Prevalencia de Complicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas en el postrasplante renal inmediato y su impacto a corto plazo en la función renal / Prevalence of clinical and surgical complications in immediate post-renal transplantation and their short-term impact on renal function

INTRODUCCIÓN. La enfermedad renal crónica es definida como la pérdida progresiva, permanente e irreversible de la función renal, uno de los tratamientos es el trasplante renal el mismo que aumenta la calidad de vida de los pacientes que presentan esta patología, sin embargo, a pesar de ser uno de las mejores terapias no está exento de complicaciones especialmente las que se presentan posterior al acto quirúrgico ya que afectan al buen funcionamiento del injerto y afecta la supervivencia del mismo. OBJETIVO. Determinar la prevalencia de complicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas en el postrasplante renal inmediato con el fin de identificar las principales complicaciones que ocasionan mayor deterioro en la función renal a corto plazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Estudio Observacional descriptivo transversal, de pacientes trasplantados que se encuentran en seguimiento desde enero del 2015 hasta diciembre del 2018 en el servicio de Trasplante renal del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín. La muestra será los 211 pacientes trasplantados de donante cadavérico. Los análisis se realizaron con el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS versión 25, para lo cual se empleó estadísticas descriptivas, utilizando tablas y representando los valores absolutos y relativos de las variables cualitativas, así como medidas de tendencia central y de variabilidad para las variables cuantitativas. RESULTADOS. Se estudiaron 193 pacientes trasplantados de los cuales el 49.66% tuvieron complicaciones, de los mismos el 33.16% fueron complicaciones clínicas y 16,5% complicaciones quirúrgicas; de las clínicas la infección de tracto urinario fueron las más prevalentes con 15%, seguida por el rechazo agudo 6,7%, las infecciones por virus poliomavirus BK fueron un porcentaje de 6,2%, la necrosis tubular aguda el 3,16% terminando con el rechazo hiperagudo en el 1,5% y la toxicidad por calcineurínicos 1,04%. Mientras tanto las complicaciones quirúrgicas las urológicas son las más prevalentes 8,8% seguida por las colecciones liquidas con el 6,74% finalmente la trombosis vascular con el 1,04%. CONCLUSIONES. Las complicaciones más prevalentes son las clínicas vs las quirúrgicas, afectando de igual forma la función renal al año sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa.

INTRODUCTION. Chronic kidney disease is defined as the progressive, permanent and irreversible loss of renal function, one of the treatments is renal transplantation, which increases the quality of life of patients with this pathology, however, despite being one of the best therapies, it is not free of complications, especially those that occur after surgery, since they affect the proper functioning of the graft and affect its survival. OBJECTIVE. To determine the prevalence of clinical and surgical complications in immediate post-renal transplantation in order to identify the main complications that cause greater deterioration in short-term renal function. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Cross-sectional descriptive observational study, of transplanted patients under follow-up from January 2015 to December 2018 in the Renal Transplant service of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín. The sample will be the 211 cadaveric donor transplanted patients. The analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS version 25 statistical package, for which descriptive statistics were used, using tables and representing the absolute and relative values of qualitative variables, as well as measures of central tendency and variability for quantitative variables. RESULTS. We studied 193 transplanted patients of whom 49.66% had complications, of which 33. Of the clinical complications, urinary tract infection was the most prevalent with 15%, followed by acute rejection 6.7%, polyomavirus BK infections were 6.2%, acute tubular necrosis 3.16%, ending with hyperacute rejection in 1.5% and calcineurin toxicity 1.04%. Meanwhile, urological surgical complications are the most prevalent 8.8% followed by liquid collections with 6.74% and finally vascular thrombosis with 1.04%. CONCLUSIONS. The most prevalent complications are clinical vs. surgical, affecting renal function at one year with no statistically significant difference.

Creatinina plasmática medida por método enzimático y estimulación del filtrado glomerular con la fórmula Full-Age-Spectrum, en una población pediátrica ambulatoria de la Argentina / Plasma creatinine measured by enzymatic method and estimation of glomerular filtration rate using the Full-Age-Spectrum equation in a pediatric outpatient population in Argentina

Introducción: el método recomendado para la medición de creatinina plasmática (Cr) es el enzimático, que permite obtener la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimado (TFGe) con la fórmula Full-Age-Spectrum (FAS) para todas las edades, al normalizar la TFGe con valores poblacionales de Cr. Objetivos: obtener valores poblacionales de Cr medida con un método enzimático y evaluar la fórmula FAS, en una población pediátrica ambulatoria de la Argentina, puesto que no existen publicaciones al respecto en nuestro país. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, por muestreo consecutivo. Se consideró la población pediátrica ambulatoria de 2 a 17 años que concurrió una sola vez, entre 07/2018 y 11/2021 al laboratorio del Hospital Municipal (Bahía Blanca, Argentina) con petición médica de Cr. Se evaluó la distribución poblacional de Cr. Se comparó FAS original (FAS-Belga) con FAS normalizada con valores locales de Cr (FAS-Local). Resultados: se estudiaron 2793 individuos. Los varones tuvieron un valor de Cr superior al de las mujeres a los 16 y 17 años. La TFGe fue menor con FAS-Local que con FAS-Belga [mediana (RI) mL/min/1,73 m2 : 107,3 (22,9) vs. 117,0 (26,5); p=0,0001; rbis=0,87 (tamaño del efecto grande)]. Del análisis del gráfico de Bland-Altman y el índice de concordancia Kappa se obtuvo que FAS-Local no fue comparable con FAS-Belga. Conclusiones: los valores poblacionales de Cr, medida con un método enzimático, son los primeros en obtenerse en una población pediátrica ambulatoria argentina. Dichos valores son necesarios para aplicar FAS en la Argentina (AU)

