Intervenções psicológicas necessárias: a prática como residente no serviço de medicina fetal / Necessary psychological interventions: the practice as a resident in the fetal medicine service / Intervenciones psicológicas necesarias: la práctica como residente en el servicio de medicina fetal

Com os avanços tecnológicos e o aprimoramento da prática médica via ultrassonografia, já é possível detectar possíveis problemas no feto desde a gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prática do psicólogo no contexto de gestações que envolvem riscos fetais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo sob formato de relato de experiência como psicólogo residente no Serviço de Medicina Fetal da Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Os registros, feitos por observação participante e diário de campo, foram analisados em dois eixos temáticos: 1) intervenções psicológicas no trabalho em equipe em consulta de pré-natal, exame de ultrassonografia e procedimento de amniocentese; e 2) intervenções psicológicas em casos de bebês incompatíveis com a vida. Os resultados indicaram que o psicólogo nesse serviço é essencial para atuar de forma multiprofissional na assistência pré-natal para gravidezes de alto risco fetal. Ademais, a preceptoria do residente é relevante para sua formação e treinamento para atuação profissional no campo da psicologia perinatal.(AU)

Face to the technological advances and the improvement of medical practice via ultrasound, it is already possible to detect possible problems in the fetus since pregnancy. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychologist's practice in the context of pregnancies which involve fetal risks. It is a qualitative study based on an experience report as a psychologist trainee at the Fetal Medicine Service of the Maternity School of UFRJ. The records, based on the participant observation and field diary, were analyzed in two thematic axes: 1) psychological interventions in the teamwork in the prenatal attendance, ultrasound examination and amniocentesis procedure; and 2) psychological interventions in cases of babies incompatible to the life. The results indicated that the psychologist in this service is essential to work in a multidisciplinary way at the prenatal care for high fetal risk pregnancies. Furthermore, the resident's preceptorship is relevant to their education and training for professional performance in the field of Perinatal Psychology.(AU)

Con los avances tecnológicos y la mejora de la práctica médica a través de la ecografía, ya se puede detectar posibles problemas en el feto desde el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la práctica del psicólogo en el contexto de embarazos de riesgos fetal. Es un estudio cualitativo basado en un relato de experiencia como residente de psicología en el Servicio de Medicina Fetal de la Escuela de Maternidad de la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Los registros, realizados en la observación participante y el diario de campo, se analizaron en dos ejes temáticos: 1) intervenciones psicológicas en el trabajo en equipo, en la consulta prenatal, ecografía y los procedimientos de amniocentesis; y 2) intervenciones psicológicas en casos de bebés incompatibles con la vida. Los resultados señalaron como fundamental la presencia del psicólogo en este servicio trabajando de forma multidisciplinar en la atención prenatal en el contexto de embarazos de alto riesgo fetal. Además, la tutela del residente es relevante para su educación y formación para el desempeño profesional en el campo de la Psicología Perinatal.(AU)

Gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity are related to persistent hyperglycemia in the postpartum period / Diabetes mellitus gestacional e obesidade estão relacionados à hiperglicemia persistente no período pós-parto

