Relationship between quality of life, self-esteem and depression in people after kidney transplantation / Relación entre calidad de vida, autoestima y depresión en personas después de trasplante de riñón / Relação entre qualidade de vida, autoestima e depressão em pessoas após transplante renal

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the relationship between health-related quality of life with depression and self-esteem of people after kidney transplantation. Method: a cross-sectional study of 47 outpatients from October 2016 to February 2017. The following tools were applied: The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Beck Depression Inventory and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation were used. Results: women had lower scores for health-related quality of life. Young adults, people with up to one and a half years of transplantation and those who had dialysis for more than one year had higher scores. Conclusion: the health-related quality of life of people with chronic kidney disease after transplantation ranged from good to excellent. The presence of depression was not identified. The relationship of data indicates that the higher the quality of life, the better the self-esteem assessment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre calidad de vida relacionada con salud, con depresión y autoestima en personas después del trasplante de riñón. Método: estudio transversal de 47 personas en seguimiento ambulatorio de octubre de 2016 a febrero de 2017. Se aplicaron los instrumentos: The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Inventario de Depresión de Beck e Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Utilizó estadística descriptiva y correlación de Spearman. Resultados: mujeres obtuvieron puntuaciones más bajas en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Los adultos, las personas con hasta un año y medio de trasplante y las que se sometieron a diálisis durante más de un año obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas. Conclusión: calidad de vida relacionada con la salud después del trasplante varió de buena a excelente. La relación de los datos indica que cuanto mayor sea la calidad de vida, mejor será la evaluación de la autoestima.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar relação entre qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde com depressão e autoestima em pessoas após transplante renal. Método: estudo transversal, com 47 pessoas em acompanhamento ambulatorial, de outubro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017. Foram aplicados os instrumentos: The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: mulheres apresentaram pontuações mais baixas para qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Adultos jovens, pessoas com até um ano e meio de transplante e as que realizaram diálise por mais de um ano apresentaram pontuações mais altas. Conclusão: a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de pessoas com doença renal crônica após o transplante variou de boa a excelente. Não se identificou a presença de depressão. A relação dos dados indica que quanto maior a qualidade de vida, melhor avaliação de autoestima.

Takayasu arteritis: differential diagnosis in a teenager with severe acute kidney injury - a case report / Arterite de Takayasu: diagnóstico diferencial em adolescente com lesão renal aguda grave - relato de caso

ABSTRACT Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition of unknown cause that involves large vessels - particularly the aorta and its branches - such as the carotid, coronary, pulmonary, and renal arteries. The left subclavian artery is the most frequently involved vessel. Stenosis of the renal artery has been reported in 23-31% of the cases and may result in malignant hypertension, ischemic renal disease, decompensated heart failure, and premature death. Involvement of both renal arteries is uncommon. Early onset anuria and acute kidney injury are rare and have been reported only in a few cases in the literature. This report describes the case of a 15-year-old female with constitutional symptoms evolving for a year, combined with headache, nausea, and vomiting, in addition to frequent visits to emergency services and insufficient clinical examination. The patient worsened significantly six months after the onset of symptoms and developed acute pulmonary edema, oliguria, acute kidney injury, and difficult-to-control hypertension, at which point she was admitted for intensive care and hemodialysis. Initial ultrasound examination showed she had normal kidneys and stenosis-free renal arteries. The patient was still anuric after 30 days of hospitalization. A biopsy was performed and revealed her kidneys were normal. Computed tomography angiography scans of the abdominal aorta presented evidence of occlusion of both renal arteries. The patient met the diagnostic criteria for Takayasu arteritis and had a severe complication rarely described in the literature: stenosis of the two renal arteries during the acute stage of ischemic renal disease.

RESUMO A Arterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma doença inflamatória crônica, granulomatosa, de causa desconhecida, que afeta grandes vasos, principalmente a aorta e seus ramos, incluindo artérias carótidas, coronárias, pulmonares e renais, sendo a artéria subclávia esquerda o vaso mais acometido. A estenose da artéria renal é relatada em 23-31% dos casos e pode resultar em hipertensão maligna, insuficiência renal por isquemia, descompensação cardíaca e morte prematura. O acometimento bilateral de artérias renais é incomum, sendo rara a presença de anúria súbita e lesão renal aguda como sintoma inicial da doença, com poucos relatos na literatura. O caso reporta uma adolescente de 15 anos com sintomas constitucionais durante um ano de evolução, associados a problemas como cefaleia, náuseas e vômitos, com idas frequentes a serviços de emergência, sem adequada investigação clínica. Após 6 meses do início dos sintomas, a paciente evoluiu de forma grave, com quadro de edema agudo de pulmão, oligúria, lesão renal aguda e hipertensão arterial de difícil controle, sendo necessário suporte em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e hemodiálise. A ultrassonografia inicial mostrava rins normais e artérias renais sem sinais de estenose. Após 30 dias de internamento, paciente permanecia anúrica, sendo realizada biópsia renal que se mostrou dentro dos padrões da normalidade. Angiotomografia de aorta abdominal evidenciou oclusão bilateral de artérias renais. A paciente descrita fechou critérios diagnósticos para arterite de Takayasu e manifestou uma complicação grave pouco descrita na literatura: estenose bilateral de artérias renais, ainda na fase aguda da nefropatia isquêmica.

Performance of the equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation / Desempeño de las ecuaciones para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular en pacientes mexicanos receptores de trasplante renal

Abstract Introduction: The management of kidney transplant recipients requires glomerular filtration rate (GFR) monitoring, which is an indicator of graft primary function and patient survival. Objective: To evaluate the performance of different creatinine or cystatin-based formulas in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation. Method: 30 transplant recipients were included, in whom the glomerular filtration rate was measured by means of iothalamate, and was also calculated using seven equations based on cystatin or creatinine. Results: The formula with the best performance was the one proposed by the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), with a bias of −2.4 mL/min/1.73 m2: and an accuracy of 9.6; 96.7 % of patients were within 30 % of the measured GFR. The second best formula was the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Cystatin-based equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: Our study suggests that, in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantations, the best equations to estimate GFR are the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations.

