Automedicación y riesgo de abuso con benzodiacepinas en pacientes adultos Lima-Perú, 2019 / Self-medication and risk of abuse with benzodiazepines in adults patients Lima-Peru, 2019

RESUMEN: Introducción: Las benzodiacepinas tienen potencial para generar abuso, por lo que, un consumo indiscriminado, a través de la venta sin prescripción y la práctica de automedicación, significaría un alto riesgo, producto de su abuso. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la automedicación con benzodiacepinas y el riesgo de abuso en pacientes de un hospital de Lima-Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico. Se encuestó a 874 participantes, se usó una encuesta para determinar datos demográficos, uso de benzodiacepinas y preguntas de la prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST, por sus siglas en inglés); se obtuvo estadística descriptiva y analítica. Resultados: Hubo más encuestadas del sexo femenino (74,5%), la mediana de edades fue de 52 años (rango intercuartílico: 40-62 años). De los adultos estudiados, 485 fueron considerados como consumidores de benzodiacepinas con receta médica y 389 sin receta médica. Los consumidores con receta médica y sin receta médica que necesitaron tratamiento fueron 129 (26,6%) y 245 (63,0%), respectivamente (p<0.001). Conclusión: Hay una mayor prevalencia de personas que necesitan tratamiento por abuso en consumidores sin receta médica que en el grupo de consumidores con receta médica, por lo que, existe una relación significativa entre la automedicación con benzodiacepinas y el riesgo de abuso; lo que requiere tratamiento en la población estudiada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Benzodiazepines have the potential to generate abuse, so an indiscriminate consumption, through the sale without prescription and the practice of self-medication, would mean a high risk due to their abuse. Objective: To establish the relationship between self-medication with benzodiazepines and the risk of abuse that requires treatment in adult patients of Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho, 2019. Methodology: It was an observational, correlational descriptive, transversal and prospective study. The sample size was 874 participants (95.0% confidence level; 80% power). Sampling was performed non-randomly. A survey was used to determine demographics, benzodiazepine use, and questions of Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Results: Of the study population, the most prevalent demographic data were female sex (74.5%), the median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 40-62 years), the age range 50-59 years (26.43%), married marital status (31.6%), secondary education level (48.4%) and occupation as a housewife (47.3%). Of adults studied, 485 were considered as consumers of benzodiazepines with prescription and 389 consumers without a prescription. Prescription and non-prescription consumers needing treatment were 129 (26.60%) and 245 (62.98%), respectively (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of people who need treatment for abuse in consumers without a prescription than in the group of consumers with a prescription so there is a significant relationship between self-medication with benzodiazepines and the risk of abuse that requires treatment in study population.

Prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas em gestantes e puérperas / Prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en mujeres embarazadas y puérperas / Prevalence of psychoactive substance use in pregnant and puerperal women

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas em gestantes e puérperas atendidas no ambulatório de um Hospital Escola. Método: pesquisa transversal, descritiva, com amostra de 174 gestantes e puérperas. Na coleta de dados, utilizou-se o instrumento padronizado Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e um questionário sociodemográfico e gineco-obstétrico. A análise de dados foi realizada por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas entre as gestantes foi de 28,7 % e 1,1% entre as puérperas, com destaque para o álcool e tabaco. O tabaco constitui a substância com maior frequência de uso; que desencadeia maior desejo/urgência de consumo; maior taxa de tentativas de diminuição. Conclusão: o uso de substâncias psicoativas na gestação e puerpério constitui-se um desafio à saúde pública e para os profissionais de saúde, suscitando o desenvolvimento de ações educativas, bem como a captação precoce dessas mulheres.