Abstract Objective To evaluate the obstetric and sociodemographic characteristics of gestational diabetic women who maintained hyperglycemia in the postpartum period (6-12 weeks postpartum). Methods This is a longitudinal cohort study with women who have had gestational diabetes and/or macrosomic children between March 1st, 2016 and March 1st, 2017. Between 6 and 12 weeks after birth, women who had gestational diabetes collected fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin results. The data were collected from medical records and during an interview in the first postpartum consultation. A statistical analysis was performed using frequency, percentage, Chi- Squared test, Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate Poisson regression. The significance level adopted for the statistical tests was 5%. Results One hundred and twenty-two women were included. Most of the women were younger than 35 years old (70.5%), white, multiparous, and with no history of gestational diabetes. Thirteen percent of the participants developed persistent hyperglycemia. A univariate analysis showed that maternal age above 35 years, being overweight, having grade 1 obesity and weight gain under 5 kg was related to the persistence of hyperglycemia in the postpartum period. Conclusion Maternal age above 35 years, obesity and overweight, and the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with hyperglycemia during the postpartum period.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar características sociodemográficas e obstétricas de mulheres com diabetes gestacional que mantêm hiperglicemia no período pós-parto (6-12 semanas pós-parto). Métodos Este é um estudo longitudinal de coorte com mulheres com diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional e/ou macrossomia fetal entre 1° de março de 2016 a 1° de março de 2017. As mulheres coletaram glicemia de jejum, teste de tolerância a glicose e hemoglobina glicada entre 6 a 12 semanas pós-parto. Os dados foram coletados de prontuários médicos e durante entrevista na primeira consulta de revisão pós-parto. Uma análise estatística foi realizada através do cálculo de frequências, porcentagens, teste do qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, teste de Mann-Whitney e regressão multivariada de Poisson. A significância estatística adotada foi de 5%. Resultados Cento e vinte e duas mulheres foram incluídas. A maioria delas tinha menos de 35 anos de idade (70,5%), eram brancas, multíparas, e não tinham história de diabetes gestacional. Treze por cento das participantes desenvolveu hiperglicemia persistente. A análise univariada mostrou que os fatores relacionados com a persistência de hiperglicemia no período pós-natal foram: idade materna acima de 35 anos, sobrepeso, obesidade grau 1 e ganho de peso abaixo de 5 quilos. A análisemultivariada incluiu o diagnóstico no primeiro trimestre como fator de risco para hiperglicemia persistente. Conclusão Mulheres acima de 35 anos, obesidade, sobrepeso e diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional no primeiro trimestre estão relacionados com hiperglicemia persistente no período pós-parto.

Morbilidad materna en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Baracoa, Guantánamo 2019 / Maternal morbidity in the Intensive Care Unit from Baracoa, Guantanamo 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio de la morbilidad materna contribuye en la reducción de la mortalidad y es una forma de evaluar la atención que se otorga a las embarazadas. Objetivo: Caracterizar la morbilidad materna en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Octavio de la Concepción y la Pedraja" de Baracoa, Guantánamo, durante el año 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal de las 66 gestantes y puérperas ingresadas en dicha unidad durante enero-diciembre de 2019. Se precisaron las siguientes variables: edad, antecedentes patológicos personales, situación obstétrica, tratamiento aplicado, modo de terminar el embarazo, complicaciones y estadía. Resultados: La edad promedio fue entre 16 y 20 años. El mayor por ciento fueron puérperas (59,1 %) y, de ellas, cesareadas el 43,9 %, el 71,2 % ingresó por alguna enfermedad obstétrica y solo el 28,8 % por afección no obstétrica, predominó el embarazo ectópico (25,7 %) y la pielonefritis (9,0 %). El 89,4 % recibió tratamiento quirúrgico y el 65,1 % presentó complicaciones, la estadía osciló entre 3 y 5 días. Conclusiones: La morbilidad materna se presenta en edades propias del período reproductivo, se manifiesta mayormente en la etapa del puerperio. Las afecciones obstétricas constituyen la causa principal de ingreso representadas por el embarazo ectópico, la preeclampsia-eclampsia y la endometritis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Study of the maternal morbidity contributes to reduce mortality and it is a way to evaluate the care given to the women in pregnancy. Objective: Maternal morbidity characterization in the Intensive Care Unit of the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Octavio de la Concepción y la Pedraja" in Baracoa, Guantánamo, during 2019. Method: An observacional, prospective and longitudinal study was conducted of the total of the 66 pregnant and postpartum women admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between junuary and dicember 2019. Variables used: age, personal pathological history, obstetric situation, applied treatments, way to terminate the pregnancy, complications and stay. Results: Average age was 16 to 20 years of age. 59.1% among women were postpartum (highest percent), and 43,9 % of them were under cesarean delivery, 71.2% were admitted for some obstetrical condition and only 28.8% for nonobstetrical condition, predominating the ectopic pregnancy (25.7%) and pyelonephritis (9.0%). 89.4% received surgical treatment and 65.1% presented complications, the stay was between 3 and 5 days. Conclusions: Maternal morbidity occurs at ages appropriate to the reproductive period, mostly during the postpartum stage. Obstetric conditions are the main cause of admission represented by ectopic pregnancy, pre-eclampsia-eclampsia and endometritis.