Alelos HLA más comunes y asociados con riesgo o protección en enfermedad renal crónica de etiología no determinada / Most common HLA alleles associated with risk or protection in chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica representa parte del gasto en salud en general; una potencial etiología es la relacionada con variaciones, ausencia o presencia de algunos alelos del human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Método: Se realizó el análisis de 1965 reportes de HLA sin etiología determinada y de 1361 donadores renales. Se llevó a cabo tecnología Luminex con base en fluorimetría de flujo celular para los locus A, B, DRB1 y DQA. Se realizó análisis con tablas de contingencia para determinar razón de momios (RM) e intervalos de confianza (IC). Se efectuó análisis cuantitativo. Resultados: De 101 alelos encontrados, 13 presentaron asociación, siete con riesgo para enfermedad renal crónica, de los cuales el más significativo fue HLA-DR17, con RM = 3.91 (IC 95 % = 2.96-5.17), y el de mayor significación de protección fue HLA-DR9, con RM = 0.043 (IC 95 % = 0.005-0.3224). Conclusiones: Es necesario entender que las enfermedades renales pueden estar ligadas a procesos inmunológicos, en los que se tiene que conocer la asociación de la ausencia o presencia de algún alelo.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease accounts for part of overall health expenditure; a potential etiology is related to variations, absence or presence of some human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Method: An analysis of HLA reports of 1965 kidney recipients with no determined etiology, and 1361 kidney donors was performed. It was carried out with Luminex based in cell flow fluorometry for the A, B, DRB1 and DQA loci. An analysis was performed with contingency tables in order to determine the odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). Quantitative analysis was also carried out. Results: Of the 101 alleles found, 13 showed association, 7 with risk for chronic kidney disease, with the most significant being HLA-DR17 with an OR of 3.91 (95 % CI = 2.96-5.17) and the one with the highest significance for protection being HLA-DR9, with an OR of 0.043 (95 % CI = 0.005-0.3224). Conclusions: It is necessary to understand that kidney diseases can be associated with yet unknown immune processes, where the association of the absence or presence of any allele should be known.

Enfermedad de Fabry. Manejo anestésico en trasplante renal, a propósito de un caso / Fabry disease. Anesthetic management in kidney transplant, report of case

INTRODUCTION: Fabry disease (FD) also known as Anderson Fabry disease is a rare disorder linked to the X chromosome, which produces mutations in the coding of the GLA gene involved in the production of the enzyme -galactosidase A, whose complete or partial deficiency leads to the intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and glycosphingolipids. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 39 year old female patient admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of terminal chronic kidney disease of 8 years of evolution as a possible cause of nephropathy, Fabry disease diagnosed in a patient, after detailed studies, kidney transplantation is considered for improvement of your lifestyle. DISCUSSION: Patients with Fabry disease should be considered as high risk surgical and anesthetic should have a strict assessment and evaluation of cardiovascular and respiratory function, to anticipate the complications associated with reperfusion of the transplanted organ. CONCLUSION: The use of balanced or intravenous modality has been described among the anesthetic possibilities without reaching a consensus so far, however the two modalities can be used and their analgesic management can be performed with plexus blocks or regional anesthesia.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Fabry (FD) también conocida como enfermedad de Anderson Fabry es un trastorno raro ligado al cromosoma X, que produce mutaciones en la codificación del gen GLA partícipe en la producción de la enzima α-galactosidasa A, cuya deficiencia completa o parcial conduce a la acumulación intracelular de globotriaosilceramida y glicosfingolípidos. CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 39 años de edad ingresada a hospitalización con diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica terminal de 8 años de evolución como posible causa de nefropatía, enfermedad de Fabry diagnosticada en paciente, tras estudios detallado se considera trasplante renal para mejora de su estilo de vida. DISCUSIÓN: Los pacientes con enfermedad de Fabry deben ser considerados como de alto riesgo quirúrgico y anestésico, deben contar con una estricta valoración y evaluación sobre la función cardiovascular y respiratoria, para así preveer las complicaciones asociadas a la reperfusión del órgano trasplantado. CONCLUSIÓN: Se han descrito entre las posibilidades anestésicas el uso de modalidad balanceada o intravenosa sin llegar aún a un consenso hasta el momento, sin embargo, las dos modalidades pueden ser utilizadas y su manejo analgésico se puede realizar con bloqueos del plexo o anestesia regional.

A review of the possibility of adopting financially driven live donor kidney transplantation

ABSTRACT Kidney transplantation for end-stage renal disease remains the preferred solution due to its survival advantage, enhanced quality of life and cost-effectiveness. The main obstacle worldwide with this modality of treatment is the scarcity of organs. The demand has always exceeded the supply resulting in different types of donations. Kidney donation includes pure living related donors, deceased donors, living unrelated donors (altruistic), paired kidney donation and more recently compensated kidney donation. Ethical considerations in live donor kidney transplantation have always created a debate especially when rewarding unrelated donors. In this paper, we examine the problems of financially driven kidney transplantation, the ethical legitimacy of this practice, and propose some innovative methods and policies that could be adopted to ensure a better practice with accepted ethical guidelines.