Objective: to investigate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use in pregnant and puerperal women attended at an outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital. Method: A descriptive transversal research with a sample of 174 pregnant and puerperal women. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and a sociodemographic and obstetric-gynecologic survey were utilized in data collection. Data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics. Results: the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among pregnant women was of 28.7% and 1.1% among puerperal women, with alcohol and tobacco as highlights. Tobacco constitutes the substance with greater frequency of use, triggering greater desire/urgency of consummation and a higher rate of intake lowering attempts. Conclusion: the use of psychoactive substances among pregnant and puerperal women constitutes a challenge to public health and for health professionals, eliciting the development of educational actions as well as early identification of these women.

Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia del uso de sustancias psicoactivas en mujeres embarazadas y puérperas atendidas en el ambulatorio de un Hospital Escuela. Método: investigación transversal, descriptiva, con una muestra de 174 mujeres embarazadas y puérperas. En la recopilación de datos, se utilizó el instrumento estandarizadoAlcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico y gineco-obstétrico. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre las embarazadas fue del 28,7%, mientras que entre las puérperas fuel del 1,1%, con destaque para el alcohol y el tabaco. El tabaco constituye la sustancia de mayor frecuencia de uso; que desencadena mayor deseo/urgencia de consumo; mayor tasa de tentativas de disminución. Conclusión: el uso de sustancias psicoactivas en elembarazo y el puerperio constituye un reto para la salud pública y para los profesionales de la salud, suscitando el desarrollo de acciones educativas, así como la captación temprana de estas mujeres.

Adolescentes em território de grande circulação de substâncias psicoativas: uso e prejuízos / Adolescents in a wide-circulation territory of psychoactive substances: use and losses

Objetivou descrever o perfil de problemas associados ao uso de substâncias entre adolescentes, estudantes de ensino fundamental de uma escola situada em território de intensa circulação de drogas, e verificar as relações com uso e características sociodemográficas. Estudo transversal e correlacional preditivo, com 109 estudantes do nono ano, que responderam ao questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas e o Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI). Os dados foram analisados por estatísticas descritivas, testes de associação e cálculo de densidades de problemas investigadas pelo DUSI. Houve maior densidade de problemas para todas as áreas de vida investigadas dentre os escolares que já haviam feito uso de substâncias psicoativas. "Praticar a religião" foi identificado como fator de proteção para o uso de substâncias psicoativas e "trabalhar" como fator de risco para o uso de álcool. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de estratégias preventivas direcionadas ao uso de substâncias e orientadas a esse público.

It aimed to describe the profile of problems associated with substance use among adolescents, elementary school students from a school located in a territory with a high circulation of drugs, and to verify the relationships between use and sociodemographic characteristics. Cross-sectional and predictive correlational study, with 109 ninth-year students, who answered the questionnaire containing sociodemographic information and the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, association tests, and calculation of problem densities investigated by the DUSI. There was a greater density of problems for all areas of life investigated among students who had already used psychoactive substances. "Practice religion" was identified as a protective factor for the use of psychoactive substances and "work" as a risk factor for the use of alcohol. The need for preventive strategies directed to the use of substances and directed to this public was evidenced.

Family and contextual factors associated with licit drug use in adolescence

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: TO evaluate the family and contextual factors associated with licit drug use among 15 to 19-year-old adolescents in the school context. METHODS: This is a representative, school-based, cross-sectional study conducted with 746 adolescents from 15 to 19 years old enrolled in public and private schools. Parents/guardians reported on the sociodemographic variables, while adolescents answered questionnaires on drug use, family cohesion and adaptability, oral health literacy and visits to the dentist. Information on school context was obtained at the institution and via municipal publications. Associations between variables were analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted multilevel Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Prevalence of licit drug use at least once and a pattern indicative of harmful drug use were 39.8% and 15.1%, respectively. After the adjusted analysis of licit drug use at least once, the variables gender (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.01-1.59), family cohesion (PR = 9.81; 95%CI: 1.23-72.54), and average income of the school district (PR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.57-0.91) remained in the final model. As for drug abuse, only the detached type (PR = 23.01; 95%CI: 2.46-214.87) and separated type (PR = 13.54; 95%CI: 1.40-130.97) of family cohesion remained in the final model. CONCLUSION: Experience with licit drug use was associated with family and contextual factors among the adolescents, while family cohesion was the main factor related to harmful drug use.