Introduction: the recommended test for the measurement of plasma creatinine (Cr) is the enzymatic method, which allows calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the Full-Age-Spectrum (FAS) equation for all ages, by normalizing the eGFR with population Cr values. Objectives: to obtain population Cr values measured with an enzymatic method and to evaluate the FAS equation in an pediatric outpatient population in Argentina, since there are no reports on this subject in our country. Material and methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, consecutive sampling study. The pediatric outpatient population aged 2 to 17 years who attended only once to the laboratory of the Municipal Hospital (Bahía Blanca, Argentina) between 07/2018 and 11/2021 with medical request for Cr measurement. The population distribution of Cr was evaluated. The original FAS (FAS-Belgian) was compared to FAS normalized with local Cr values (FAS-Local). Results: 2793 individuals were studied. Males had a higher Cr value than females at 16 and 17 years of age. The eGFR was lower with FAS-Local than with FAS-Belgian [median (IQR) mL/min/1.73 m2: 107.3 (22.9) vs. 117.0 (26.5); p=0.0001; rbis=0.87 (large effect size)]. Analysis of the Bland-Altman plot and the Kappa concordance index showed that FAS-Local was not comparable to FAS-Belgian. Conclusions: population Cr values, measured with an enzymatic method, are the first to be obtained in an Argentine pediatric outpatient population. These values are necessary to apply the FAS in Argentina (AU)

Estimación de la función renal para la dosificación de drogas / Estimation of kidney function to adjust drug dosing

Drug dosing according to renal function is a globally accepted practice whose main purpose is to avoid drug associated toxicity when renal clearance is decreased. Renal function is usually estimated based on creatinine clearance or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) obtained from one of the available equations based on serum biomarkers. In this review we will analyze the different available methods to adjust the dose of drugs based on GFR, with emphasis on their comparative performance for this objective. Based on this, we will provide some recommendations for drug dosing in chronic and acute renal dysfunction.

Evaluación de la función renal para la detección y seguimiento de la enfermedad renal crónica. Documento multidisciplinario de consenso 2021. Especial atención sobre situaciones clínicas específicas / Evaluation of renal function for the detection and follow-up of chronic kidney disease. Multidisciplinaryconsensus document 2021. Special attention to specific clinical situations

Resumen El filtrado glomerular (FG) se considera el mejor índice para evaluar la función renal en la práctica clínica. Recientemente, ha ganado popularidad la utilización de ecuaciones que estiman el FG, en distintas poblaciones, a partir de los niveles séricos de algunos biomarcadores. Sin embargo, no todas las fórmulas han sido validadas en los diversos escenarios clínicos probables. Las sociedades participantes: Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología, Asociación Bioquímica Argentina, Fundación Bioquímica Argentina y Confederación Unificada Bioquímica de la República Argentina, integradas por nefrólogos y bioquímicos, realizaron un consenso actualizado sobre la utilización del FG como herramienta de detección de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en la Argentina. Se analizó la bibliografía existente y, teniendo en cuenta aspectos de nuestra realidad sanitaria, se establecieron sugerencias para su utilización. Se actualizaron las indicaciones del uso del FG medido. En sucesivos capítulos se puso foco en distintos estados del FG en diversas poblaciones y situaciones. En los estados de reducción del FG, se mencionaron tanto los fisiológicos propios del envejecimiento, como los determinados por situaciones patológicas, por ejemplo, el observado en la ERC avanzada o el determinado en aquellos pacientes que recibieron un trasplante renal. Se revisaron, por otro lado, las situaciones de incremento del FG, como las observadas en el embarazo o en la obesidad. Se refirieron, asimismo, las limitaciones de la estimación del FG, se reconoció su valor en situaciones de la práctica clínica habitual, o en contextos epidemiológicos definidos y se sugirieron las ecuaciones más adecuadas para su utilización en cada caso.

Abstract The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best index to assess the renal function in clinical practice. Recently, the use of equations to estimate GFR in different populations, based on the serum levels of some biomarkers, has gained popularity. However, not all the equations have been validated in the various likely clinical scenarios. Thus, the participating societies, i.e. the Argentine Society of Nephrology, the Argentine Association of Biochemistry, the Argentine Foundation of Biochemistry, and the Unified Confederation of Biochemistry of Argentina, composed of nephrologists and biochemists, have established an updated consensus on the use of the GFR as a tool for the detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Argentina. The consensus was established on the basis of the analysis of the existing literature and taking into account aspects of the health situation in Argentina. Suggestions for the use of the GFR were made, and the indications for its use were updated. The successive chapters of the consensus consider different values of the GFR in different populations and situations. The different situations considered and reviewed include cases of a decrease in the GFR, such as the physiological one related to aging and that related to pathological situations, as observed in advanced CKD or in patients who have received a kidney transplant, as well as cases of an increase in the GRF, such as that observed in pregnancy or obesity. The consensus also mentions the advantages and limitations of the estimation of the GFR in situations of usual clinical practice or in specific epidemiological contexts, and the most appropriate equations for its use in each case is suggested.

Resumo A filtração glomerular (FG) é considerada o melhor índice para avaliar a função renal na prática clínica. Recentemente, a utilização de equações que calculam a FG, em diferentes populações, ganhou popularidade a partir dos níveis séricos de alguns biomarcadores. Entretanto, nem todas as fórmulas têm sido validadas nos diversos cenários clínicos prováveis. As sociedades participantes: Sociedade Argentina de Nefrologia, Associação Bioquímica Argentina, Fundação Bioquímica Argentina e Confederação Unificada Bioquímica da República Argentina, integradas por nefrologistas e bioquímicos, realizaram um consenso atualizado sobre a utilização da FG, como ferramenta de detecção da doença renal crônica (DRC) na Argentina. Foi analisada a bibliografia existente e, considerando aspectos da nossa realidade sanitária, foram estabelecidas sugestões para sua utilização. Foram atualizadas as indicações do uso da FG medida. Em sucessivos capítulos se colocou o foco em diferentes estados da FG em populações e situações diversas. Nos estados de redução da FG, foram mencionados tanto os fisiológicos próprios do envelhecimento, quanto os determinados por situações patológicas, por exemplo, aquele observado na DRC avançada ou o determinado naqueles pacientes que receberam um transplante renal. Por outra parte, foram revistas as situações de aumento da FG como as observadas na gravidez ou na obesidade. Foram referidas, também, as limitações da estimativa da FG, foi reconhecido o seu valor em situações da prática clínica habitual, ou em contextos epidemiológicos definidos e se sugeriram equações mais adequadas para sua utilização em cada caso.