Escore APACHE IV no pós-operatório de transplante renal / APACHE IV score in postoperative kidney transplantation

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a calibração e a discriminação do APACHE IV no período pós-operatório de transplante renal. Métodos: Estudo clínico de coorte, que incluiu 986 pacientes adultos hospitalizados durante o período pós-operatório imediato de transplante renal em um único centro na Região Sul do Brasil. Resultados: Os pacientes de transplante renal que evoluíram para óbito no hospital tiveram APACHE IV significantemente mais elevado e maior mortalidade predita. O APACHE IV demonstrou calibração adequada (teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow: 11,24; p = 0,188) e boa discriminação, segundo a curva Característica de Operação do Receptor, que foi de 0,738 (IC95% 0,643 - 0,833; p < 0,001), embora tenha superestimado a taxa de mortalidade padronizada, que foi de 0,73 (IC95%: 0,24 - 1,42; p = 0,664). Conclusões: O APACHE IV demonstrou desempenho adequado para predizer o desfecho no hospital no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à transplante renal.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the calibration and discrimination of APACHE IV in the postoperative period after kidney transplantation. Methods: This clinical cohort study included 986 hospitalized adult patients in the immediate postoperative period after kidney transplantation, in a single center in southern Brazil. Results: Kidney transplant patients who died in hospital had significantly higher APACHE IV values and higher predicted mortality. The APACHE IV score showed adequate calibration (H-L 11.24 p = 0.188) and a good discrimination ROC curve of 0.738 (95%CI 0.643 - 0.833, p < 0.001), although SMR overestimated mortality (SMR = 0.73; 95%CI: 0.24 - 1.42, p = 0.664). Conclusions: The APACHE IV score showed adequate performance for predicting hospital outcomes in the postoperative period for kidney transplant recipients.

Ensayo pictórico: Imágenes en trasplante de páncreas: ¿qué debemos buscar? / Pictorial essay: Imaging in pancreas transplants: what should we look for?

El trasplante de páncreas es una alternativa terapéutica para pacientes diabéticos con complicaciones metabólicas severas y/o enfermedad renal crónica terminal. En el 80% de los casos, se realiza trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñón. El ultrasonido (US) es la técnica de elección para una primera evaluación del injerto, principalmente el modo Doppler espectral. Este último permite la evaluación de la vasculatura y perfusión de injerto. La tomografía computada (TC) y resonancia magnética (RM) se reservan para la evaluación de complicaciones (Tabla 1). Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de una serie casos de trasplante páncreas-riñón realizada en nuestra institución entre los años 2014 y 2017, con un total de 12 casos.

Pancreas transplantation is a therapeutic alternative for diabetic patients with severe metabolic complications and/or terminal chronic kidney disease. In 80% of cases, a simultaneous transplant of pancreas and kidney is performed. Ultrasound (US) is the technique of choice for a first evaluation of the implant, mainly the spectral Doppler mode, which allows evaluation of the graft vasculature and perfusion. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are reserved for the evaluation of complications (Table). A retrospective review of a series of cases of pancreas-kidney transplantation performed at our institution between 2014 and 2017 was carried out, with a total of 12 cases.

Treatment of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplant with rituximab and conversion to m-TOR inhibitor / Tratamiento de la enfermedad linfoproliferativa post-trasplante renal con Rituximab y conversión a inhibidor m-TOR

Abstract Background: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders are serious complications of organ transplantation which treatment is not yet standardized. Objective: To describe the clinical response, overall and graft survival of patients in our center with this complication after kidney transplantation, which received rituximab as part of their treatment as well as conversion to m-TOR. Methods: Retrospective study, which included patients, diagnosed with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplantation from January 2011 to July 2014. Results: Eight cases were found with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Most had monomorphic histology, 85% were associated with Epstein-Barr virus, 25% of patients had tumor involvement of the renal graft, and 12.5% ​​had primary central nervous system lymphoma. All patients were managed with reduction of immunosuppression, conversion to m-TOR (except one who lost the graft at diagnosis) and rituximab-based therapy. The overall response rate was 87.5% (62.5% complete response, 25% partial response). Survival was 87.5% with a median follow-up of 34 months. An additional patient lost the graft, with chronic nephropathy already known. All the remaining patients had stable renal function. Conclusions: There are no standardized treatment regimens for lymphoproliferative disorders after kidney transplantation, but these patients can be managed successfully with reduction of immunosuppression, conversion to m-TOR and rituximab-based schemes.

Resumen Antecedente: La enfermedad linfoproliferativa post-trasplante es una complicación grave del trasplante de órganos cuyo tratamiento aún no se encuentra estandarizado. Objetivo: Describir la respuesta clínica, supervivencia global y del injerto en pacientes con esta complicación post trasplante renal en nuestro centro y que recibieron rituximab como parte de su tratamiento y la conversión a m-TOR. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad linfoproliferativa postrasplante renal entre enero de 2011 y julio de 2014. Resultados: Se encontraron ocho casos, con presentaciones clínicas variables. La mayoría correspondieron a histología monomórfica, en 85% se asoció con virus de Epstein-Barr, 25% de los pacientes tenían compromiso tumoral del injerto renal y 12.5% linfoma primario de sistema nervioso central. Todos los pacientes se manejaron con reducción de inmunosupresión, conversión a m-TOR (excepto uno que perdió el injerto al diagnóstico) y tratamiento basado en rituximab. La tasa de respuesta global fue del 87.5% (62.5% respuesta completa, 25% respuesta parcial). La supervivencia fue del 87.5% con una mediana de seguimiento de 34 meses. Un paciente adicional perdió el injerto renal, con nefropatía crónica ya conocida. Los pacientes restantes con función renal estable. Conclusiones: No existen esquemas estandarizados de tratamiento para la enfermedad linfoproliferativa post-trasplante renal, pero estos pacientes pueden ser manejados de forma exitosa con reducción de la inmunosupresión, conversión a m-TOR y esquemas basados en rituximab.