Tattooing among Iranian prisoners: results of the two national biobehavioral surveillance surveys in 2015-2016

Abstract Background: Tattooing is among identified risk factor for blood-borne diseases. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prisons and its related factors among Iranian prisoners. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The required data was obtained from hepatitis B and C surveillance surveys in prisons in 2015-2016 that was collected through face-to-face interview. 12,800 prisoners were selected by multi-stage random sampling from 55 prisons of 19 provinces in Iran. Weighted prevalence and associated factors (using Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression) were determined by Stata/SE 14.0 survey package. Results: Out of 12,800 prisioners, 11,988 participated in the study (93.6% participation rate). The prevalence of tattooing in lifetime and in prisons was 44.7% and 31.1% respectively. The prevalence of tattooing during lifetime was significantly associated with age < 35 years, being single, illiteracy, history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing during lifetime, extramarital sex and history of STI; the prevalence of tattooing in prison had a significant association with history of imprisonment, drug use, piercing in prison, and history of extramarital sex (p < 0.05). Study limitations: Information and selection bias was one of the study limitations. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of tattooing during lifetime and in prison among prisoners was significantly high especially in high-risk groups such as drug users and sexually active subjects. Given the role of tattooing, drug injection and sex in the transmission of blood-borne diseases, harm reduction programs are recommended to reduce these high-risk behaviors in prisons.

Belief patterns and drug use in a sample of Brazilian youth: an exploratory latent class analysis

Objective: Adolescent substance abuse is a public health concern worldwide, and its prevention is the subject of numerous programmatic efforts. Yet, little research exists on the structure of drug-related belief patterns in youth and their utility in preventive program planning. The aim of this study is to determine the structure of drug-related beliefs among 12-15-year-old students in Brazil using latent class analysis. Methods: De-identified survey data were obtained from the baseline sample (n=6,176) of a randomized controlled trial on the #Tamojunto drug use prevention program in Brazilian middle schools. Using 11 survey items assessing drug-related beliefs as indicators, four models were run and assessed for goodness-of-fit. For the best fitting model, demographic variables and substance use across latent classes were assessed. Results: Model fit statistics indicated that the best fit was a three-class solution, comprising a large Drug-Averse Beliefs class (80.9%), a smaller Permissive Beliefs class (12.7%), and an Inconsistent Beliefs class (6.4%). Respondents in the Permissive Beliefs and Inconsistent Beliefs classes reported greater past-year drug use, were slightly older and less likely to be female than those in the Drug-Averse Beliefs class. Conclusions: These results indicate that conceptualizing drug beliefs as a categorical latent variable may be useful for informing prevention. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporality and assess further applicability of this construct.

HIV and syphilis infections and associated factors among patients in treatment at a Specialist Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs Center in São Paulo's "Cracolândia"

Abstract Introduction This study describes the epidemiological scenario of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis at the biggest specialist drug addiction center in Brazil. The great challenge is to find strategies to reduce the impact of inequality and discrimination and develop policies to protect individuals living with - or at risk of - infections. Methods During the period from January 1 to May 31, 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted on which all patients (N = 806) seeking inpatient treatment were enrolled. A structured diagnostic interview and rapid tests were conducted initially, and diagnoses were confirmed by tests conducted at a venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL). Results HIV and syphilis rates were 5.86% and 21.9%, respectively. Women were nearly 2.5 times more likely to have syphilis. HIV infection was associated with unprotected sex (odds ratio [OR]: 3.27, p = 0.003, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.51-7.11), and suicidal ideation (OR: 6.63, p = 0.001, 95%CI: 3.37-14.0). Although only 1.86% reported injecting drugs at any point during their lifetimes, this variable was associated with both HIV and syphilis. Elevated rates of HIV and syphilis were observed in the context of this severe social vulnerability scenario. Conclusion The risk factors identified as associated with HIV and syphilis should be taken into consideration for implementation of specific prevention strategies including early diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STI) to tackle the rapid spread of STIs in this population.

