Tratamento híbrido para revascularização de membro inferior em paciente com infecção de prótese vascular: relato de caso / Hybrid treatment for lower limb revascularization in a patient with vascular graft infection: a case report

Resumo Pacientes portadores de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica com isquemia crítica do membro associada a infecção de prótese vascular apresentam elevadas taxas morbimortalidade e alto risco de perda do membro. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente masculino de 76 anos com isquemia crítica do membro inferior esquerdo associada a infecção de prótese vascular femoropoplítea. Utilizamos abordagem híbrida para o tratamento com acesso cirúrgico das regiões inguinais e poplíteas, sendo a prótese vascular utilizada como acesso endovascular para recanalização direta da artéria femoral superficial devido a obstrução longa e extensa calcificação, que impediram as tentativas iniciais de tratamento endovascular. Após a recanalização endovascular, a prótese infectada foi retirada. O avanço das técnicas e materiais endovasculares em associação com a cirurgia aberta permitem novas soluções para pacientes quando os procedimentos habituais falham.

Abstract Patients with severe arterial obstructive disease and critical limb ischemia associated with vascular graft infection have elevated morbidity and mortality rates and are at high risk of limb loss. We present the case of a 76-year-old male patient with left lower limb critical ischemia and a femoropopliteal vascular graft infection. We used a hybrid treatment approach with an open surgical approach to the inguinal and popliteal regions and used the vascular prosthesis as endovascular access for direct recanalization of the superficial femoral artery, because the long occlusion and extensive calcification had frustrated initial attempts at endovascular treatment. After endovascular recanalization, the infected graft was removed. Used in conjunction with open surgery, advances in endovascular techniques and materials offer new solutions for patients when usual procedures fail.

Manejo endovascular de la isquemia crítica distal: análisis de una serie contemporánea

Background: Chronic limb ischemia can lead to high rates of limb loss and mortality. Open surgery is the gold standard for treatment of distal disease. Endovascular surgery should have less complications with similar outcomes. Aim: To report a cohort of patients with distal arterial disease treated with endovascular surgery at our institution. Material and Methods: Review of angioplasty records of patients undergoing distal lower extremity endovascular procedures between 2016 and 2019. Demographics, comorbidities, form of presentation, type of intervention, perioperative complications, and length of stay were analyzed. The primary outcomes were wound healing, reinterventions and freedom from major amputation. Secondary outcomes were overall survival and amputation-free survival. Results: Forty-eight limbs of 41 patients with a mean age 75 years (78% males) were treated. Ninety-three percent had hypertension, 88% diabetes, 30% chronic kidney disease. 73% presented with major wounds. Plain balloon and drug coated balloon angioplasties were carried out in 65 and 31% of procedures respectively, with no difference in results. In 46% of the cases, only chronic total occlusions were treated. Wound healing was achieved in 85% of procedures and 90% of patients were free from amputation at one year of follow up. Complications were observed in 18% of procedures, perioperative mortality was 2% and one-year survival was 76%. Conclusions: Endovascular therapy achieves high rates of wound healing and freedom from amputation with low perioperative mortality and moderate complication rates.

Resultados do tratamento das oclusões arteriais agudas de membros em hospital universitário - estudo retrospectivo / Results of treatment of acute occlusions of limb arteries at a university hospital - retrospective study