Experiencia en el tratamiento de la infección bacteriana en receptores de trasplante renal / Experience in the treatment of bacterial infection in renal transplant recipients

Introducción: el trasplante renal constituye la terapéutica de elección en el tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica, pero las complicaciones infecciosas, específicamente bacterianas, mantienen elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad y constituyen un problema de difícil solución. En el Hospital Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro contamos con 8 años de experiencia en el tratamiento de la infección bacteriana en receptores de trasplante renal. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la infección bacteriana en receptores de trasplante renal. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo que incluyó a 102 pacientes receptores de TR con diagnóstico de infecciones bacterianas, entre junio de 2001 y diciembre de 2009, y 192 infecciones bacterianas confirmadas por estudios microbiológicos. Resultados: se localizaron 9 procesos infecciosos en el parénquima pulmonar con clínica, radiografía y respuesta antimicrobiana sin positividad en los especímenes recolectados y procesados en el laboratorio. El grupo etario más afectado fue el de 31 a 40 años con 32 procesos infecciosos. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al sexo ni a la relación sexo-edad. Predominó la piel blanca (74,5 por ciento) (x² BA= 0,064 p= 0,936). Los que exhibieron una sola infección fueron los más representados (50 por ciento) y el urocultivo fue el espécimen con más positividad, 94 para un índice de 0,92. Los grupos de pacientes con uno y dos episodios infecciosos tuvieron 2 fallecidos cada uno al egreso (p= 0,278). La infección del tracto urinario y la herida quirúrgica predominaron en el posoperatorio inmediato, con 16 casos, respectivamente, aunque la primera se presentó más frecuentemente en los diferentes períodos evolutivos. El microorganismo más resistente fue el Acinetobacter spp. en el cultivo de orina en 3 pacientes (10,34 por ciento) y el antimicrobiano menos efectivo, la combinación de amoxicilina-sulbactán, en 8 (21,05 por ciento). Conclusiones: el conocimiento de las características de la infección bacteriana en receptores de trasplante renal y la selección oportuna y específica del antimicrobiano a la dosis recomendada han sido las herramientas principales en nuestra experiencia(AU)

Introduction: renal transplantation is the therapy of choice in the treatment of chronic kidney disease, but specifically bacterial infectious complications maintain high rates of morbidity and mortality and it is a problem difficult to solve. At Arnaldo Milian Castro University, eight year-experience has been gained in the treatment of bacterial infection in renal transplant recipients. Objective: characterize the bacterial infection behavior in renal transplant recipients. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted from June 2001 to December 2009, in 102 patients receiving renal transplantation and who were diagnosed with bacterial infections; and 192 bacterial infections confirmed by microbiological education. Results: nine infectious processes were located in the pulmonary parenchyma with clinic, X-ray images and antimicrobial answer with no positiveness in the specimens gathered and processed in the laboratory. The most affected age group was 31 to 40 years with 32 infectious processes. There were no differences in gender or sex-age relationship. White skin subjects prevailed (74.5 percent) (x² BA = 0.064 p = 0.936). Those who exhibited a single infection were overrepresented (50 percent) and urine culture was more positive specimen, 94 for an index of 0.92. Patient groups one and two infectious episodes had 2 deaths each at discharge (p = 0.278). The wound and urinary tract infections prevailed in the immediate postoperative period, with 16 cases, respectively, although the latter was more likely at different evolutive periods. Acinetobacter spp was the most resistant microorganism in urine culture in 3 patients (10.34 percent) and the less effective antimicrobial was amoxicillin-sulbactam, in 8 (21.05 percent). Conclusions: the timely and specific selection of the antimicrobial drug at the recommended dose for each patient has been the main tool in our experience(AU)

Diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria en niños, experiencia en el Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana / Peritoneal dialysis for children at home, the experience of Centro Habana pediatric hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: el Programa de diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria en Pediatría se inició en Cuba en el año 2008 en el Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana, Centro de Referencia Nacional de Nefrología Pediátrica. OBJETIVO: evaluar el Programa durante 4 años de experiencia. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, utilizando registros retrospectivos del Programa desde 2008 hasta 2012. RESULTADOS: se analizaron 16 pacientes; 9 niñas y 7 niños, con un promedio de edad de 11 años. La etiología más frecuente correspondió a malformaciones congénitas y enfermedades glomerulares primarias. Las complicaciones infecciosas representaron el 90 % del total, y de ellas, la infección del orificio de salida (57,5 %), con 1 episodio cada 23 meses/paciente. La incidencia de peritonitis fue de 1 episodio cada 12 meses/paciente. Predominaron cultivos positivos a bacterias grampositivas (63,3 %), el Staphylococcus coagulasa positivo spp. fue más común. La causa más frecuente de interrupción de la diálisis peritoneal lo constituyó el trasplante renal. El tiempo global de duración en diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria fue de 13,2 meses. Los pacientes que cambiaron de técnica estuvieron un promedio de 8 meses en el Programa. A pesar de que el tiempo del seguimiento del método dialítico aún es insuficiente, la probabilidad de no ocurrencia de la falla de la técnica a partir de los 18 meses fue de más de un 50 %. CONCLUSIONES: durante 4 años de experiencia la diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria demostró ser una alternativa factible de inicio de tratamiento dialítico para el paciente pediátrico con enfermedad renal crónica terminal.

INTRODUCTION: the program of peritoneal dialysis at home in pediatric patients started in Cuba in 2008 at Centro Habana's pediatric hospital which is the national center of reference in pediatric nephrology. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the experiences in the implementation of the program in four years. METHODS: adescriptive, cross-sectional study using retrospective records of the program from 2008 to 2012. RESULTS: sixteen patients (9 girls and 7 children) aged 11 years as average was analyzed. The most frequent etiologies were congenital malformations and primary glomerular diseases. The infective complicdations accounted for 90 % of the total number, mainly the outlet orifice infection (57.5 %) with one event per 23 months/patient. The incidence of peritonitis was one event every 12 months/patient. Positive Gram-positive bacteria prevailed (63.3 %), being Staphylococcus coagulasa positive spp the most common. The most frequent cause of cessation of peritoneal dialysis use was renal transplantation. The overall length of time of periotoneal dialysis at home was 13.2. Those patients who moved to this technique were included in the program 8 months as an average. In spite of the fact that the follow-up period of the dialysis method is still insufficient, the probabilities of non-occurrence of any failure in this technique after 18 months were over 50 %. CONCLUSIONS: the experience gained in four years of using peritoneal dialysis at home proved that this is a feasible alternative for starting the dialysis-based treatment of the pediatric patient with terminal chronic renal disease.