Benefits of water intake on kidney function in older adults: protocol for a randomized controlled trial / Benefícios da ingestão de água na função renal de idosos: protocolo para um estudo clínico randomizado controlado

Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate the benefits of an increase in water intake guided by a mathematical formula (per kg of body weight) on kidney function in older adults. Methods: Older adults (≥ 65 years old) cared for at the Internal Medicine Unit of a tertiary hospital will be randomized to receive or not guidance on water intake (30 mL/kg per day) after initial assessment of kidney function. After 14 days, participants will be reevaluated through clinical and laboratory examinations. Patients with uncompensated disease will be excluded. The main outcomes will be glomerular filtration rate and laboratory measures such as serum and urinary osmolality, sodium, urea, 24-h urine volume and serum creatinine, uric acid, and copeptin. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire will be applied to participants at each visit. Categorical variables will be described as numbers of cases (%) and compared using the χ2 test whereas continuous variables will be analyzed with Student's t-test in relation to baseline measures. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method will be performed to assess differences over time and between groups. This study was approved by the Institution's Research Ethics Committee (grant number 16-0153) and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Expected Results:By increasing water intake (ml/Kg) we expect to provide an improvement in kidney function in older population assessed by serum creatinine and cystatin-c applied to eGFR formulas. Relevance:Many conditions, both organic and behavioral, can contribute to chronic dehydration states in older adults. To mention, decreased ability to concentrate urine, reduced kidney mass, blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) along with changes in sensitivity to hormones such as renin, vasopressin and natriuretic peptide can generate water imbalance, leading to dehydration. For being simple and inexpensive, this strategy may be broadly used and bring several health benefits to older adults.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os benefícios de um aumento da ingestão de água guiado por uma fórmula matemática (por kg de massa corporal) na função renal de idosos. Metodologia:Idosos (≥ 65 anos) atendidos pelo Serviço de Clínica Médica de um hospital terciário foram randomizados para receber ou não orientação sobre o consumo de água (30 mL/kg por dia) após uma avaliação inicial da função renal. Após 14 dias, os participantes serão reavaliados através de exames clínicos e laboratoriais. Pacientes com doença descompensada serão excluídos. Os desfechos principais são a taxa de filtração glomerular e medidas laboratoriais como osmolaridade, sódio e ureia séricos e urinários, volume de urina de 24 horas e creatinina, ácido úrico e copeptina séricos. A Mini Avaliação Nutricional (MNA) será aplicada aos participantes a cada consulta. Variáveis categóricas serão descritas como números de casos (%) e comparadas usando o teste χ2 , enquanto variáveis contínuas serão analisadas com o teste t de Student em relação às medidas iniciais. O método de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas (GEE) será usado para avaliar diferenças ao longo do tempo e entre grupos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da nossa Instituição (processo número 16-0153) e está de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki. Resultados esperados:Ao aumentar a ingestão de água (ml/Kg) esperamos proporcionar uma melhora na função renal na população idosa avaliada pela creatinina sérica e cistatina-c aplicada às fórmulas de eGFR. Relevância:Muitas condições, tanto orgânicas quanto comportamentais, podem contribuir para estados de desidratação crônica em idosos. Vale mencionar que a diminuição da capacidade de concentração da urina, redução da massa renal, fluxo sanguíneo e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) juntamente com alterações na sensibilidade a hormônios como renina, vasopressina e peptídeo natriurético podem gerar desequilíbrio hídrico, levando à desidratação. Por ser simples e de baixo custo, essa estratégia pode ser amplamente utilizada e trazer diversos benefícios à saúde dos idosos.

Evaluación del proceso de atención urológica de pacientes pediátricos con mielomeningocele / Evaluation of the urological care process of pediatric patients with myelomeningocele

Introducción: El mielomeningocele (MMC) es una de las malformaciones congénitas más severas compatible con la vida. El 90% de los pacientes presenta vejiga neurogénica que debe ser evaluada y tratada precozmente. Objetivos: Describir la evaluación y tratamiento nefrourológico recibido por pacientes con MMC hasta el momento de la primera consulta en el Hospital Garrahan (periodo pre-ingreso). Describir la evaluación realizada y el tratamiento urológico implementado a partir del ingreso al hospital Garrahan (periodo post-ingreso). Evaluar la prevalencia de Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC). Población y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio con diseño clínico analítico, retrospectivo, longitudinal sobre pacientes con MMC de 1 mes a 18 años derivados al Hospital Garrahan para atención ambulatoria en los años 2011 y 2012. Resultados: Se incluyeron115 pacientes. Al momento de la derivación al hospital ("pre-ingreso") 7% de los pacientes habían logrado completar evaluación nefrourológica, (ecografía vesicorenal, urodinamia, Cistouretrografía, Centellograma renal y Creatininemia). Tratamiento: 33% vaciaban vejiga por CIL o vesicostomía y 21% recibían Oxibutinina. A partir del ingreso al seguimiento en el Garrahan 83% lograron completar la evaluación, y en función del resultado de la misma se indicó CIL en 87% y Oxibutinina en el 66% de los pacientes. La prevalencia de ERC al ingreso fue de 43%; la mayoría en estadio I. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con MMC fueron derivados al hospital de tercer nivel con evaluaciones urológicas incompletas y sin el tratamiento adecuado de la vejiga neurogénica. El inicio del seguimiento interdisciplinario en un hospital de alta complejidad facilitó la realización de las evaluaciones necesarias y la implementación del tratamiento adecuado (AU)

Introduction: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is one of the most severe congenital malformations compatible with life. Of all the patients, 90% presents with a neurogenic bladder requiring early evaluation and treatment. Objectives: To describe the uronephrological evaluation and treatment received by patients with MMC up to the first consultation at Garrahan Hospital (pre-follow-up period). To describe the urological evaluation and treatment implemented from referral to Garrahan Hospital (follow-up period). To evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Population and Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal study with a clinical, analytical design was conducted in patients with MMC between 1 months and 18 years of age referred to Garrahan Hospital for outpatient care in 2011 and 2012. Results: 115 patients were included. At the time of referral to the hospital ("pre-follow-up") 7% of the patients had undergone complete uronephrological evaluation (kidney-bladder ultrasonography, urodynamic studies, cystourethrography, renal scintigraphy, and creatininemia levels). Treatment: 33% emptied their bladder by CIC or vesicostomy and 21% received oxybutynin. From follow-up initiation at Garrahan Hospital, 83% underwent complete evaluation, and based on the results CIC was indicated in 87% and oxybutynin in 66% of the patients. On admission, prevalence of CKD was 43%; with stage I in the majority of the patients. Conclusions: The majority of the patients with MMC were referred to a third-level hospital with incomplete urological studies and without adequate treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Initiation of interdisciplinary follow-up at a tertiary hospital allowed for the necessary studies and implementation of adequate treatment (AU)