Resumo Contexto As oclusões arteriais agudas (OAA) de membros vêm crescendo paralelemente com a longevidade da população. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fatores de risco, salvamento de membros e sobrevida dos pacientes com OAA tratados em instituição universitária. Métodos Este é um estudo coorte retrospectivo de pacientes consecutivos. Os desfechos incluíram: sucesso técnico, sintomas, comorbidades, categoria Rutherford, artérias acometidas, complicações pós-operatórias, taxa de salvamento de membros em 30 dias e óbitos. Resultados Avaliou-se 105 prontuários, havendo predomínio do sexo masculino (65,7%) e idade entre 46 a 91 anos. As etiologias identificadas foram trombóticas (54,3%), embólicas (35,2%) e indefinidas (10,5%). Cerca de dois terços apresentavam-se nas Categorias II e III de Rutherford. Os sintomas associados encontrados foram dor (97,1%), esfriamento (89,5%), palidez (64,7%), parestesias (44,7%), paralisias (30,5%), anestesias (21,9%), edema (21,9%) e cianose (15,2%); e as comorbidades associadas observadas foram hipertensão (65,0%), tabagismo (59,0%), arritmias (26,6%), dislipidemias (24,0%) e diabetes (23,8%). O segmento femoral superficial-poplíteo-distal foi o mais acometido (80%). A tromboembolectomia com cateter Fogarty foi realizada em 73,3% dos casos (81,0% nas embolias, 71,9% nas tromboses e 54,5% nos indefinidos), sendo isoladamente em 41 pacientes (39,05%), nos quais ocorreram 11 reoclusões, 20 amputações e 14 óbitos. A reoclusão arterial foi mais frequente nas tromboses (12,9%; p = 0,054). Até 30 dias após tratamento, o óbito total foi de 14,6% e a amputação maior foi de 19,8%, sendo menos frequente na Classe I Rutherford (p = 0,0179). Conclusão O tratamento da OAA feito prioritariamente por meio de tromboembolectomia com cateter Fogarty, isolado e/ou associado, proporcionou taxas de amputação e complicações compatíveis com as apresentadas na literatura e progressivamente menores nas categorias Rutherford menos avançadas.

Abstract Background Acute arterial occlusions (AAO) in limbs have been increasing in parallel with population longevity. Objective To assess risk factors, limb salvage rates, and survival of patients with AAO treated at a University Hospital. Methods Retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients. Outcomes included: patency, symptoms, comorbidities, Rutherford category, arteries occluded, postoperative complications, and 30-day limb salvage and mortality rates. Results Medical records were evaluated from 105 patients, predominantly males (65.7%), with ages ranging from 46 to 91 years. Etiology: thrombotic (54.3%), embolic (35.2%), and undefined (10.5%). About 2/3 of the patients were assessed as Rutherford category II or III. Associated symptoms: pain (97.1%), coldness (89.5%), pallor (64.7%), sensory loss (44.7%), paralysis (30.5%), anesthesia (21.9%), edema (21.9%), and cyanosis (15.2%). Associated comorbidities: hypertension (65.0%), smoking (59.0%), arrhythmias (26.6%), dyslipidemia (24.0%), and diabetes (23.8%). The distal superficial femoral-popliteal segment was the most affected (80%). Thromboembolectomy with a Fogarty catheter was performed in 73.3% of cases (81.0% of embolic cases, 71.9% of thrombotic cases, and 54.5% of cases with undefined etiology) and was the only treatment used in 41 cases (39.05%), among which there were 11 reocclusion, 20 amputations, and 14 deaths. Arterial reocclusion was more frequent in thrombosis cases (12.9%, p = 0.054). Within 30 days of treatment, total mortality was 14.6%, and 19.8% of cases underwent major amputation, which was less frequent among Rutherford Class I patients (p = 0.0179). Conclusion Treatment of AAO was primarily performed by thromboembolectomy with a Fogarty catheter, either alone or in combination with other treatments, achieving amputation and complication rates compatible with the best results in the literature and were progressively lower in less advanced Rutherford categories.