Expanding the pool of kidney donors: use of kidneys with acute renal dysfunction / Ampliando o pool de doadores de rim: utilização de órgãos com disfunção renal aguda

ABSTRACT Given the shortage of organs transplantation, some strategies have been adopted by the transplant community to increase the supply of organs. One strategy is the use of expanded criteria for donors, that is, donors aged >60 years or 50 and 59 years, and meeting two or more of the following criteria: history of hypertension, terminal serum creatinine >1.5mg/dL, and stroke as the donor´s cause of death. In this review, emphasis was placed on the use of donors with acute renal failure, a condition considered by many as a contraindication for organ acceptance and therefore one of the main causes for kidney discard. Since these are well-selected donors and with no chronic diseases, such as hypertension, renal disease, or diabetes, many studies showed that the use of donors with acute renal failure should be encouraged, because, in general, acute renal dysfunction is reversible. Although most studies demonstrated these grafts have more delayed function, the results of graft and patient survival after transplant are very similar to those with the use of standard donors. Clinical and morphological findings of donors, the use of machine perfusion, and analysis of its parameters, especially intrarenal resistance, are important tools to support decision-making when considering the supply of organs with renal dysfunction.

RESUMO Diante da escassez de órgãos para transplante, algumas estratégias têm sido adotadas pela comunidade transplantadora, no sentido de ampliar a oferta de órgãos. Uma delas é a utilização de rins de doadores com critérios expandidos, ou seja, doadores com idade >60 anos ou entre 50 e 59 anos, e que atendem a dois ou mais dos seguintes critérios: história de hipertensão, creatinina sérica terminal >1,5mg/dL e acidente vascular cerebral como causa de morte do doador. Nesta revisão, foi dada ênfase à utilização de doadores com disfunção renal aguda, condição considerada por muitos uma contraindicação para a aceitação de órgãos e, portanto, uma das principais causas de descarte de órgãos. Desde que sejam doadores bem selecionados e que não tenham doença renal crônica, como hipertensão ou diabetes, muitos trabalhos mostraram que o uso de doadores com disfunção renal aguda deve ser encorajado, pois, em geral, a disfunção renal aguda é de caráter reversível. Embora, a maioria dos estudos tenha demonstrado que há uma maior taxa de função retardada do enxerto com a utilização desses órgãos, os resultados de sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente após o transplante são muito semelhantes aos resultados obtidos da utilização de doadores padrão. Os achados clínicos e morfológicos do doador, a utilização da máquina de perfusão e a análise de seus parâmetros, principalmente a resistência intrarrenal, são importantes ferramentas de apoio para tomada de decisão no momento da oferta de órgãos com disfunção renal.

Frecuencia de genes HLA en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica procedentes del occidente y centro de Cuba / Frequency of HLA genes in patients with chronic kidney insufficiency, from western and central Cuba

Introducción: el trasplante es la terapia que permite la mayor sobrevida a los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Para prevenir el rechazo del órgano, en primer lugar es necesario un estudio de la compatibilidad de los antígenos leucocitarios humanos (HLA) del paciente y de los posibles donantes. En Cuba solo se había realizado la tipificación HLA por métodos serológicos, pero en la actualidad se emplean técnicas moleculares. Objetivo: caracterizar el polimorfismo de los alelos HLA A, B, DR y DQ por métodos moleculares en pacientes cubanos en espera de trasplante renal. Métodos: se estudiaron 410 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica de las regiones occidental y central del país a los que se les realizó tipificación molecular de los loci mencionados. Los resultados se expresaron según la nueva nomenclatura y fueron registrados en una base de datos confeccionada al efecto. Se compararon las frecuencias alélicas de la población blanca y no blanca y se determinó el porcentaje de frecuencia de los haplotipos para los alelos clase I y II. Resultados: los alelos A*11, A*30, A*74, B*42, B*51 y B*53 fueron más frecuentes en la población blanca mientras que los alelos B*58 y DRB1* 15 predominaron en los no blancos. Las frecuencias haplotípicas más encontradas en la clase I en la población blanca fueron A*02 B*51, A*02 B*44, A*02 B*35; y en la no blanca, A*01B*08, A*02B*51, A*02B*44. Para los alelos de la clase II, en la población blanca fueron DQB1*03, DRB1*04, DQB1*06, DRB1*13, DRB1*05, DRB1*01; y en los no blancos, DQB1*03, DRB1*04, DQB1*06, DRB1*13, DQB1*05, DRB1*01. Conclusiones: la caracterización de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica con respecto a su tipificación HLA permitirá trazar estrategias futuras relacionadas con la donación y el trasplante en todo el país(AU)

Introduction: transplantation is the therapy allowing the highest possible survival in patients with chronic kidney insufficiency. To prevent rejection of the organ, first of all it is necessary to make a compatibility test of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) from the patient and the possible donors. In Cuba, only serological HLA typing had been made but at present, molecular techniques are being applied. Aim: characterization of polimorfirsm of alleles HLA A, B, DR y DQ by molecular techniques in Cuban patients awaiting renal transplantation. Methods: four hundred and ten patients with chronic kidney insufficiency from Western and Central Cuba were studied by molecular typing of the above mentioned loci. Results were expressed by the new nomenclature and were registered In a data base prepared for that purpose. Allele frequencies of white and no white population were compared and percentage of haplotype frequencies for alleles class I and II were determined. Results: alleles A*11, A*30, A*74, B*42, B*51and B*53 were more frequent in white population while B*58 y DRB1*, 15 were mostly found in no whites. Haplotypic frequencies most found in class I in white population were A*02 B*51, A*02 B*44, A*02 B*35; and in no whites, A*01B*08, A*02B*51, A*02B*44. For class II alleles, DQB1*03, DRB1*04, DQB1*06, DRB1*13, DRB1*05, DRB1*01 were the most found in white population; and in no whites, DQB1*03, DRB1*04, DQB1*06, DRB1*13, DQB1*05, DRB1*01. Conclusions: characterization of patients with chronic kidney insufficiency in respect to HLA typing will allow future strategies related to kidney donation and transplantation in the whole country(AU)