Salud sexual y salud reproductiva en mujeres jóvenes con consumo de sustancias en Chile según datos VIII encuesta nacional de la juventud / Sexual health and reproductive health in young women with substance consumption in Chile according to data VIII national youth survey

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de sustancias y características de salud sexual y reproductiva de mujeres jóvenes en Chile. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal analítico en mujeres entre 15 a 24 años. Se formaron 3 grupos: Sin consumo de sustancias (SCS), Consumo no problemático de sustancias (CNPS) y Consumo problemático de sustancias (CPS). Se realizó análisis descriptivo y de asociación entre las variables. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple y ordinal múltiple. RESULTADOS: Muestra de 2.589 jóvenes, el 37,8% correspondió al grupo SCS, 46,3% al grupo CSNP y 15,9% al grupo CPS. En promedio la edad de inicio de actividad sexual fue menor en el grupo CPS (15,9 años p = 0,001) mostrando mayor porcentajes de sexo oral, anal, no uno de condón, relaciones sexuales con parejas menos estables, mayor número de parejas sexuales y violencia en la pareja, (p =0,001). En este grupo se incrementa 5,84 el riesgo de tener la última relación sexual con pareja menos estable (IC95%: 3,90 - 12,01) y 8,35 veces el riesgo de tener 2 o más parejas sexuales (últimos 12 meses) (IC95%: 5,35 - 16,34). En el grupo CNPS se incrementa 1,11 veces el riesgo de tener la última relación sexual con pareja menos estable (IC95%: 1,43 - 3,12), 1,01 veces tener 2 y más parejas sexuales (últimos 12 meses) (IC95%: 1,20 - 3,36). CONCLUSIONES: Reconociéndose que la sexualidad es multifactorial, las mujeres con consumo de sustancias viven situaciones que facilitan riesgos para su salud sexual. El consumo en mujeres jóvenes es un problema de salud pública que presenta desafíos para su abordaje.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between substance use and characteristics of sexual and reproductive health of young women in Chile. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study in women between 15 and 24 years. Three groups were formed: No substance use (SCS), Non-problematic substance use (CNPS) and Problem substance use (CPS). Descriptive and association analysis was performed between the variables. Multiple logistic regression and multiple ordinal models were adjusted. RESULTS: Sample of 2,589 young people, 37.8% corresponded to the SCS group, 46.3% to the CSNP group and 15.9% to the CPS group. On average the age of onset of sexual activity was lower in the CPS group (15.9 years p = 0.001) showing higher percentages of oral, anal sex, not a condom, sex with less stable partners, greater number of sexual partners and violence in the couple, (p = 0.001). In this group the risk of having the last sexual relationship with a less stable partner is increased 5.84 (95% CI: 3.90 - 12.01) and 8.35 times the risk of having 2 or more sexual partners (last 12 months) (95% CI: 5.35-16.34). In the CNPS group the risk of having the last sexual relationship with a less stable partner is increased 1.11 times (95% CI: 1.43 - 3.12), 1.01 times having 2 and more sexual partners (last 12 months) (95% CI: 1.20-3.36). CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing that sexuality is multifactorial, women with substance use experience situations that facilitate risks to their sexual health. Consumption in young women is a public health problem that presents challenges for its approach.