Usefulness of Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) to predict graft survival in a South Brazilian Cohort / Utilidade do Índice de Perfil de Doadores de Rins (KDPI) para prever a sobrevida do enxerto em uma coorte do Sul do Brasil

Abstract Introduction: Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) has been incorporated in the United States to improve the kidney transplant allocation system. Objectives: To evaluate deceased kidney donors' profile using KDPI and compare to the previous United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) definition of expanded criteria donors (ECD) and assess the KDPI applicability to predict five-year graft survival and renal function in our sample. Methods: Retrospective cohort of 589 kidney transplants from deceased donors performed from January 2009 to May 2013 with follow-up until May 2018. Results: In 589 kidney transplants, 36.6% of donors were classified as ECD and 28.8% had KDPI ≥ 85%. Mean KDPI was 63.1 (95%CI: 60.8-65.3). There was an overlap of standard and ECD in KDPI between 60 and 95 and a significantly lower death-censored graft survival in KDPI ≥ 85% (78.6%); KDPI 0-20: 89.8%, KDPI 21-59: 91.6%, and KDPI 60-84: 83.0%; p = 0.006. The AUC-ROC was 0.577 (95%CI: 0.514-0.641; p = 0.027). Renal function at 5 years was significantly lower according to the incremental KDPI (p < 0.002). KDPI (HR 1.011; 95%CI 1.001-1.020; p = 0.008), donor-specific antibodies (HR 2.77; 95%CI 1.69-4.54; p < 0.001), acute rejection episode (HR 1.73; 95%CI 1.04-2.86; p = 0.034) were independent and significant risk factors for death-censored graft loss at 5 years. Conclusion: In our study, 36.6% were classified as ECD and 28.8% had KDPI ≥ 85%. KDPI score showed a moderate power to predict graft survival at 5 years. Renal function was significantly lower in patients with higher KDPI.

Resumo Introdução: O Índice de Perfil de Doadores de Rins (KDPI) foi adotado nos Estados Unidos para melhorar o sistema de alocação de transplantes renais. Objetivos: avaliar o perfil dos doadores de rim falecidos usando o KDPI e comparar com a definição anterior do United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) de doadores de critérios expandidos (DCE) e avaliar a aplicabilidade do KDPI para prever a sobrevida do enxerto em cinco anos e a função renal em nossa amostra. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de 589 transplantes renais de doadores falecidos, realizada de janeiro de 2009 a maio de 2013, com acompanhamento até maio de 2018. Resultados: Em 589 transplantes renais, 36,6% dos doadores foram classificados como DCE e 28,8% apresentaram KDPI ≥ 85%. O KDPI médio foi de 63,1 (IC 95%: 60,8-65,3). Houve uma sobreposição de padrão e DCE no KDPI entre 60 e 95 e uma sobrevida do enxerto censurada por óbito significativamente menor no KDPI ≥ 85% (78,6%); KDPI 0-20: 89,8%, KDPI 21-59: 91,6% e KDPI 60-84: 83,0%; p = 0,006. A ASC-ROC foi de 0,577 (IC 95%: 0,514-0,641; p = 0,027). A função renal aos 5 anos foi significativamente menor de acordo com o aumento do KDPI (p <0,002). KDPI (HR 1.011; 95% CI 1.001-1.020; p = 0.008), anticorpos específicos contra doadores (HR 2,77; 95% CI 1,69-4,54; p <0,001), episódio de rejeição aguda (HR 1,73; 95% CI 1,04-2,86; p = 0,034) foram fatores de risco independentes e significativos para perda do enxerto censurada por óbito em 5 anos. Conclusão: Em nosso estudo, 36,6% foram classificados como DCE e 28,8% apresentaram KDPI ≥ 85%. O escore KDPI mostrou potencial moderado para prever a sobrevida do enxerto em 5 anos. A função renal foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com maior KDPI.

Metabolic and volume status evaluation of hemodialysis patients with and without residual renal function in the long interdialytic interval / Avaliação metabólica e volêmica no maior intervalo interdialítico de pacientes em hemodiálise com e sem função renal residual

Abstract Introduction: It is unclear whether residual renal function (RRF) in dialysis patients can attenuate the metabolic impact of the long 68-hour interdialytic interval, in which water, acid, and electrolyte accumulation occurs. Objective: to evaluate serum electrolyte levels, water balance, and acid-base status in dialytic patients with and without RRF over the long interdialytic interval (LII). Methodology: this was a single-center, cross-sectional, and analytical study that compared patients with and without RRF, defined by diuresis above 200 mL in 24 hours. Patients were weighed and serum samples were collected for biochemical and gasometric analysis at the beginning and at the end of the LII. Results: 27 and 24 patients with and without RRF were evaluated, respectively. Patients without RRF had a higher increase in serum potassium during the LII (2.67 x 1.14 mEq/L, p < 0.001), reaching higher values at the end of the study (6.8 x 5.72 mEq/L, p < 0.001) and lower pH value at the beginning of the interval (7.40 x 7.43, p = 0.018). More patients with serum bicarbonate < 18 mEq/L (50 x 14.8%, p = 0.007) and mixed acid-base disorder (57.7 x 29.2%, p = 0.042), as well as greater interdialytic weight gain (14.67 x 8.87 mL/kg/h, p < 0.001) and lower natremia (137 x 139 mEq/L, p = 0.02) at the end of the interval. Calcemia and phosphatemia were not different between the groups. Conclusion: Patients with RRF had better control of serum potassium, sodium, acid-base status, and volemia throughout the LII.