Embolización de riñón poliquístico: una alternativa menos invasiva a la nefrectomía pre-trasplante / Embolization of polycystic kidney: a less invasive alternative to pretransplant nephrectomy

La embolización arterial de riñón poliquístico, en candidatos a trasplante renal, es una técnica recientemente descrita que pudiese servir como alternativa a la nefrectomía a objeto de generar el espacio suficiente para el injerto. Materiales y Métodos: Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 57 años con enfermedad renal crónica secundario a enfermedad renal poliquística familiar autosómica dominante en hemodiálisis. Los riñones ocupaban completamente el abdomen y pelvis. Se le realizó embolización del riñón derecho y se controló con Tomografía Axial Computada de abdomen y pelvis sin contraste cada 3 meses. Resultados: El procedimiento se realizó sin complicaciones, salvo el intenso dolor lumbar posterior al procedimiento que requirió altas dosis de analgesia endovenosa. Se logró una disminución del volumen renal de un 46 por ciento en 6 meses, creando así espacio suficiente para el alojamiento del injerto renal. A los 9 meses se realizó el trasplante, evolucionando con adecuada función del injerto. Conclusión: La embolización arterial renal es una técnica efectiva, poco invasiva y con baja morbilidad, la cual puede ser utilizada para la disminución del volumen renal, en pacientes con riñones poliquísticos, a objeto de crear suficiente espacio para un trasplante renal...

Renal arterial embolization of polycystic kidneys in renal transplant candidates has been recently described as an alternative to nephrectomy for generating enough space for the renal graft. Materials and Methods: We present the case of a 57 year old male patient, with chronic renal failure in hemodialysis, secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The cystic kidneys completely occupied the abdomen and pelvis leaving no space for a renal transplant. Right renal arterial embolization was performed. The patient was followed up with unenhanced computed tomography every 3 months. Results: Right renal embolization was performed without complications, except the severe low back pain, which required high doses of intravenous analgesia. Renal volume decreased by 46 percent in 6 months, making enough space for the renal graft. Nine months after embolization, renal transplant was carried out on the right iliac fossa with no complications and with immediate graft function. Conclusion: Renal arterial embolization is an effective, less invasive and safer technique that can be used to reduce renal volume and make enough space for a renal transplant...

Detecção dos poliomavírus humano BK e JC em fluidos orais de indivíduos com insuficiência renal crônica e transplantados renais / Polyomavirus BK and JC in oral fluids of individuals with chronic kidney failure and kidney transplantation

Novas abordagens clínicas para o diagnóstico e monitoramento de pessoas com doenças sistêmicas têm sido empregadas, através da utilização de fluidos biológicos orais, como a saliva e o fluido gengival crevicular (FGC). Alguns autores têm avaliado o potencial desses fluidos no diagnóstico e acompanhamento de doenças, por apresentarem vantagens tais como coleta não invasiva e segurança no manuseio. Até o presente momento, poucos trabalhos detectaram os poliomavírus humano BK (BKV) e JC (JCV) em saliva e nenhum trabalho procurou sua presença no FGC. Esses poliomavírus infectam assintomaticamente cerca de 80% da população geral, mantendo-se latente no trato urinário. No caso de imunossupressão mediada por células, pode ocorrer o aumento da replicação e indução de reação inflamatória. Uma das doenças causadas pela replicação do BKV é a nefropatia associada ao poliomavírus (NAP), caracterizada pela disfunção e perda do próprio rim ou do rim transplantado, enquanto a Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva (LMP), causada pela replicação do JCV, infecta os oligodendrócitos, causando desmielinização. Métodos não invasivos para o screening dos poliomavírus podem facilitar a detecção de novos casos e a monitoração de casos previamente conhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de detecção e quantificação do BKV e JCV em fluidos orais (saliva, lavado bucal e FGC) de indivíduos com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), transplantados renais (TR), e controles em relação ao sangue e urina, fluidos frequentemente usados para esse teste.

Para tanto, foram incluídos no estudo 38 sujeitos, divididos em 3 grupos, sendo 14 indivíduos no grupo com IRC (GIR), 12 TR no grupo transplantado renal (GTR) e 12 indivíduos saudáveis no grupo controle (GC). No total, coletamos 283 amostras dos participantes, sendo 151 de FGC, 38 amostras de saliva, 38 de lavado bucal, 35 de soro e 21 amostras de urina. No GIR, 100% (14) dos indivíduos apresentaram positividade para BKV em pelo menos uma amostra analisada e 14% (2) foram positivos para JCV. No GTR, 91,7% (11) dos indivíduos foram positivos para BKV e 51,7% (5) foram positivos para JCV. Dentre os sujeitos do GC, 91,7% (11) foram positivos para BKV e 50% (6) para JCV, em pelo menos uma amostra testada. Não houve diferença de frequência de detecção viral entre os 3 grupos de participantes, com relação às amostras coletadas. As amostras de fluidos orais (saliva, lavado e FGC) exibiram alta prevalência de detecção, principalmente do BKV, com muitas amostras com níveis quantificáveis de carga viral. Concluímos que fluidos orais, especialmente saliva e lavado bucal, podem ser usados para o rastreamento do BKV e JCV.

