those with abnormal perfusion without ischemia compared to the groups with ischemia and normal perfusion (3.3% × 2% × 1.2%, p = 0.021). The annual revascularization rate was 10.3% in the ischemia group, 3.7% in those with normal MPS, and 3% in those with abnormal MPS without ischemia. The independent predictors of mortality and revascularization were, respectively, total perfusion defect greater than 6%, and ischemic defect greater than 3%. Forty-two percent of the patients underwent MPS less than 2 years after PCI, and no significant differences were observed in relation to those who underwent it after that period. Conclusion: Although this information is not contemplated in guidelines, in this study MPS was able to predict events in asymptomatic after PCI patients, regardless of when they were performed.

Resumo Fundamentos: O papel da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM) no seguimento de pacientes assintomáticos após intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) não está estabelecido. Objetivos. Avaliar o valor prognóstico e o uso clínico da CPM em pacientes assintomáticos após ICP. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes que realizaram CPM consecutivamente entre 2008 e 2012 após ICP. As CPM foram classificadas em normais e anormais, os escores de perfusão, escore somado do estresse (SSS) e escore somado da diferença (SDS) foram calculados e convertidos em porcentagem de defeito perfusional total e de defeito isquêmico. O seguimento foi por meio de entrevistas telefônicas e consulta ao Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Desfechos primários foram morte, morte cardiovascular e infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) não fatal e desfecho secundário foi revascularização. Regressão logística e método de COX foram utilizados para identificar os preditores de eventos e o valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: 647 pacientes foram acompanhados por 5,2 ± 1,6 anos. 47% das CPM foram normais, 30% anormais com isquemia e 23% anormais sem isquemia. Ocorreram 61 mortes, 27 cardiovasculares, 19 IAM não fatais e 139 revascularizações. A taxa anual de óbitos foi superior naqueles com perfusão anormal sem isquemia comparada aos grupos com isquemia e perfusão normal (3,3% × 2% × 1,2%, p = 0,021). A taxa anual de revascularização foi 10,3% no grupo com isquemia, 3,7% naqueles com CPM normal e 3% naqueles com CPM anormal sem isquemia. Foram preditores independentes de mortalidade e revascularização, respectivamente, defeito perfusional total maior que 6% e defeito isquêmico maior que 3%. Quarenta e dois por cento dos pacientes realizaram CPM menos de 2 anos após ICP e não foram observadas diferenças relevantes em relação aos que realizaram após esse período. Conclusão: Embora esta informação não esteja contemplada em diretrizes, neste estudo a CPM foi capaz de predizer eventos em pacientes assintomáticos após ICP, independente do momento de realização.

The Influence of Comorbid Conditions on Graft Stenosis in Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Operation / A influência das condições comórbidas na estenose do enxerto em pacientes com coronariopatia Operação de enxerto de artéria

The primary goal of coronary artery bypass grafting is to achieve complete revascularization with grafts that will remain patent throughout the patient's lifetime. This study investigated the association between bypass graft patency and comorbidity burden determined by Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) among patients with previous bypass operation who underwent a control angiography. One-hundred and two patients who had undergone CABG in the past were included to the study. Critical stenosis was defined as 50% or greater coronary luminal obstruction of any coronary vessel or its lateral branch. Patients were divided into 2 groups group 1; critical graft stenosis; (54 pts; 41M, mean age 66.5 ± 7.8 years), group 2; graft patent (48 pts; 31M, mean age; 65.9 ± 8.2 years). Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and modified CCI scores were used for detecting comorbidities. The comparison of continuous variables between the control and critical CAD groups was performed by the independent sample test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The two groups were statistically similar with respect to demographic properties, time since bypass operation, cardiovascular risk factors, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, medications used, complete blood counts parameters, and lipid profiles. CCI was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (7.14 ± 2.02 vs4.72 ± 1.58; p < 0.001). Modified CCI scores were also higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (6.14 ± 2.02 vs 3.73 ± 1.60; p < 0.001). Graft occlusion was more common among patients with a high comorbidity burden. CCI scoring system may be helpful for determining patients at increased risk at both the preoperative and postoperative periods