Morbilidad y mortalidad maternas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Dr Agostinho Neto / Maternal morbility and mortality in the Intensive Care Unit of Dr Agostinho Neto Provincial Hospital

Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal de las 202 gestantes y puérperas ingresadas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo, durante el período 2015-2016, con vistas a caracterizar la mortalidad y la morbilidad maternas según variables sociodemográficas y biológicas de interés para la investigación. La edad media fue de 26,3 ± 6,4 años. En la serie, 14,8 por ciento tenía antecedente de asma bronquial y 10,9 por ciento recibió ventilación artificial; asimismo, 37,1 por ciento ingresó por alguna enfermedad obstétrica y 62,9 por ciento por afección no obstétrica, con predominio de la eclampsia-preclampsia grave (10,8 por ciento) y la neumonía bacterina (15,3 por ciento ), respectivamente. Por otra parte, a 24,8 por ciento de la muestra se le realizó histerectomía y 58,4 por ciento presentó complicaciones. Fallecieron 3 pacientes (1,5 por ciento), de modo que en dicha Unidad, la morbilidad materna fue notable y la letalidad baja

An observational, prospective and longitudinal study of the 202 pregnant and postpartum women who were admitted at the Intensive Care Unit of Dr Agostinho Neto Hospital in Guantánamo was carried out during the period 2015-2016, with the aim of characterizing the maternal morbility and mortality according to social demographic and biological variables of interest for the investigation. The mean age was of 26,3 ± 6,4 years. In the series, 14,8 percent had a history of bronchial asthma and 10,9 percent received artificial ventilation; also, 37,1 percent were admitted due to some obstetric disease and 62,9 percent due to non obstetric disorder, with a prevalence of the severe eclampsia-preclampsia (10,8 percent) and the pneumonia bacterina (15,3 percent), respectively. On the other hand, in 24,8 percent of the sample hysterectomy was carried out and 58,4 percent of it presented complications. Three patients died (1,5 percent), so in this Unit the maternal morbility was remarkable and letality was low

Maternal complications and cesarean section without indication: systematic review and meta-analysis / Complicações maternas e cesárea sem indicação: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the risks of severe acute maternal complications associated with cesarean section without medical indication. METHODS A systematic review was carried out with meta-analysis. The literature search was performed systematically, in multiple stages, in the PubMed, Lilacs, and Web of Science databases using the following descriptors: (postpartum period) and (cesarean section or natural childbirth) and ((morbidity or mortality) or (postpartum hemorrhage) or (puerperal infection) or (surgical infection) or (puerperal disorders)). The protocol of the study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42016032933. A total of 1,328 articles were found; after selection, eight publications that met the study objective and inclusion criteria were selected, with information on 1,051,543 individuals. RESULTS The results obtained in the meta-analyses indicate that women with cesarean section have a higher chance of maternal death (OR = 3.10, 95%CI 1.92-5.00) and postpartum infection (OR = 2.83, 95%CI, 1.585.06), but they have a lower chance of hemorrhage (OR = 0.52, 95%CI 0.48-0.57). For the blood transfusion outcome, the group effect was not associated with the type of delivery (95%CI 0.88-2.81). CONCLUSIONS The quality of evidence was considered low for hemorrhage and blood transfusion and moderate for postpartum infection and maternal death. Thus, cesarean sections should be performed with caution and safety, especially when its benefits outweigh the risks of a surgical procedure.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar os riscos de complicações maternas agudas graves associadas ao parto cesárea sem indicação médica. MÉTODOS Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise. A busca na literatura ocorreu de forma sistemática, em múltiplas etapas, nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Web of Science, utilizando os descritores: (postpartum period) and (cesarean section or natural childbirth) and ((morbidity or mortality) or (postpartum hemorrhage) or (puerperal infection) or (surgical infection) or (puerperal disorders)). O protocolo de estudo foi registrado na PROSPERO sob o número CRD42016032933. Foram encontrados 1.328 artigos, permanecendo, após seleção, oito publicações que atendiam ao objetivo do estudo e critérios de inclusão, com informações de 1.051.543 indivíduos. RESULTADOS Os resultados obtidos nas meta-análises indicam que mulheres de parto cesárea tem maior chance de morte materna (OR = 3,10; IC95% 1,92-5,00) e infecção pós-parto (OR = 2,83; IC95% 1,58-5,06), mas possuem menor chance de hemorragia (OR = 0,52; IC95% 0,48-0,57). Para o desfecho transfusão de sangue, o efeito agrupado não foi associado à via de parto (IC95% 0,88-2,81). CONCLUSÕES A qualidade da evidência foi considerada baixa para os desfechos hemorragia e transfusão de sangue e moderada para infecção pós-parto e morte materna. Assim, as cesáreas devem ser realizadas com prudência e segurança, principalmente quando seus benefícios superam os riscos de um procedimento cirúrgico.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao Near Miss Materno: inquérito populacional em uma capital do Nordeste Brasileiro / Prevalence and factors associated with Maternal Near Misses: a survey of the population in a capital city of the Brazilian Northeast