New clinical approaches for diagnosis and monitoring of individuals with systemic diseases have been employed through the use of oral biological fluids such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Some authors have evaluated the potential of these fluids in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, because they have advantages such as noninvasive collection and safe handling. To date, few studies have demonstrated the detection of human polyomavirus BK (BKV) and JC (JCV) in saliva and no study reached for its presence in GCF. These polyomavirus infect asymptomatically around 80% of general population, remaining latent in the urinary tract. In case of immunosuppression mediated by cells, there is increased inflammation and induction of replication. One of the diseases caused by BKV replication is polyomavirus associated to the nephropathy (PVAN), characterized by the dysfunction or loss of the kidney or transplanted kidney, while the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by replication of JCV, infects oligodendrocytes causing demyelination. Noninvasive screening could facilitate the detection of new cases and monitoring of cases previously known. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of BKV and JCV detection and quantification in oral fluids

(saliva, mouthwash and GCF) of individuals with chronic kidney failure (CKF), kidney transplantation (KT), and controls compared with blood and urine, often used for this test. Therefore, we included 38 subjects, divided into 3 groups, being 14 individuals with CKF (KFG), 12 individuals with KT (KTG) and 12 healthy control individuals (CG). In a total, we collected 283 samples, being 151 of GCF, 38 of saliva, 38 of mouthwash, 35 of serum and 21 samples of urine. In the KFG, 100% (14) of the individuals were positive for BKV in at least one of the collected sample and 14% (2) were positive for JCV. In the KTG, 91.7% (11) were positive for BKV and 51.7% for JCV. Among the subjects of the CG, 91.7% (11) were positive for BKV and 50% (6) to JCV, in at least one tested sample. There was no difference in viral detection frequency between the 3 studied groups with respect to the collected samples. Oral fluids samples (saliva, mouthwash and GCF) exhibited high prevalence of detection, especially of BKV, and several samples showed detectable viral load. We conclude that oral fluids, especially saliva and mouthwash, can be used for the screening of BKV and JCV.

Melanoma maligno como complicación de transplante renal tratado con interferon alfa-2B / Malignant melanoma how complication of renal transplantation treated with interferon alpha-2B

Caso de paciente masculino 41 años, diabético tipo 1, trasplantado renal con tratamiento inmunosupresor, antecedente de carcinoma basocelular y espinocelular in situ tratado quirúrgicamente. Presentó en 2007 lesión nodular hiperpigmentada en pectoral izquierdo, se realizó exéresis con histopatología junio 2008: melanoma Clark III, Breslow 4 mm, ganglio centinela negativo. Clasificado como melanoma pectoral izquierdo Clark III Breslow 4 mm Estadio II (pT4aN0M0). Sintomatología gástrica noviembre 2009 estudios de imagen: hígado con lesiones nodulares múltiples tipo metastásicas, punción con aguja fina de hígado: melanoma metastásico. Reactivación a hígado múltiples metástasis, y metástasis pulmón derecho en diciembre 2009. Recibió tratamiento con temozolamida por ser paciente inmunosuprimido, con riñón único y baja depuración de creatinina, y limitación de quimioterapia con platino, recibió 3 ciclos, con progresión de enfermedad clínica e imaginológica, recibe segunda línea con interferón alfa-2b dosis modificadas, evolucionando tórpidamente, fallece por insuficiencia hepática complicada encefalopatía e insuficiencia renal crónica reagudizada.

Male patient of 41 years, type 1 diabetes, renal transplant immunosuppressive treatment, history of squamous cell carcinoma spleen in situ treated by surgery with free margins, submitted in 2007 hyperpigmented nodular lesion in the left chest, was performed exéresis with histopathology June 2008: melanoma Clark III, Breslow 4mm, sentinel node negative. Left pectoral classified as Clark III melanoma Breslow 4mm Stadium II (pT4aN0M0) May 2008 with multiple liver reactivation metastases, in November 2009 have gastric symptoms with imaging studies reported multiple nodular liver lesions type metastatic liver biopsy of metastatic melanoma and in right lung December 2009, was treated with temozolomide given immunocompromised patient treated with single kidney and low creatinine clearance with limited platinum-based chemotherapy received three cycles, showing progression of clinical disease and imaging, get second line with interferon alfa-2b dose modified, evolving torpidamente and died from liver failure complicated by encephalopathy and exacerbation of chronic renal failure.

Aneurisma de artéria renal em rim transplantado: reparo ex vivo e reimplante do enxerto / Renal artery aneurysm in a transplanted kidney: ex vivo graft repair and reimplantation

Aneurisma verdadeiro de artéria renal em rim transplantado é ocorrência rara. As possibilidades de tratamento dependem do tamanho, da localização do aneurisma e da clínica apresentada pelo paciente. Descreve-se um caso de aneurisma gigante de artéria renal em rim transplantado que recebeu tratamento ex vivo e reimplante na fossa ilíaca direita. Detalhes do procedimento cirúrgico são descritos.

True aneurysm of a renal artery in a transplanted kidney is a rare occurrence. Treatment options depend on size and location of the aneurysm and the patient's clinical condition. We report a case of a giant aneurysm of the renal artery in a transplanted kidney that was treated ex vivo and reimplanted in the right iliac fossa. Details of the surgical procedure are described.

Transplante de pâncreas e ilhotas em portadores de diabetes melito: [revisão] / Pancreas and islet transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus: [review]

O transplante simultâneo de pâncreas/rim tem indicações específicas, riscos e benefícios. O procedimento, cada vez mais realizado, traz vantagens se comparado ao paciente em diálise, em relação à qualidade de vida, anos de vida ganhos e evolução das complicações crônicas. Se o paciente tiver a opção de realizar o transplante de rim com doador vivo, que apresenta sobrevida semelhante do enxerto e do paciente aos dez anos, o procedimento deverá ser considerado. O transplante de pâncreas após rim, quando efetivo, pode melhorar a evolução das complicações cardiovasculares, mas em contrapartida provoca maior mortalidade nos primeiros meses após a cirurgia. O transplante isolado de pâncreas também ocasiona a maior mortalidade pós-operatória, resultado da complexidade do procedimento e da imunossupressão. O transplante de ilhotas tem sua indicação para um seleto grupo de diabéticos com instabilidade glicêmica.