Resumo Introdução: Não se sabe ao certo se a função renal residual (FRR) de pacientes dialíticos pode atenuar o impacto metabólico do maior intervalo interdialítico (MII) de 68 horas, no qual ocorre acúmulo de volume, ácidos e eletrólitos. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis séricos de eletrólitos, balanço hídrico e status ácido-básico de pacientes dialíticos com e sem FRR ao longo do MII. Metodologia: Tratou-se de estudo unicêntrico, transversal e analítico, que comparou pacientes com e sem FRR, definida como diurese acima de 200 mL em 24 horas. Para tal, os pacientes foram pesados e submetidos à coleta de amostras séricas para análise bioquímica e gasométrica no início e fim do MII. Resultados: Foram avaliados 27 e 24 pacientes com e sem FRR, respectivamente. Pacientes sem FRR apresentaram maior aumento de potássio sérico durante o MII (2,67 x 1,14 mEq/L, p < 0,001) atingindo valores mais elevados no fim (6,8 x 5,72 mEq/L, p < 0,001); menor valor de pH no início do intervalo (7,40 x 7,43, p = 0,018), maior proporção de pacientes com bicarbonato sérico < 18 mEq/L (50 x 14,8 %, p = 0,007) e distúrbio ácido-básico misto (70,8 x 42,3 %, p = 0,042), além de maior ganho de peso interdialítico (14,67 x 8,87 mL/kg/h, p < 0,001) e menor natremia (137 x 139 mEq/L, p = 0,02) no fim do intervalo. A calcemia e fosfatemia não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Conclusão: Pacientes com FRR apresentaram melhor controle dos níveis séricos de potássio, sódio, status ácido-básico e da volemia ao longo do MII.

Estimación de la tasa de filtración glomerular en adultos mayores mediante las ecuaciones CKD-EPI / Estimate of the glomerular filtration rate in aged adults through the CKD-EPI equations

Introducción: La tasa de filtración glomerular se considera el mejor índice para evaluar la función renal, ya que su reducción aparece mucho antes que cualquier manifestación clínica derivada de la disfunción renal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 92 pacientes sin enfermedad renal y con esta, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, de febrero a noviembre de 2017, a fin de evaluar las ecuaciones insuficiencia renal crónica-colaboración epidemiológica (CKD-EPI) para estimar el filtrado glomerular en adultos mayores. Resultados: Se halló menor promedio de filtrado con orina de 24 horas en el grupo sin nefropatía (64,8 mL/min) y mayor en el grupo de nefrópatas (25,8 mL/min) respecto a dichas ecuaciones. Aunque no hubo diferencias significativas en el filtrado según edad, sexo y peso corporal, en ambos grupos al emplear CKD-EPI, los valores mayores se obtuvieron con CKD-EPI cistatina C. Conclusiones: En los ancianos sin marcadores de daño renal la utilización de las fórmulas CKD-EPI con cistatina permite una mejor estimación de la función renal.

Introduction: The glomerular filtration rate is considered the best index to evaluate the renal function, since its reduction is evidenced much time before any clinical manifestation which derives from the renal failure. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study of 92 patients without and with renal disease, assisted in Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from February to November, 2017, was carried out in order to estimate glomerular filtrate in older adults by means of the CKD-EPI equations. Results: Lower average filtrate with 24 hours urine was found in the group without nefropathy (64.8 mL/min) and it was higher in the kidney disease group (25.8 mL/min) regarding these equations. Although in both groups there were no significant differences in the filtrate according to age, sex and corporal weight, when using the equations CKD-EPI, the higher values were obtained with CKD-EPI cystatine C. Conclusions: The use of the formulas CKD-EPI with cystatine allows a better estimate of the renal function in aged patients without markers of renal damage.

Performance of the equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation / Desempeño de las ecuaciones para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular en pacientes mexicanos receptores de trasplante renal

Abstract Introduction: The management of kidney transplant recipients requires glomerular filtration rate (GFR) monitoring, which is an indicator of graft primary function and patient survival. Objective: To evaluate the performance of different creatinine or cystatin-based formulas in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation. Method: 30 transplant recipients were included, in whom the glomerular filtration rate was measured by means of iothalamate, and was also calculated using seven equations based on cystatin or creatinine. Results: The formula with the best performance was the one proposed by the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), with a bias of −2.4 mL/min/1.73 m2: and an accuracy of 9.6; 96.7 % of patients were within 30 % of the measured GFR. The second best formula was the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Cystatin-based equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: Our study suggests that, in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantations, the best equations to estimate GFR are the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations.

Salvianolic acid A alleviates the renal damage in rats with chronic renal failure

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the protective effects of salvianolic acid A (SAA) on renal damage in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods: The five-sixth nephrectomy model of CRF was successfully established in group CRF (10 rats) and group CRF+SAA (10 rats). Ten rats were selected as sham-operated group (group S), in which only the capsules of both kidneys were removed. The rats in group CRF+SAA were intragastrically administrated with 10 mg/kg SAA for 8 weeks. The blood urine nitrogen (BUN), urine creatinine (Ucr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), and serum uperoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were tested. The expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and Smad6 protein in renal tissue were determined. Results: After treatment, compared with group CRF, in group CRF+SAA the BUN, Scr, serum MDA and kidney/body weight ratio were decreased, the Ccr and serum SOD were increased, the TGF-β1 protein expression level in renal tissue was decreased, and the BMP-7 and Smad6 protein levels were increased (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: SAA can alleviate the renal damage in CRF rats through anti-oxidant stress, down-regulation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway and up-regulation of BMP-7/Smad6 signaling pathway.

Cistatina C: marcador de laboratorio precoz de enfermedad renal en pacientes con depranocitosis / Cystatin C: early laboratory marker of renal disease In sickle cell disease

La enfermedad renal en el paciente con drepanocitosis es una consecuencia de su complejo proceso fisiopatológico, por lo que es importante disponer de un grupo de parámetros de laboratorio que, junto a la evaluación clínica, permita determinar de forma precoz la presencia de esta complicación. La cistatina C ha demostrado ser uno de los parámetros que con mayor exactitud aporta evidencia temprana de daño renal en este grupo de pacientes y al mismo tiempo constituye un posible indicador de pronóstico de gran importancia(AU)

Renal disease in patients with sickle cell disease is a consequence of its complex pathophysiological process, so it is important to have a set of laboratory parameters that, together with the clinical evaluation, allow the early detection of this complication. Cystatin C has been shown to be one of the parameters that provides, with greater accuracy, early evidence of kidney damage in this group of patients and at the same time constitutes a possible indicator of prognosis of great importance(AU)

Biomarcadores da função renal: do que dispomos atualmente? / Biomarkers of renal function: what is currently available?