Internações decorrentes do uso de substâncias psicoativas: estudo em um hospital psiquiátrico / Hospitalizations due to the use of psychoactive substances: study in a psychiatric hospital / Internaciones derivadas del uso de sustancias psicoactivas: estudio en un hospital psiquiátrico

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de internação por transtornos psiquiátricos decorrentes do uso de substâncias psicoativas em um hospital psiquiátrico de referência. Método: Estudo censitário, retrospectivo, analítico e de abordagem quantitativa, realizado a partir de 123 registros de internações. Resultados: Obteve-se que a média de idade dos pacientes internados em 2015 foi de 40,7, a maioria era do sexo masculino (66,7%), provenientes da zona urbana (78%) e com histórico de reinternações (52,8%). As múltiplas drogas e outras substâncias psicoativas (39,8%) constituíram-se como as principais substâncias de abuso pelos pacientes. Além disso, verificou-se que, entre os pacientes internados, houve presença de comorbidades psiquiátricas. Conclusão: Diante disso, evidencia-se a necessidade de estratégias voltadas para a prevenção e o tratamento adequado aos distúrbios ocasionados pelo uso de álcool e outras drogas

Objective: To analyze the occurrence of hospitalization for psychiatric disorders resulting from the use of psychoactive substances in a referral psychiatric hospital. Method: A census, retrospective, analytical and quantitative approach, based on 123 records of hospitalizations. Results: The mean age of hospitalized patients in 2015 was 40.7, the majority were male (66.7%), from the urban area (78%) and had a history of readmissions (52, 8%). Multiple drugs and other psychoactive substances (39.8%) were the main substances of abuse by patients. In addition, it was found that among hospitalized patients, there were psychiatric comorbidities. Conclusion: In view of this, it is evident the need for strategies aimed at prevention and appropriate treatment of disorders caused by the use of alcohol and other drugs

Objetivo: Analizar la ocurrencia de internación por trastornos psiquiátricos derivados del uso de sustancias psicoactivas en un hospital psiquiátrico de referencia. Metodo: Estudio censitario, retrospectivo, analítico y de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado a partir de 123 registros de internaciones. Resultados: Se obtuvo que la media de edad de los pacientes internados en 2015 fue de 40,7, la mayoría era del sexo masculino (66,7%), provenientes de la zona urbana (78%) y con histórico de reinternaciones (52, 8%). Las múltiples drogas y otras sustancias psicoactivas (39,8%) se constituyeron como las principales sustancias de abuso por los pacientes. Además, se verificó que, entre los pacientes internados, hubo presencia de comorbilidades psiquiátricas. Conclusión: Ante ello, se evidencia la necesidad de estrategias dirigidas a la prevención y el tratamiento adecuado a los disturbios ocasionados por el uso de alcohol y otras drogas

Illicit drug use among students of a university in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe drug consumption and the co-occurrence use of more than one illegal drug as well as associated factors in freshmen at a public university in Southern Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study with census of students entering undergraduate courses in 2017. A total of 1,788 university students answered questions about illicit drug use. For analysis, ordinal logistic regression was used. RESULTS Marijuana was the most consumed drug (lifetime: 42.1%; 30-day use: 22.7%), followed by hallucinogens (lifetime: 13.1%, 30-day use: 2.8%). Rates for lifetime use of 0, 1 and 2 or more drugs were 56.2%, 23.3% and 20.4%, respectively, and were associated with men (OR = 2.2; 95%CI:1.4-3.5), being at least 23 years old (OR = 2.7; 95%CI: 1.4-5.1), under 18 years old first experimentation with drugs (OR = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.3-3.9) and living with friends (OR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2-3.4). Rates for 30-day use of 0, 1 and 2 or more drugs were 76.8%; 18.1% and 5.1%, respectively, and were associated with being single, separated or widowed (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 1.4-7.0), lower socioeconomic classes (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1-1.1; p = 0.001), under 18 years old first experimentation with drugs (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.9) and living with friends (OR = 1.8 95%CI: 1.2-2.8). CONCLUSION Results indicate that students are at greater risk of illicit drug-related health problems. Thus, a better understanding of this consumption should be pursued, as well as the development of a prevention plan.