Características epidemiológicas e preditores de mortalidade em pacientes maiores de 70 anos submetidos à revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica / Epidemiological characteristics and mortality predictors in patients over 70 years submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting

Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana é a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a idade é fator de risco independente de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores preditores de risco de óbito em pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica com mais de 70 anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de banco de dados de cirurgia cardíaca. Foi utilizada a regressão logística para avaliar os preditores independentes de óbito. Resultados: Foram 372 pacientes submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica de 2004 a 2012. O principal fator de risco cardiovascular foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, seguida do diabetes melito. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 19,35%. A presença de doença vascular periférica (OR: 2,47), cirurgia de emergência (OR: 4,86) e procedimento valvular combinado (OR: 3,86) foram os preditores independentes de óbito. Conclusão: O procedimento cirúrgico em pacientes idosos apresentou mortalidade maior que da população geral. Doença vascular periférica, cirurgia de emergência e procedimento valvular combinado aumentaram o risco de óbito nesses pacientes

Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with age being an independent risk factor for mortality in patients submitted to surgical revascularization. Objective: To evaluate the mortality risk predictors in patients older than 70 years submitted to myocardial revascularization. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of a cardiac surgery database. Logistic regression was used to assess independent death predictors. Results: A total of 372 patients submitted to surgical revascularization from 2004 to 2012 were assessed. The main cardiovascular risk factor was hypertension, followed by diabetes mellitus. Mortality at 30 days was 19.35%. The presence of peripheral vascular disease (OR: 2,47), emergency surgery (OR: 4,86) and combined valve procedure (OR: 3,86) were independent predictors of death. Conclusion: The surgical procedure in elderly patients showed a higher mortality than in the general population. Peripheral vascular disease, emergency surgery and combined valve procedures increased the risk of death in these patients

Application of circular patch plasty (dor procedure) or linear repair techniques in the treatment of left ventricular aneurysms

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate early clinical outcomes and echocardiographic measurements of the left ventricle in patients who underwent left ventricular aneurysm repair using two different techniques associated to myocardial revascularization. Methods: Eighty-nine patients (74 males, 15 females; mean age 58±8.4 years; range: 41 to 80 years) underwent post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm repair and myocardial revascularization performed between 1996 and 2016. Ventricular reconstruction was performed using endoventricular circular patch plasty (Dor procedure) (n=48; group A) or linear repair technique (n=41; group B). Results: Multi-vessel disease in 55 (61.7%) and isolated left anterior descending (LAD) disease in 34 (38.2%) patients were identified. Five (5.6%) patients underwent aneurysmectomy alone, while the remaining 84 (94.3%) patients had aneurysmectomy with bypass. The mean number of grafts per patient was 2.1±1.2 with the Dor procedure and 2.9±1.3 with the linear repair technique. In-hospital mortality occurred in 4.1% and 7.3% in group A and group B, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study demonstrate that post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm repair can be performed with both techniques with acceptable surgical risk and with satisfactory hemodynamic improvement.

Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft

Abstract Introduction: Few reports in the world have shown a differential effect of hypothyroidism in relation to morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. Objective: To determine the association between preoperative hypothyroidism, composite and disaggregated outcomes of mortality and complications in patients undergoing first-time isolated myocardial revascularization surgery. Methods: Historical cohort of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization between January 2008 and December 2014, with 626 patients included for evaluation of the composite and disaggregated outcomes of in-hospital mortality and complications (atrial fibrillation, surgical site infection and reoperation due to bleeding). A logistic regression model was used to determine the association between hypothyroidism and the onset of those outcomes. Results: Cohort of 1696 eligible patients for the study, with 1.8 mortality. Median age, female gender and prevalence of arterial hypertension were all significantly higher among hypothyroid patients. No differences were found in other preoperative or intraoperative characteristics. Hypothyroidism was associated with the presence of the composite outcome, RR 1.6 (1.04-2.4) and atrial fibrillation 1.9 (1.05-3.8). No association with mortality, infections or reoperation due to bleeding was found. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is a disease that affects females predominantly and does not determine the presence of other comorbidities. Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for the onset of postoperative fibrillation in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery. Postoperative care protocols focused on the prevention of these complications in this type of patients must be instituted.