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência do near miss e de complicações no período gravídico-puerperal, identificando seus principais marcadores clínicos e de intervenção e os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos a ele associados. Trata-se de um estudo seccional, de base populacional, probabilístico, com amostra complexa, realizado em Natal/RN, Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário validado em 848 mulheres, de 15 a 49 anos, identificadas em 8.227 domicílios de 60 setores censitários. Nas análises de associações, aplicou-se o teste Qui-quadrado e calculou-se a Razão de Prevalência (RP) com Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% e significância de 5%. A prevalência de near miss materno foi de 41,1/1.000 NV, sendo a internação em UTI (19,1/1.000 NV) e a eclampsia (13,5/1.000 NV) os marcadores mais referidos. A prevalência de complicações no período gravídico-puerperal foi de 21,2%. A maior prevalência do near miss foi observada nas mulheres com maior idade, da raça preta/parda e com piores condições socioeconômicas. A realização de inquéritos populacionais é factível e pode acrescentar informações importantes ao estudo do near miss e seus marcadores apontam para a necessidade de fortalecimento da assistência materna para reduzir iniquidades em saúde.

The scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of near misses and complications during pregnancy and the puerperal period, identifying the main clinical and intervention markers and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with near misses. It involved a cross-sectional, population-based and probabilistic study with multi-stage complex sampling design conducted in Natal, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A validated questionnaire was given to 848 women aged 15 to 49 identified in 8,227 households in 60 census sectors. In theanalysis of associations, the Chi-square test applied and calculated the prevalence ratio (PR) with Confidence Interval (CI) of 95% and 5% significance. The prevalence of maternal near misses was 41.1/1000LB, with hospitalization in an Intensive Care Unit (19.1/1000LB) and eclampsia (13.5/1000LB) being the most important markers. The prevalence of complications during pregnancy and the puerperal period was 21.2%. The highest prevalence of near misses was observed in older women, of black/brown race and low socioeconomic status. Conducting population surveys is feasible and may add important information to the study of near misses and the markers highlight the need for enhancing maternal care to reduce health inequality.

Facility-based care for delivery and management of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth in Mexico

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and management of severe maternal and newborn complications in selected health facilities in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn health, information was collected from medical records of women with deliveries and/or severe maternal complications during pregnancy or puerperium in 14 hospitals in Mexico City and the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. RESULTS: Of 13 311 women, 157 (12 per 1 000 live births) had severe maternal complications including 4 maternal deaths. The most frequent complications were preeclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, and chronic hypertension. Adverse perinatal outcomes were more frequent among women with severe maternal complications. A high use of uterotonics and parenteral antibiotics was found. A small proportion of women with eclampsia received magnesium sulfate. CONCLUSION: This study provides indicators on the incidence and management of maternal and neonatal complications in Mexico, which may be useful in studying and evaluating the performance of obstetric services.

OBJETIVO: Describir la incidencia y manejo de complicaciones maternas y neonatales severas en hospitales seleccionados de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En el marco de la Encuesta Multipaís de la OMS sobre Salud Materna y Neonatal, se recolectó información de los expedientes médicos de las mujeres que tuvieron su parto o experimentaron complicaciones maternas severas durante el embarazo o puerperio en 14 hospitales de la Ciudad de México y el estado de Guanajuato, México. RESULTADOS: De 13 311 mujeres, 157 (12/1 000 nacidos vivos) tuvieron complicaciones maternas severas, incluyendo 4 muertes maternas. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron preeclampsia, hemorragia postparto e hipertensión crónica. Los resultados perinatales adversos fueron más frecuentes en las mujeres con complicaciones severas. Hubo un uso amplio de uterotónicos y antibióticos parenterales. Una baja proporción de mujeres con eclampsia recibió sulfato de magnesio. CONCLUSIONES: Esta encuesta proporciona indicadores sobre la incidencia y manejo de las complicaciones maternas y neonatales en México, los cuales pueden ser de utilidad para estudiar y evaluar el desempeño de los servicios obstétricos.