Factores pronósticos para pérdida de extremidad con trauma arterial periférico en un hospital de Colombia / Prognostic factors for extreme loss in peripheral arterial trauma at a Colombian hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trauma vascular es un evento de baja frecuencia, con alta morbimortalidad que afecta la población joven; requiere en general un manejo quirúrgico. Se asocia a complicaciones desde la reintervención quirúrgica hasta la amputación de la extremidad, influenciado por variables tanto asociadas al trauma como a la atención hospitalaria. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores de riesgo relacionados con amputación, en pacientes con trauma arterial periférico (TAP), atendidos en un Hospital de III nivel Huila- Colombia entre 2014-2017. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, analítico de corte retrospectiva con pacientes mayores de 13 años con TAP. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 79 pacientes, con un 1,56% de las consultas en nuestro Servicio de Urgencia. 89% hombres, promedio de edad 28,5 años. La principal comorbilidad fue la farmacodependencia 8,8%. El MESS (mangled extremity severity) promedio fue de 5,27 puntos y un tiempo critico de isquemia de extremidad > a 6 horas en el 38%. El mayor compromiso fue de miembros superiores, secundario a heridas por arma cortopunzante. La lesión predominante fue la transección arterial. Las principales complicaciones posquirúrgicas fueron la trombosis del vaso (21,5%) y la amputación (13,9%). Factores de riesgo asociados a amputación fueron la edad > 20 años, estancia hospitalaria > 7 días, MESS > 7 puntos, que presentaran como complicación quirúrgica la trombosis arterial y que requirieran reintervención quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: El trauma arterial periférico es una patología con gran repercusión socioeconómica y secuelas funcionales. Es necesaria la atención oportuna con tratamiento de las variables relacionadas con mal pronóstico, con el fin de disminuir las tasas de morbimortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular trauma is a low frequency event, with high morbidity and mortality that affects the young population; In general, it requires surgical management. It is associated with complications from surgical reintervention to amputation of the limb, influenced by trauma associated variables such as hospital care. AIM: Determine risk factors related to amputation, in patients with peripheral arterial trauma (TAP), treated at a Hospital of III level Huila-Colombia between 2014-2017. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Observational, retrospective analytical study with patients older than 13 years with TAP. RESULTS: We included 79 patients with an incidence of 1.56%. 89% men, average age 28.5 years. The main comorbidity was 8.8% drug dependence. The MESS (Mangled extremity severity) average was of 5.27 points and a critical time of limb ischemia > to 6 hours in 38%. The greater commitment was of superior members, secondary to injuries by sharp weapon. The predominant lesion was arterial transection. The main postoperative complications were vessel thrombosis (21.5%) and amputation in 13.9%. Risk factors associated with amputation were determined by age > 20 years, hospital stay > 7 days, MESS > 7 points, and that they presented arterial thrombosis as a surgical complication and finally required surgical reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral arterial trauma is a pathology with great socioeconomic impact and functional sequelae. It is necessary the timely attention with treatment of the variables related to poor prognosis, in order to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates.

Factors associated with outcome of endovascular treatment of iliac occlusive disease: a single-center experience / Fatores associados com os desfechos clínicos do tratamento endovascular da doença oclusiva ilíaca: experiência de um único centro

Abstract Background Endovascular treatment (ET) of iliac occlusive disease (IOD) is well established in literature. Use of stents in IOD has achieved long-term limb salvage and patency rates similar to those of open surgery, with lower morbidity and mortality rates. Objectives To report the long-term outcomes, particularly limb salvage and patency rates, of ET for IOD and the factors associated with these outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients with IOD who underwent iliac angioplasty (IA), between January 2009 and January 2015. Patients with critical limb ischemia or incapacitating claudication were included. Results In total, 48 IA procedures were performed in 46 patients, with an initial technical success rate of 95.83%. Failure occurred in two patients, who were excluded, leaving 44 patients and 46 IA. The primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival rates at 1200 days were 88%, 95.3%, 86.3%, and 69.9%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression revealed that the primary patency rate was significantly worse in patients with TASC type C/D than in patients with TASC type A/B (p = 0.044). Analysis of factors associated with major amputation using Cox regression showed that the rate of limb loss was greater in patients with TASC type C/D (p = 0.043). Male gender was associated with reduced survival (p = 0.011). Conclusions TASC type C/D was associated with a higher number of reinterventions and with worse limb loss and primary patency rates. Male gender was associated with a worse survival rate after ET of IOD.

