Evaluation of Toll-like, chemokine, and integrin receptors on monocytes and neutrophils from peripheral blood of septic patients and their correlation with clinical outcomes

Recognition of pathogens is performed by specific receptors in cells of the innate immune system, which may undergo modulation during the continuum of clinical manifestations of sepsis. Monocytes and neutrophils play a key role in host defense by sensing and destroying microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of CD14 receptors on monocytes; CD66b and CXCR2 receptors on neutrophils; and TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, and CD11b receptors on both cell types of septic patients. Seventy-seven septic patients (SP) and 40 healthy volunteers (HV) were included in the study, and blood samples were collected on day zero (D0) and after 7 days of therapy (D7). Evaluation of the cellular receptors was carried out by flow cytometry. Expression of CD14 on monocytes and of CD11b and CXCR2 on neutrophils from SP was lower than that from HV. Conversely, expression of TLR5 on monocytes and neutrophils was higher in SP compared with HV. Expression of TLR2 on the surface of neutrophils and that of TLR5 on monocytes and neutrophils of SP was lower at D7 than at D0. In addition, SP who survived showed reduced expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on the surface of neutrophils at D7 compared to D0. Expression of CXCR2 for surviving patients was higher at follow-up compared to baseline. We conclude that expression of recognition and cell signaling receptors is differentially regulated between SP and HV depending on the receptor being evaluated.

Factors associated with mortality through sepsis syndrome in children 31 days to 14 years of age: Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali / Factores asociados con mortalidad por síndrome de sepsis en niños entre 31 días y 14 años de edad: Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali

Objective: To determine factors associated with mortality by sepsis syndrome in children. Methods: We performed an analytical study of cases and controls, which included patients between 31 days and 14 years of age, treated at Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia, with sepsis syndrome between 1999 and 2003. Information was gathered from medical records and books. The outcome variable was the status on discharge from hospital (alive or dead). All the dead children were verified in the hospital records and all the living children were confirmed alive four weeks after discharge. The exposure control variables were age, gender, origin, socioeconomic status, educational level of mothers, family order of the child, classification and origin of sepsis, nutritional status, underlying disease, presence and type of immunosuppression, invasive procedures, duration of surgery, broad-spectrum antibiotics, as well as preoperative, hospital and intensive care stay. Results: We evaluated 110 cases and 110 controls, 79 with diagnosis of sepsis and 31 with septic shock. The cases had more days of evolution of the disease, higher proportion of family order of the child between third and fifth offspring, malnutrition, acquired immunosuppression, respiratory origin of sepsis, and shorter hospital stay and in intensive care. The logistic regression model showed that more days of disease progression (OR 1.05 CI 95% 1.01-1.10), and family order of the child (1.39 CI 95% 1.11-1.74), meant greater risk of dying from sepsis syndrome. Conclusions: It must be insisted to the community of the importance of consultation and early diagnosis of any infectious process for rapid identification of the bacteria, allowing the introduction of specific treatment and referral according to severity level.

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con mortalidad por síndrome de sepsis en niños. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio analítico de casos y controles, que incluyó pacientes de 31 días a 14 años de edad, atendidos entre 1999 y 2003 en el Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, con síndrome de sepsis. Se obtuvo información de las historias clínicas, de los libros de egreso y del anfiteatro. La variable desenlace fue el estado al egreso del hospital (vivo o muerto). Todos los niños muertos fueron verificados en los libros de defunciones del hospital y todos los vivos fueron confirmados cuatro semanas posteriores al egreso. Las variables de exposición de control fueron edad, género, procedencia, estrato socioeconómico, nivel educativo de las madres, orden familiar del menor, clasificación y origen de la sepsis, estado nutricional, enfermedad de base, presencia y tipo de inmunosupresión, procedimientos invasivos, duración de la cirugía, antibióticos de amplio espectro, estancia prequirúrgica hospitalaria y en cuidados intensivos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 110 casos y 110 controles, 79 con diagnóstico de sepsis y 31 con choque séptico. Los casos tuvieron más días de evolución de la enfermedad, mayor proporción de orden familiar del menor entre tercero y quinto, de desnutrición, inmunosupresión adquirida, origen respiratorio de la sepsis y menor estancia hospitalaria y en cuidados intensivos. El modelo de regresión logística mostró que a más días de evolución de la enfermedad (OR 1,05 IC 95% 1,01-1,10) y orden familiar del menor (1,39 IC 95% 1,11-1,74), era mayor el riesgo de morir por el síndrome de sepsis. Conclusiones: Insistir a la comunidad acerca de la importancia de la consulta y diagnóstico temprano de todo proceso infeccioso para la rápida identificación del germen, que permita la instauración del tratamiento específico y según severidad remisión a un nivel superior.

Salmonelose septicêmica prolongada associada à esquistossomose: evolução do conhecimento e mecanismos imunopatogênicos: [revisão] / Schistosoma-associated chronic septicemic salmonellosis: evolution of knowledge and immunopathogenic mechanisms: [review]

A salmonelose septicêmica prolongada é uma entidade clinicamente individualizada caracterizada por febre prolongada com hepatoesplenomegalia que ocorre em indivíduos esquistossomóticos coinfectados com salmonelas. Os mecanismos imunopatogênicos são vários e dependem das peculiaridades das interações entre as salmonelas e várias espécies do gênero Schistosoma. As modificações ocasionadas no sistema imunitário pela infecção parasitária são responsáveis pela evolução do quadro da doença. Nesta revisão, analisamos a evolução do conhecimento sobre a entidade e discutimos os possíveis mecanismos imunofisiopatogênicos que concorrem para seu desenvolvimento.

Chronic septicemic salmonellosis is an individualized clinical entity characterized by prolonged fever with enlargement of the liver and spleen that occurs in Schistosoma-infected individuals who are coinfected with Salmonella. Several immunopathogenic mechanisms are involved, and they depend on the peculiarities of the interactions between Salmonella and various species of the genus Schistosoma. The modifications to the immune system that are caused by parasite infection are responsible for the evolution of the disease. In this review, we analyze the evolution of the knowledge on this entity and discuss the possible immuno-physiopathogenic mechanisms that contribute towards its development.