Hemodiálisis y embarazo: aspectos técnicos / Hemodialysis and pregnancy: technical aspects

La hemodiálisis es el método de primera elección para sustituir la función renal en mujeres con insuficiencia renal crónica o aguda durante el embarazo o posparto. Las complicaciones perinatales son frecuentes, sin embargo, el conocimiento de la adecuación de la técnica en el tratamiento médico de las pacientes puede contribuir a la reducción de su presentación y mejorar los resultados perinatales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue revisar la técnica y prescripción médica de la hemodiálisis en la mujer durante el embarazo o posparto. Este tipo de enfermas debe atenderse en un centro de alta especialidad. Se recomienda la hemodiálisis intensa incrementando la frecuencia y duración de las sesiones, utilizar aparatos que manejan altos flujos de sangre y líquido de diálisis, filtros nuevos, microdosis de heparina y limitar la ultrafiltración para evitar cambios hemodinámicos, hidroelectrolíticos, metabólicos, hemorragia obstétrica o parto pretérmino. El objetivo es mantener un estado clínico satisfactorio y niveles sanguíneos maternos de nitrógeno de la urea ≤ 80 mg/dl y creatinina 5 a 7 mg/dl para favorecer el crecimiento y desarrollo fetales. El tratamiento farmacológico rutinario debe continuarse, ajustando el número de medicamentos y su dosis de manera individual. El conocimiento de la técnica de hemodiálisis y su prescripción pueden contribuir a lograr mejores resultados perinatales.

Hemodialysis is the gold standard for substitution of renal function in women with chronic or acute renal insufficiency during pregnancy or during the postpartum period. Perinatal complications are frequent. Recognition of appropriate techniques in medical treatment of patients will contribute to decrease its incidence and allow better perinatal results. We undertook this study to review the techniques and medical indications of hemodialysis in pregnant and postpartum patients. This condition requires care in a high-specialty medical center. We recommend incremental increases in intensity and frequency and duration of treatments, use of equipment to manage fluctuations in blood and dialysis fluids, new filters, microdose of heparin and limiting ultrafiltration to avoid hemodynamic, electrolytic, and metabolic alterations, obstetrical hemorrhage or premature delivery. The objective is to maintain a satisfactory clinical status and maternal blood, urea, nitrogen (BUN) levels =80 mg/dl and creatinine 5-7 mg/dl for opportune fetal development and birth. Routine pharmacological treatment should continually be individually adjusted as to number of medications and dosage. Recognition of hemodialysis techniques and indications will contribute to obtaining improved perinatal results.

A qualidade da informação sobre o parto no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1999 a 2001 / Quality of childbirth data in the Hospital Information System in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1999-2001

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o sub-registro e a confiabilidade dos dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS) no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Comparam-se os dados do SIH/SUS sobre puérperas em hospitais conveniados ao SUS com dados de prontuários médicos e de um estudo de morbi-mortalidade e atenção perinatal e neonatal no Município do Rio de Janeiro. A concordância das informações sobre idade da puérpera e tipo de parto (medidas pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e pelo índice kappa) foi quase perfeita: 0,95 e 0,94, respectivamente. A confiabilidade (kappa) da residência materna foi inversamente proporcional ao nível de agregação dos bairros (0,76 para áreas programáticas e 0,68 para região administrativa). Para o tipo de parto, a sensibilidade e especificidade das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) foram 98,6 por cento e 99,3 por cento, respectivamente. Das 6.835 internações em maternidades conveniadas ao SUS, 11,9 por cento não foram registradas no SIH/SUS. A alta proporção de cesarianas entre as AIH não emitidas sugere que o cumprimento de Portarias que limitam o pagamento deste tipo de parto induz à alteração intencional do procedimento.