A avaliação da função renal é de extrema importância na prática clínica, tanto para o diagnóstico quanto para e prognóstico e monitoração das doenças renais. Neste contexto, aparticipação do laboratório é de grande importância, uma vez que a maior parte das doenças renais só se manifesta clinicamente quando mais de 50% a 75% da função renal estácomprometida. O desenvolvimento de novos biomarcadores para diagnóstico precoce, estratificação de risco, prognóstico de lesão renal tem sido um dos principais alvos das pesquisas envolvendo o sistema renal. Dessa forma, diversos novos biomarcadores, tais como lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL), cistatina C, molécula-1 de lesão renal (KIM-1), interleucina-18 (IL-18), enzimas urinárias tubulares e proteínas de baixo peso molecular, dentre outros, têm sido propostos para diagnosticar /monitorar as doenças renais agudas e crônicas. Este estudo visa discutir aspectos associados aos principais biomarcadores utilizados na rotina laboratorial para diagnóstico, prognóstico e acompanhamento do paciente com disfunção renal, bem como apresentar novos marcadores que se destacam na literatura recente e que podem ser promissores na prática clínica

The assessment of renal function is very important in clinical practice, both for diagnosis and for prognosis and monitoring of renal diseases. In this context, the role of the laboratory is of great importance, since most of the kidney disease manifests itself clinically only when more than 50 to 75% of kidney function is compromised. The development of new biomarkers for early diagnosis, risk stratification, prognosis of renal injury has been a major focus of research involving the renal system. Thus, several new biomarkers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), interleukin-18 (IL18) and low-molecular weight proteins and enzymes, and others, have been proposed to diagnose/monitoring acute and chronic renal diseases. The aim of this study is to discuss aspects related to the main biomarkers used in routine laboratory tests for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of patients with renal dysfunction, as well as provide new markers that stand out in the recent literature, and that may be promising in clinical practice

Avaliação da função renal em pacientes admitidos em um hospital universitário de Recife-PE / Assessment of renal function in adult patients admitted to an university hospital in Recife-PE

Introdução: A doença renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Recomenda-se o monitoramento da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) para avaliação da função renal (FR), pois sua redução precede a sintomatologia. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes admitidos no Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco, no período de março a agosto de 2015. Foram consideradas variáveis demográficas, clínicas, bioquímicas e antropométricas. A TFG foi estimada pelas fórmulas Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) e Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). Para verificar as possíveis associações entre as variá- veis, foi utilizada a TFG pelo CKD-EPI, considerando alteração da FR TFG<60 mLmin/1,73m². Resultados: Foram avaliados 272 pacientes, 53,3% do sexo masculino, 48,5% de pardos, 62% não apresentavam afecções associadas. Quanto à antropometria, 9,9% possuíam índice de massa corporal <18,5 kg/m² e 28,3%, >24,9 kg/m². A idade média foi de 50±16,4 anos e 4% com TFG <60 ml/min/1,73m2 com a MDRD e 11,4% pela CKD-EPI. A idade avançada e comorbidades associaram-se positivamente com a redução da TFG (p=0,000). Conclusão: O CKD-EPI mostrou pacientes com déficit da FR, o que se torna um alerta, pois são indivíduos sem diagnóstico prévio.(AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem. It is recommended to monitor the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for assessment of renal function (RF), because its reduction precedes symptoms. Objective: To identify the frequency of change in GFR and associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study on patients admitted to the Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco from March to August 2015. Demographic, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric variables were considered. The GFR was estimated by formulas Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and to verify the possible associations among variables was used the GFR by CKD-EPI considering FR changing GFR < 60 mLmin /1.73 m². Results: We evaluated 272 patients, 53.3% male, 48.5% brown-skinned, 62% had no associated pathologies. Regarding the anthropometry, 9.9% had a body mass index <18.5 kg / m² and 28.3%, > 24.9kg / m². The average age was 50±16.4 years and 4% with GFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 with MDRD and 11.4% for CKD-EPI. Advanced comorbidities age was positively associated with the GFR reduction (p=0.000). Conclusion: The CKD-EPI found patients with FR deficit, which becomes an alert, for being individuals without previous diagnosis.(AU)

Detecção de disfunção renal através da dosagem de creatinina em amostra de gota de sangue seca no papel filtro / Creatinine measurement on dry blood spot sample for chronic kidney disease screening

Resumo Introdução: A identificação precoce da doença renal crônica (DRC) por meio de amostras de sangue e urina é preconizada em populações de risco devido à elevada morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Apresentamos um teste simples e inovador para dosar a creatinina coletada em gota de sangue seca em papel filtro (PF). Métodos: Cento e seis pessoas em risco de DRC foram rastreadas com avaliação de dados clínicos, exame físico e coleta de sangue de forma convencional e em PF. Com os dados obtidos, foi estimada a taxa de filtração glomerular (e-TFG). Foi considerado diagnóstico de DRC a e-TFG < 60 ml/min. Resultados: A idade dos participantes foi de 57 ± 12 anos, 78 (73,5%) eram mulheres, 43 brancos (40,5%), 36 pardos (34%) e 27 negros (25,5%). O índice de massa corpórea foi de 29,5 ± 6,9 kg/m2, a pressão arterial sistólica foi de 125 mmHg (120-140 mmHg) e a pressão arterial diastólica de 80 mmHg (70-80 mmHg). A sensibilidade pela equação CKD-EPI foi de 94%, a especificidade 55%, o valor preditivo positivo foi de 94%, o valor preditivo negativo de 55% e a acurácia de 90%. A estatística de Bland-Altman mostrou que as diferenças entre os valores de creatinina dos dois testes estão numa faixa relativamente estreita (+ 0,68 mg/dL e -0,55mg/dL) para um desvio padrão de ± 1,96 mg/dL. Conclusão: A dosagem da creatinina coletada em gota de sangue em PF é um teste diagnóstico simples de ser realizado, pouco invasivo e que apresentou uma ótima acurácia, podendo ser útil para rastrear DRC.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) screening is advisable due to its high morbidity and mortality and is usually performed by sampling blood and urine. Objective: Here we present an innovative and simpler method, by measuring creatinine on a dry blood spot on filter paper. Methods: One-hundred and six individuals at high risk for CKD were enrolled. The creatinine values obtained using both tests and the demographic data of each participant allowed us to determinate the eGFR. The adopted cutoff for CKD was an eGFR < 60 ml/min. Results: Mean age was 57 ± 12 years, 74% were female, 40% white, and 60% non-white. Seventy-six percent were hypertensive, 30% diabetic, 37% had family history of CKD, and 22% of smoking. The BMI was 29.5 ± 6.9 kg/m2, median systolic blood pressure was 125 mmHg (IQR 120-140 mmHg) and median diastolic blood pressure was 80 mmHg (IQR 70-80 mmHg). According to MDRD equation, sensitivity was 96%, specificity 55%, predictive positive value 96%, predictive negative value 55% and accuracy 92%. By the CKD-EPI equation the sensitivity was 94%, specificity 55%, predictive positive value 94%, predictive negative value 55% and accuracy 90%. A Bland and Altman analysis showed a relatively narrow range of creatinine values differences (+ 0.68mg/dl to -0.55mg/dl) inside the ± 1.96 SD, without systematic differences. Conclusion: Measurement of creatinine on dry blood sample is an easily feasible non-invasive diagnostic test with good accuracy that may be useful to screen chronic kidney disease.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento sustitutivo / Quality of life evaluation in chronic kidney disease patients under replacement treatment