Resumo Contexto O tratamento endovascular da doença oclusiva ilíaca (DOI) é bem estabelecido. O uso de stents nas angioplastias ilíacas (AI) alcançou estimativas de salvamento de membro e perviedade similares às de cirurgias abertas, porém com menor morbimortalidade. Objetivos Demonstrar os desfechos clínicos a longo prazo, principalmente as estimativas de salvamento de membro (ESM) e perviedade, do tratamento endovascular da DOI e os fatores associados. Método Estudo de coorte retrospectiva e consecutiva incluindo pacientes com DOI e isquemia crítica ou claudicação limitante submetidos a AI entre janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2015. Resultados Foram realizadas 48 AI em 46 pacientes, com uma taxa de sucesso técnico inicial de 95,83%. Ocorreu falha técnica em dois pacientes, os quais foram excluídos da análise, restando 44 pacientes e 46 AI. As estimativas de perviedade primária, perviedade secundária, ESM e sobrevida aos 1.200 dias foram de 88%, 95,3%, 86,3% e 69,9%, respectivamente. A regressão de Cox univariada e multivariada revelou que a perviedade primária foi pior em pacientes com classificação TASC C/D do que em pacientes TASC A/B (p = 0,044). Quando analisamos os fatores associados à amputação maior, verificou-se que lesões TASC tipo C/D (p = 0,043) apresentaram piores resultados. O sexo masculino foi associado com sobrevida reduzida (p = 0,011). Conclusões Classificação TASC tipo C/D foi associada a um maior número de reintervenções, maior perda de membro e piores estimativas de perviedade primária. O sexo masculino foi associado a uma pior sobrevida.

Infra-inguinal arterial reconstruction for peripheral arterial disease: the Curaçao experience / Reconstrucción arterial infrainguinal en la enfermedad arterial periférica: la experiencia de Curazao

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in the Caribbean is not well documented. The aim of this study was to review the results from a small hospital in the Caribbean. METHODS: One-hundred and eight infra-inguinal arterial reconstructions on 90 patients were retrospectively reviewed Patients were classified according to the categories suggested by the Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards of the Joint Councils of the Society for Vascular Surgery. Follow-up ranged from 0 to 103.1 months. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to visualize survival, limb salvage rates and primary and secondary patency rates. Cox regressions were used to identify potential risk factors. RESULTS: The limb salvage rates were 74.5% after one year and 71.4% after five years. Overall primary patency rates were 67.0 % after one year, 63.4% after three years and 50.8 % after five years. Overall secondary patency rates were 86.4% after one year and 75.1% after five years. The primary patency rate for autologous saphenous vein was 82.4% (SE 7.5%) after five years. The primary patency rates for prosthetic grafts were 62.1% (SE 8.5%) after one year; 56.9% (SE 9.2%) at three years and 37.9% (SE 16.7%) after five years. CONCLUSION: Infra-inguinal arterial bypass surgery is feasible in small Caribbean hospitals showing results comparable to major studies.

ANTECEDENTES: La prevalencia y el tratamiento de enfermedad arterial periférica en el Caribe no están bien documentados. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los resultados de un pequeño hospital en el Caribe. MÉTODOS: Se examinaron retrospectivamente ciento reconstrucciones arteriales infrainguinales en 90 pacientes. Los pacientes eran clasificados según las categorías sugeridas por el Comité Ad Hoc para el Reporte de Normas de los Consejos Unidos de la Sociedad de Cirugía Vascular. El seguimiento tuvo un rango de 0 a 103.1 meses. Se usó el método Kaplan-Meier con el objeto de ver las tasas de super-vivencia, salvamento de la extremidad, y tasas primarias y secundarias de permeabilidad. Se usaron regresiones de Cox para identificar los factores de riesgo potencial. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de salvamento de miembro fueron 74.5% después de un año y 71.4% después de cinco años. Las tasas generales de permeabilidad primaria fueron 67.0% después de un año, 63.4% después de tres años y 50.8% después de cinco años. Las tasas generales de permeabilidad secundaria fueron 86.4% después de un año y 75.1% después de cinco años. La tasa de permeabilidad primaria para la vena safena autóloga fue 82.4% (SE 7.5%) después de cinco años. Las tasas de permeabilidad primaria para los injertos prostéticos fueron 62.1% (SE 8.5%) después de un año, 56.9% (SE 9.2%) a los tres años y 37.9% (SE 16.7%) después de cinco años. CONCLUSIÓN: La cirugía de bypass arterial infrainguinal es factible en hospitales caribeños pequeños que muestran resultados comparables a los de estudios importantes.