This study aimed to assess the coverage and reliability of the Hospital Admissions Information System (SIH/SUS) in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data for women who gave birth in hospitals belonging to the Unified National Health System (SUS) were compared with data from medical records and interviews from a morbidity and mortality survey. Reliability was almost perfect for age (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.95) and mode of delivery (kappa = 0.94). The sensitivity and specificity of the SIH/SUS for cesarean section were 98.6 percent and 99.3 percent, respectively. Reliability of data on addresses was inversely related to level of data aggregation: 0.76 for programmatic areas and 0.68 for administrative regions. Of 6,835 hospital admissions covered by the SUS, 11.9 percent showed no records in the SIS-SUS. The high cesarean rate among admissions without prior authorization by the public system appears to be related to regulations setting limits on reimbursement according to mode of delivery.

Dispareunia en mujeres después del parto: estudio de casos y controles en un hospital de Acapulco, México / Women's dyspareunia after childbirth: a case study in a hospital in Acapulco, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados con la dispareunia entre 60 y 180 días después del parto en mujeres con antecedentes de uno o dos partos. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, pareados por la edad y la paridad en 304 mujeres que acudieron al servicio de planificación familiar de un hospital de Acapulco, Guerrero, México, entre los 60 y 180 días después del parto. Se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas sobre su situación socioeconómica (edad, escolaridad propia y de su pareja, estado civil, situación laboral, de seguridad social y de tenencia de su casa) y sus antecedentes obstétricos (características del parto, paridad, lugar de atención, desgarros, episiotomía y complicaciones) y ginecológicos (sensación de estrechez del introito, presencia de cicatriz queloide de la episiorrafia, síntomas de vaginitis, resequedad vaginal, métodos anticonceptivos empleados y tipo y duración de la lactancia). Se consideraron como casos a las mujeres que refirieron dolor, ardor o sangrado al tener relaciones sexuales con penetración vaginal después del parto. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística no condicionada y se calcularon las razones de posibilidades (odds ratios, OR) y los intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento). RESULTADOS: De 368 mujeres que habían reiniciado relaciones sexuales, 152 (41,3 por ciento) refirieron dispareunia. Los factores asociados con dispareunia fueron haber tenido infección con o sin dehiscencia de la episiorrafia (OR = 34,09; IC95 por ciento: 10,59 a 109,78), presentar síntomas de vaginitis (OR = 7,43; IC95 por ciento: 3,68 a 14,99), tener sensación de estrechez del introito vaginal (OR = 6,38; IC95 por ciento: 2,92 a 13,94) y practicar la lactancia exclusiva (OR = 4,86; IC95 por ciento: 2,44 a 9,69). CONCLUSIONES: La dispareunia estuvo relacionada con las complicaciones de la episiotomía y sus posibles secuelas, como la infección, la dehiscencia de la episiorrafia y la estrechez del introito...

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with dyspareunia, during the 60-180 days following childbirth, in women with a history of one or two childbirths. METHODS: A case study of 304 women, matched by age and parity who visited family planning services in a hospital in Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Mexico, 60-180 days after giving birth. A questionnaire was administered to assess socioeconomic status (age, level of education, partner's level of education, marital status, employment, social security, and homeownership), obstetric history (type of birth, parity, location of the birth, tearing, episiotomy, and complications), and gynecological status (constricted introitus, scar tissue at the episiotomy site, symptoms of vaginitis, vaginal dryness, contraceptive use, and breast feeding duration). Cases were defined as those women who related pain, burning, or bleeding following vaginal intercourse after childbirth. An unconditional logistic regression model was applied and odd ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence interval were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 368 women who had reinitiated sexual relations, 152 (41.3 percent) mentioned dyspareunia. The factors associated with dyspareunia were: an infection with or without episiorrhaphy dehiscence (OR = 34.09; CI95 percent: 10.59-109.78); symptoms of vaginitis (OR = 7.43; CI95 percent: 3.68-14.99); tightness in the introitus of the vagina (OR = 6.38; CI95 percent: 2.92-13.94), and breast feeding exclusively (OR = 4.86; CI95 percent: 2.44- 9.69). CONCLUSIONS: Dyspareunia was related to complications with episiotomy and its possible sequelae, such as infection, episiorrhaphy dehiscence, and constricted introitus. More attention should be given to the episiotomy site during the postpartum period and greater selectivity is needed when deciding which women require an episiotomy.