Introducción: El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a terapia sustitutiva. Enfermedad que impacta la calidad de vida de los pacientes y afecta el estado biopsicosocial del individuo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal. Un total de 206 pacientes del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín y del centro de hemodiálisis Contigo Da Vida SOCIHEMOD que asistieron a la consulta entre junio y octubre de 2015 fueron entrevistados mediante un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y el cuestionario KDQOL SFtm 1,3 para valorar la calidad de vida. Resultados: De acuerdo al puntaje global del cuestionario de calidad de vida el grupo de trasplante renal obtuvo 88,91 puntos, el grupo de diálisis peritoneal 75,50 puntos y el grupo de hemodiálisis 55,93 puntos. En lo que respecta a calidad de vida, se encontró correlación significativa entre edad, nivel de instrucción, situación laboral y tiempo de tratamiento. Discusión: A mayor nivel de instrucción educativa y mejor situación laboral, mejor calidad de vida; mientras que a mayor edad y más tiempo de tratamiento, menor calidad de vida. Los pacientes con trasplante renal presentaron mejor calidad de vida que aquellos en diálisis peritoneal o hemodiálisis.

Introduction: The main goal was assessing the quality of live of Chronic kidney Disease patients. This disease impact the quality of life and affects physical, mental, emotional status and social conditions. This study aimed to determine the quality of life in patients undergoing replacement therapy. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study.We studied 206 patients from Carlos Andrade Marín and hemodialysis center, SOCIHEMOD ContigoDaVida from June to October 2015. Two questionnaires were used: a sociodemographic data questionnaire and the KDQOL SFTM 1.3 to assess quality of life. Results: According to the overall score for quality of life, the kidney transplant group scored 88.91 point, peritoneal dialysis group 75.50 points and hemodialysis group 55.93 points. Regarding quality of life, a significant correlation was found between age, education level, employment status, long term treatment duration and quality of life overall scores. Discusion: Quality of life scored higher with higher literacy, and better employment status, and scored lower with long lasting therapy with older patients.

Uso de Eculizumab na síndrome hemolítica urêmica atípica após transplante renal / Use of Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome after renal transplantation

Descrever uso do Eculizumab na síndrome hemolítica urêmica atípica (SHUa) após transplante renal. Paciente de 16 anos, com diagnóstico de doença renal crônica desde 2010, decorrente de SHUa, submetida à hemodiálise. Transplante renal por doador falecido: fevereiro de 2012. Apresentou boa evolução clínica até 14º DPO, quando iniciou quadro de febre, oligúria, piora da função renal [creatinina sérica (CRs): 4,0 mg/dl] e sinais de hemólise [plaquetas: 110.000 mm3; hemoglobina (Hb): 4,5 g/dL; LDH: 3366 U/L]. Biópsia do enxerto: microangiopatia trombótica. Realizado manejo com hemoderivados (plasma fresco) e plasmaférese, com melhora da função renal (CRs: 1,46 mg/dl). Uma semana após esta intercorrência, reapresentou quadro de febre, anemia, sinais de hemólise e ITU, então manejados com ciprofloxacina, pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona e transfusão de plasma (plaquetas: 43.000 mm3; Hb: 6,0 mg/dl, reticulócitos: 1,3%, haptoglobina < 5,8 mg/dl, LDH: 1181 U/L). Após piora clínica, iniciada terapêutica com Eculizumab, 900 mg a cada cinco dias durante duas semanas. Evoluiu com boa resposta clínica, caracterizada pela melhora da função renal, normalização hematológica (plaquetas: 160.000 mm3; Hb: 11,4 g/dL) e alta hospitalar em cinco dias. Desde então, mantém uso de Eculizumab 900 mg de 15/15 dias, com quadro renal e hematológico estável. O uso de Eculizumab foi de grande utilidade no controle da recidiva da SHUa e preservação do enxerto.

To report the use of Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) after renal transplantation. A 16 year-old patient diagnosed with chronic kidney disease since 2010, due to aHUS, under dialysis. kidney transplantation by deceased donor: February/2012. She showed good clinical evolution until the 14th postoperative day, when he developed a fever, oliguria, worsening of renal function [serum creatinine (CRs): 4.0 mg/dl] and signs of hemolysis [platelets: 110,000 mm3; hemoglobin (Hb): 4.5 g/dL; LDH: 3366 U/L]. Renal biopsy of the graft: thrombotic microangiopathy. Treated with handling blood products (fresh plasma) and plasmapheresis, with improvement of renal function (serum creatinine: 1.46 mg/dl). A week after this complication, fever anemia, signs of hemolysis and ITU restarted then it was handled with ciprofloxacin, methylprednisolone pulse therapy and plasma transfusion (Platelets: 43,000 mm3; Hb: 6.0 mg/dl, reticulocytes; 1.3%, haptoglobin < 5.8 mg/dl, HDL: 1181 U/L). After clinical worsening, it was started a therapy with Eculizumab, 900 mg in every five days for two weeks. There was some progress with good clinical response, characterized by improved renal function, stabilization of aHUS and discharged in five days. Since then, she keeps using Eculizumab 900mg each 15 days with the renal and haematological normalization (Platelets: 160,000 mm3; Hb: 11.4 g/dL). The use of Eculizumab was useful in controlling the ongoing manifestation of aHUS and transplant preservation.

Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection Control Programs in health services / Avaliação dos Programas de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar em serviços de saúde / Evaluación de los Programas de Control de Infección Hospitalaria en servicios de salud

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the Nosocomial Infection Control Programs in hospital institutions regarding structure and process indicators. METHOD: this is a descriptive, exploratory and quantitative study conducted in 2013. The study population comprised 13 Nosocomial Infection Control Programs of health services in a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. Public domain instruments available in the Manual of Evaluation Indicators of Nosocomial Infection Control Practices were used. RESULTS: The indicators with the highest average compliance were "Evaluation of the Structure of the Nosocomial Infection Control Programs" (75%) and "Evaluation of the Epidemiological Surveillance System of Nosocomial Infection" (82%) and those with the lowest mean compliance scores were "Evaluation of Operational Guidelines" (58.97%) and "Evaluation of Activities of Control and Prevention of Nosocomial Infection" (60.29%). CONCLUSION: The use of indicators identified that, despite having produced knowledge about prevention and control of nosocomial infections, there is still a large gap between the practice and the recommendations. .

OBJETIVOS: avaliar os Programas de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar nas instituições hospitalares, quanto aos indicadores de estrutura e processo. MÉTODO: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e quantitativo, realizado em 2013. A população foi composta por 13 Programas de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar de serviços de saúde, de uma cidade brasileira do interior paulista. Foram utilizados instrumentos de domínio público, disponibilizados no Manual de Indicadores de Avaliação de Práticas de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. RESULTADOS: os indicadores com maior média de conformidade foram "Avaliação da Estrutura dos Programas de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar" (75%) e "Avaliação do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Infecção Hospitalar" (82%) e os com menores médias foram "Avaliação das Diretrizes Operacionais" (58,97%) e "Avaliação das Atividades de Controle e Prevenção de Infecção Hospitalar" (60,29%). CONCLUSÃO: o uso de indicadores identificou que, apesar do conhecimento produzido sobre ações de prevenção e controle de infecções hospitalares, ainda existe um grande hiato entre prática e recomendações. .

OBJETIVOS: evaluar los Programas de Control de Infección Hospitalaria en las instituciones hospitalarias respecto a los indicadores de estructura y proceso. MÉTODO: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y cuantitativo, desarrollado en 2013. La población fue compuesta por 13 Programas de Control de Infección Hospitalaria de servicios de salud de una ciudad brasileña del interior paulista. Fueron utilizados instrumentos de dominio público, disponibles en el Manual de Indicadores de Evaluación de Prácticas de Control de Infección Hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: los indicadores con mayor promedio de conformidad fueron "Evaluación de la Estructura de los Programas de Control de Infección Hospitalaria" (75%) y "Evaluación del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Infección Hospitalaria" (82%) y aquellos con menores promedios "Evaluación de las Directivas Operacionales" (58,97%) y "Evaluación de las Actividades de Control y Prevención de Infección Hospitalaria" (60,29%). CONCLUSIÓN: el uso de indicadores posibilitó identificar que, a pesar del conocimiento producido sobre acciones de prevención y control de infecciones hospitalarias, todavía existe un gran hiato entre la práctica y las recomendaciones. .

Función renal y factores asociados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad renal crónica en adultos / Renal function and associated factors in the development of chronic kidney disease

Introducción: la Enfermedad Renal Crónica es un problema de salud pública, debido al aumento en la prevalencia y altos costos asociados. Su diagnóstico es tardío, lo que lleva a requerir un tratamiento sustitutivo a través de la diálisis y el trasplante renal. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la función renal y los factores de riesgo de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica. Métodos: investigación correlacional transversal en sujetos adultos de la Universidad del Desarrollo durante el mes de Octubre de 2013 (n=90). Se aplicó la encuesta renal del Ministerio de Salud de Chile, complementada con un cuestionario con factores de riesgo, validado mediante juicio de expertos con un K promedio de 0,93. Los datos fueron analizados a través del programa SPSS v.15 ®. El análisis descriptivo fue en base a medidas de tendencia central y de variabilidad. Para el análisis inferencial se evaluó la asociación mediante el test de Student. Resultados: dentro de los factores de riesgo se evidenció: tabaquismo (45,6 por ciento), ingesta de alcohol (82,2 por ciento), sedentarismo (71,1 por ciento), consumo de antiinflamatorios (73,3 por ciento), mal nutrición por exceso (57,8 por ciento), entre otros. La media de velocidad de filtración glomerular fue de 84 ml/min/1,732 con una creatinina sérica promedio de 0,98 mg/dl. La asociación entre la velocidad de filtración glomerular y los factores de riesgo estudiados fue significativa (p<0,05). Conclusiones: un gran porcentaje de la población presentó factores de riesgo y se evidenció una asociación entre éstos y la velocidad de filtración glomerular(AU)

Introduction: chronic kidney disease is a public health problem by the increased prevalence, impact on quality of life and associated high costs. His diagnosis delayed, leading to require replacement therapy by dialysis and renal transplantation. Objective: to determine the relationship between renal function and the risk factors of chronic kidney disease in University officials Development 2013. Methods: across-sectional correlational study in adult subjects at the University of Development during the month of October 2013 (n = 90). Renal survey of the Ministry of Health of Chile, supplemented by a questionnaire with risk factors, validated by expert judgment with average K of 0.93 applied. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.15 ® program. Descriptive analysis based on measures of central tendency and variability. For the inferential analysis, the association assessed by Student's t test. Results: among the risk factors are evident: 45.6 percent with smoking, alcohol intake with 82.2 percent, 71.1 percent sedentary lifestyle, consumption of anti-inflammatory in 73.3 percent, poor nutrition 57.8 percent excess, among others. Mean GFR ml/min/1 84 was 732 with an average serum creatinine of 0.98 mg / dl. The association between GFR and risk factors studied was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: alarge percentage of the population had risk factors and an association between them and the glomerular filtration rate demonstrated(AU)