Factores determinantes de éxito de la rehabilitación cardiovascular en pacientes coronarios sometidos a revascularización miocárdica / Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in patients following myocardial revascularization: factors associated to program success

Resumen: Introducción: La rehabilitación cardiovascular ha demostrado tener efectos beneficiosos en pacientes con antecedentes de patología coronaria. Objetivos: Identificar los factores que determinan el resultado de un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular (PRC) aplicado a pacientes coronarios revascularizados. Métodos: 67 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de bypass o angioplastia fueron evaluados en su capacidad funcional mediante el test de marcha de 6 minutos (TM) al inicio y al completar el programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular. La distancia recorrida en el test de marcha fue correlacionada con la edad, capacidad funcional previa al PRC, tiempo en completar el pro-grama, tiempo que media entre la intervención y el inicio del programa, duración del programa y tipo de revascularización. Además, se comparó el incremento de la capacidad funcional entre los pacientes que fueron derivados a 36 sesiones con los referidos a solo 12. Resultados: 67 pacientes cumplieron los criterios para evaluación del PRC. Globalmente, se observó una mejoría de 12% (511,4 a 573,4 m) en la distancia del TM (p<0.001)). El mayor beneficio, en términos de distancia en el TM se obtuvo al efectuar un programa con más sesiones (36 vs 12) con valores de 20% y 8%, respectivamente (p<0.002). El poder terminar el PRC de 36 sesiones más rápidamente (entre 10 y 13 semanas vs entre 14 y 24 semanas se asoció a una mayor incremente en el TM con valores de 19% vs 10%, respectivamente (p<0,003). El incremento en el TM no difirió entre 3 grupos de edad (desde 49 a 85 años); en el tiempo que transcurre entre la intervención y el inicio del PRC (antes vs después de la 8a semana post revascularización), al tipo de revascularización a la que fue sometido el paciente (cirugía o angioplastía) y a la capacidad funcional previa que estos presentan al inicio del PRC. Conclusión: El PRC es efectivo en mejorar significativamente la capacidad funcional de pacientes revascularizados, especialmente cuando el número de sesiones del programa es mayor y cuando se realiza con una frecuencia de al menos 3 veces por semana. El PRC es igualmente efectivo en pacientes enviados a rehabilitación en forma más precoz, como también lo es en sujetos más añosos. Estos efectos fueron independientes del tipo de revascularización.

Abstracts: Introduction : Background: Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Programs (CRP) have been shown to produce be-neficial effects in patients with coronary artery disease. Aim: to identify factors associated to CRP success in patients who underwent myocardial revascularization Methods: 67 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA) were evaluated for functional capacity by means of a standard 6 min walking test (6mWT), before and after completion of the CRP. Distance covered during the test was correlated with age, prior functional class, time employed to complete CRP, time from coronary intervention and CRP initiation, CRP duration and type of revascularization. In addition, patients referred for a 36 sessions CRP were compared to those referred to only 12 sessions. Results: 67 patients met inclusion criteria. Overall, there was a 12% increase (511,4 to 573,4 m) in 6mWT distance (p<0.001). The greatest benefit was obtained with the 36 session CRP as compared to a 12 session CRP (20 vs 8% (p<0.002). Also, completion of a 36 session CRP between 10 and 13 weeks compared to 14 to 24 weeks revealed a greater benefit in the former group (19% vs 10%, respectively (p<0.003). There was no difference in 6minWT distance in 3 groups of age (extending from 49 to 85 years-old); In addition, time from intervention to initiation of CRP (before vs after 8 weeks), type of revascularization or functional capacity at the beginning of CRP showed any difference in 6mWT distance. Conclusion: CRP is a highly effective intervention to improve functional capacity in patients following myocardial revascularization, more so when more sessions are employed and when at least 3 sessions per week are implemented. The program is equally effective in patients starting CRP early after revascularization, and benefit is independent from patient age.