Influencia de los factores socioculturales en la morbilidad y/o mortalidad materna y perinatal de adolescentes atendidas en tres estados de la República Mexicana / Effect of sociocultural factors on maternal and perinatal morbidity with or without mortality among adolescents seen in 3 states of the Mexican Republic

This study was aimed on comparing the degree of association between social-cultural factors and maternal or perinatal morbidity and/or mortality of the adolescent. A paired case-control study was designed with adolescent in puerperal immediate stage affiliated to the Mexican Institute of Social Security from Tabasco, Tlaxcala and Northern Veracruz, that were adjusted to the selection criteria of the sample, between June of 1998 and February of 1999. Two groups were integrated, cases, with adolescent in puerperal immediate stage affected (with maternal or perinatal morbidity and/or mortality) and controls, with adolescent not affected in puerperal immediate stage. Information concerned to biological and social-cultural risk factors from each subject was obtained applying a validated survey (EFRASEMA 1) and checking their clinical file, whose information was poured in a database (EFRASEMA 2). Interviewers did not know the outcome of the study, which in turn assured the blindness of the information. Once data was obtained, subjects were assigned to each group of study. Matching factors were age, nutritional status, intergenesic interval and previous pregnancy systemic pathology. Proportion of subjects, cases and controls; with or without social-cultural risk factors was determined. The risk of maternal or perinatal morbidity and/or mortality in the exposed subjects was estimated by odds ratio (OR) and the differences inferred through Mantel and Haenszel chi 2 and Fisher's exact tests (confidence intervals alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.2). There was a sample of 486 subject, 44 were eliminated due to insufficient data. Studied population was integrated finally with 221 cases and 221 paired controls 1: 1. 71.950 of participants were married, 22.62 in free union, 4.98 single and 0.45 separate, average global age was 17.98 +/- 1.39 years. The inferential analysis showed an OR 0.64 (Cornfield 95 confidence limits: 0.40 < OR < 1.03, p = 0.0510600) concerning desired pregnancy in favor to controls. Appropriate reproductive information had an OR = 0.34 (Cornfield 95 confidence limits: 0.21 < OR < 0.54 p = 0.0000014). Ideal cumulated fertility offered an OR 0.62 (Cornfield 95 confidence limits: 0.39 < OR < 0.98, p = 0.0298500). These results show an association between the social-cultural factors and the presence of maternal or perinatal morbidity and/or mortality in the studied adolescents. Desired pregnancy, appropriate reproductive information and ideal cumu

Morbilidad materna en la adolescente embarazada / Maternal morbidity in adolescent pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the maternal morbidity in < or = 16 year old pregnant teenagers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study of the reviewed cases was carried out from June 1998 to May 1999. All pregnant teenagers which attended the Coordination for the Attention of the Teenage Patient and whose pregnancy came to term during the study period were included. The following variables were analyzed: maternal age, preexisting related diseases, number of pregnancies, number of prenatal control medical visits and the time at which these were started, and maternal morbidity secondary to pregnancy. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety six of 330 case were included. The average maternal age was 15.1 years old (10-16 range); 68.9 had finished middle school; 82.2 were housekeepers, and 61.4 were single. Prenatal control was initiated in the 2nd trimester by 50.7 of them, while 39.5 started it in the 3rd trimester and the remaining 9.8 in the 1st trimester. The most frequent previous pathologies were: bronchial asthma (2.5), drug addiction (2), hypothyroidism (2), cardiopathy (1.5). The most common complications during pregnancy: urinary system infections (20.4), anemia (9.8), threats of premature labour (9.8), premature membrane rupture (9), hypertensive disease induced by pregnancy (3.2), delayed intrauterine growth (2.4) and fetal malformation (2.4). About 44.1 of the pregnancies were interrupted by cesarean section, 35.6 by eutochia and 20.3 by instrumented labour. The most frequent complications during the puerperium were: tearing of the canal of the cervix (7), decidual endometritis (3.3), dehiscence of surgical wounds (2.7), and pyelonephritis (1.6). CONCLUSIONS: The pregnant teenager is a "special" patient form the biopsychosocial point of view, thus, she must be managed by a multidisciplinary team, with special emphasis in the problems analyzed in this study.