Pancreas and kidney transplants have specific indications, benefits and risks. The procedure has become more common and more often as long-term success has improved and risks have decreased. Compared with a patient being on dialysis, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant offers a distinct advantage when it comes to mortality, quality of life and diabetic complications. Since there can be a living-donor kidney transplant,, a possibly similar patient and graft survival by 10 years follow-up, this procedure should be considered. Pancreas after kidney transplants, when successful, can improve microvascular complications compared with kidney transplant alone, but immediate mortality may be higher. Solitary pancreas transplantation can improve the quality of life in selected patients, but it may also increase the immediate risk of mortality due to the complexity of the surgery and the risks of immunosupression. The results of Islet transplantation differ from the higher metabolic performance achieved by whole pancreas allotransplantation and its applicability is limited to selected adult diabetic patients.

Trasplante renal en niños en Venezuela: experiencia y resultados de 25 años / Renal transplantation in children in Venezuela: results of 25 years experience

El objetivo del presente trabajo es reportar los resultados de la experiencia nacional en trasplante renal en niños en Venezuela durante 25 años. Se incluyeron 268 pacientes portadores de Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) de etiología diversa, quienes recibieron 275 trasplantes renales durante el periodo 1982-2005 en los centros de trasplante renal pediátrico de Venezuela. Se analizaron los protocolos de tratamiento utilizados en las distintas fases, el origen de los injertos, la frecuencia de rechazo, las causas de mortalidad y la sobrevida actuarial de los pacientes y de los injertos. Promedio de edad de los pacientes, 11,1 ± 7,3 años. 70 por ciento de los injertos fueron de donante cadavérico y 30 por ciento de donante vivo relacionado. Causas de mortalidad: infecciones graves 34 por ciento, alteraciones hemodinámicas y cardiovasculares 22 por ciento, complicaciones metabólicas 17 por ciento, complicaciones hematológicas 12 por ciento y otras 8 por ciento. Causas de pérdida de injertos: rechazo crónico 60 por ciento, trombosis de vasos renales 20 por ciento, reproducción de la enfermedad original en el riñón trasplantado 13 por ciento y necrosis tubular aguda 7 por ciento. La sobrevida actuarial de los pacientes fue de 98 por ciento a los 6 meses, 98 por ciento al año, 90 por ciento a los 3 años y 85 por ciento a los 5 años. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar la sobrevida de pacientes receptores de riñón de cadáver con receptores de donante vivo (p>0.05). La sobrevida actuarial de los injertos fue 97 por ciento a los 6 meses, 90 por ciento al año, 80 por ciento a los 3 años y 70 por ciento a los 5 años. Nuestros resultados confirman la validez de los programas de trasplante renal para la rehabilitación del niño portador de ERC en nuestro medio, con porcentajes de sobrevida actuarial satisfactorios.

The objective of the present paper is to report the results of the national experience in pediatric renal transplantation in Venezuela during the last 25 years. 268 patients with end-stage renal disease whom received 275 renal transplants during the period 1982-2005 were included. Treatment protocols, graft origins, rejection frequency, mortality causes and patient and graft survival were analyzed. Mean age was 11.1 +/- 7.3 years. 70 percent of the grafted kidneys were obtained from cadaveric donors and 30 percent from alive related donors. The mortality causes were: Severe infections 34 percent, hemodynamic and cardiovascular complications 22 percent, metabolic complications 17 percent, hematological complications 12 percent and other causes 8 percent. The causesof graft lost were: chronic rejection 60 percent, thrombosis of renal vessels 20 percent, reccurence of the primary renal disease in the graft 13 percent, and acute tubular necrosis 7 percent. The actuarial survival of patients was: 98 percent at 6 months, 98 percent at 1 year, 90 percent at 3 years and 85 percent at 5 years. There was no significant difference between patients with live donor's transplants and patients with cadaveric kidneys (p> 0.05). The actuarial survival of grafts (lst transplants) was: 97 percent at 6 months, 90 percent at one year, 80 percent at 3 years and 70 percent at 5 years. These results confirm the validity of kidney transplantation programs for the rehabilitation of the uremic child in Venezuela, with satisfactory actuarial survival.

Evaluación preoperatoria del paciente que necesita un trasplante renal / The patient's evaluation preoperatoria that he/she needs a renal transplant

El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal. Por ineficiencias del sistema de obtención de órganos, el número de personas potencialmente aptas para recibir un injerto supera la oferta de órganos disponibles. En nuestro medio la influencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas sobre la supervivencia del injerto es alta (alrededor del 30 por ciento de los trasplantes se pierde por eventos relacionados con complicaciones quirúrgicas). Sin embargo, en Cuba no está definida la influencia de los factores de riesgo que inciden en la calidad de este procedimiento. En este artículo llamamos la atención sobre los factores de riesgo biológicos con influencia directa sobre las complicaciones de mayor incidencia que, a nuestro juicio, deben ser evaluados en los pacientes que requieren un trasplante renal, para una buena selección del paciente. Proponemos una metodología de trabajo para llevar a cabo esta selección, y concluimos resaltando la importancia de comenzar la evaluación de los pacientes de forma multidisciplinaria y mucho antes de la realización del transplante, como vía segura para el incremento de las tasas de supervivencia y de la calidad de vida(AU)

The renal transplant is the election treatment in patient with illness renal terminal chronicle. For ineficiencias of the system of obtaining of organs, the number of people potentially capable to receive an implant it overcomes the offer of available organs. In our means the influence of surgical complications about the survival of the implant is high (around 30 percent of the transplants he/she gets lost for events related with surgical complications). however, in Cuba it is not defined the influence of the factors of risk that you/they impact in the quality of this procedure. In this article we get the attention about the biological factors of risk with direct influence on the complications of more incidence that, in our opinion, they should be evaluated in the patients that require a renal transplant, for the patient's good selection. We propose a work methodology to carry out this selection, and we conclude standing out the importance of beginning the evaluation of the patients in way multidisciplinaria and a lot before the realization of the transplante, as via sure for the increment of the rates of survival and of the quality of life(AU)