Aspectos relevantes do atendimento psicólogico no ciclo grávido-puerperal / Relevant aspects of psychological attendance during pregnancy - puerperal periodo

A falta de implementaçäo de programas adequados de atendimento no ciclo grávido-puerperal é uma constante nos serviços de saúde brasileiros. Muito embora a psicologia da gravidez, parto e puerpério tenha adquirido um suporte teórico e metodológico considerável, a populaçäo continua a näo dispor desses serviços, e desconhecendo seus benefícios para um bom suporte emocional numa fase considerada "crítica", para muitos. As autoras monstram as condutas psicológicas relevantes em cada fase do ciclo grávido-puerperal (gestaçäo, parto e puerpério), relacionando-as ao contexto sócio-cultural e econônica onde as gestantes estäo inseridas, enfatizando que todo o trabalho psicológico, se situa em termos de prevençäo primária possíveis complicaçöes e quadros patológicos, além de situaçöes especiais, tais como, abortos, malformaçöes, mortes, etc

Prevalencia de depresión postparto y factores asociados en Santiago, Chile / Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors in Santiago, Chile

The aim of this study was to stimate the prevalence and associated factors to postpartum depression (PPD) in a sample of women attending clinics representative of different socioeconomic levels in Santiago. A total of 542 mothers selected from five health centers filled in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale which was used as the diagnostic criteria, a score of 10 and above being considered diagnostic of depression. Based in our findings, the prevalence of PPD would be 36,7 percent after adjusting for socioeconomic distribution in Santiago. An inverse relationship was found between socioeconomic status and prevalence of PPD. Mothers with lower incomes had a three-fold increase in prevalence of PPD in comparison to mothers with higher incomes. Single mothers (unmarried, separated and widows) were twice more likely to be cases of PPD

Cuadros depresivos en el postparto y variables asociadas en una cohorte de 125 mujeres embarazadas / Depressive disorders in the postpartum and associated variables in a sample of 125 pregnancy women

Se estudia el desarrollo de cuadros depresivos en el puerperio en una cohorte de 125 mujeres embarazadas y diversos factores asociados a este fenómeno. Se encontró un incidencia de 8.8 por ciento y una prevalencia de 20.5 por ciento para este trastorno. El análisis de riesgo mostró que la actitud negativa hacia su embarazo, el antecedente de depresión en el tercer trimestre de éste y la insatisfacción con su relación de pareja, son los factores que se asociaron en forma significativa

Mortalidade de mulheres, mortalidade materna: SUS-4/1988 / Women mortality, maternal mortality: SUS-4/1988

Apresenta e discute a magnitude, estrutura e demográficas, sócio-econômicas, reprodutivas e de hábitos pessoais das residentes de 10 a 49 anos do SUS-4 falecidas em 1988, a partir das informaÇöes de 4 fontes de dados: atestado de óbito; entrevista com familiares; prontuários médicos e laudos de Serviço de Verificaçäo de Obitos ou Instituto Médico Legal. A mortalidade feminina foi 101,4/100.000 mulheres de 10 a 49 anos, maior na Vila Formosa (141,1) e menor no Alto da Móoca (74,4). As principais causas corrigidas foram neoplasias - 23,8%; doenças cardiovasculares - 22,1%; causas externas - 11,2%; distúrbios mentais - 9,5%e complicaçöes da gravidez, parto e puerpério- 6,7%. O perfil da mortalidade encontrada diverge da oficial e as razöes säo discutidas. A mortalidade materna foi 141,8/100.000nv, 3 vezes superior à oficial. Discutem-se as razöes da diferença. Causas obstétricas diretas foram responsáveis por 48,6%das mortes; as indiretas por 37,1%e as näo relacionadas por 14,3%. Das mortes maternas 23,3%ocorrerram na gestaçäo; 40%no puerpério precoce (até 42 dias após término da gestaçäo, parto ou aborto) e 36,7%no puerpério tardio (mais de 42 dias após o término da gestaçäo, parto ou aborto). A evitabilidade e responsabilidade dos agentes nas mortes maternas säo avaliadas. Casos paradigmáticos säo analisados e discutidas intervençöes preventivas