Association between cigarette use and adolescents' behavior

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of cigarette use among adolescents and to identify associated health risk behaviors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample, composed of 1059 adolescents between 13 and 19 years old, enrolled in primary and secondary public schools of Olinda, Pernambuco, in 2014. Information was obtained through self-administered questionnaires (validated version of YRBS 2007). Cigarette experimentation was defined as smoking at least once in life. Adolescents who smoked at least one day within 30 days prior to the survey were considered current smokers. Most students were female and 16 years old or older. RESULTS Almost 30% used it in life and about 10% smoked within the 30 days before the survey. Suicidal ideation (PR = 1.51, 95%CI 1.25-1.82), alcohol use (PR = 1.41, 95%CI 1.03-1.92), marijuana (PR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.37-1.96), excessive alcohol consumption (PR = 1.57, 95%CI 1.15-2.16) and sexual experience (PR = 1.78, 95%CI 1.43-2.21) have increased the risk of using cigarettes. Feelings of sadness (PR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.22-2.36), alcohol use (PR=2.40, 95%CI 1.12-5.12), excessive alcohol consumption (PR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.24-5.38), marijuana (PR = 2.31, 95%CI.57-3.39) and cocaine (PR = 1.99, 95%CI.32-3.01) increased the risk of cigarette use within the 30 days before the survey. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette use among adolescents from Olinda was high, being considered higher than the national prevalence. Possible factors associated with cigarette use were drug use (alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) and behaviors related to sexual experience, feelings of sadness and suicidal ideation.

Dor dentária em usuários de Substâncias Psicoativas dos CAPS AD de Vitória, Vila Velha e Serra, ES, Brasil / Dental pain among psychoactive substance users in CAPS AD in Vitoria, Vila Velha and Serra, ES, Brazil

Resumo A dor dentária é um problema de saúde pública que causa grande incômodo aos usuários de substâncias psicoativas. Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência de dor dentária e suas associações em usuários de substâncias psicoativas dos CAPS AD dos municípios de Vitória, Vila Velha e Serra, ES, Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi realizado com 280 participantes, entre junho de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016, por meio de cinco roteiros, um para os dados sociodemográficos e percepção de saúde, outro para saúde bucal, o Oral Health Impact Profile, o Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test e o World Health Organization Quality of Life. Os dados foram organizados em tabelas de frequência, analisados com o pacote estatístico SPSS 20, as comparações foram feitas com o teste de Fisher e Odds Ratio (OR) foi utilizado para verificar a força da associação entre as variáveis. A prevalência de dor na população estudada foi de 59,3% e os indivíduos que apresentaram impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida, tiveram 2,2 vezes mais chances de relatar dor de dente nos últimos 6 meses. A população estudada apresentou alta prevalência de dor dentária, o estudo aponta que a dor dentária interfere na qualidade de vida dos usuários de substâncias psicoativas que utilizam os serviços dos CAPS AD dos três municípios.

Abstract Toothache is a public health problem that causes great inconvenience to psychoactive substances users. The objective was to verify the prevalence of dental pain and its associations among psychoactive substances users from Alcohol and Drug Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS AD) in Vitoria, Vila Velha and Serra, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A transversal study was conducted with 280 participants between June 2015 and February 2016, using five scripts: one for socio-demographic data and health perception; another for oral health; the Oral Health Impact Profile; the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Test. Data were organized in frequency tables and analyzed with the SPSS 20 statistical package. Comparisons were made with Fisher's test and the Odds Ratio (OR) was used to check the strength of the association between the variables. The prevalence of pain in the population studied was 59.3%, and individuals whose quality of life was impacted due to their oral conditions were 2.2 times more likely to report toothache in the last 6 months. The population studied showed a high prevalence of dental pain and the study indicates that dental pain interferes in the quality of life of psychoactive substances users who are treated at CAPS AD services in these three cities.

Suicidal behavior among substance users: data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS)

Objective: To investigate the prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) and their association with substance use in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians. Methods: The Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS) is a household cross-sectional survey that investigated the consumption of psychotropic drugs and associated risk factors. This national probability sample survey used a multistage cluster design to select 4,607 participants aged 14 or older and had a total response rate of 77%. Illegal drug use, SI and SA were obtained by confidential self-report assessment. Results: SI and SA were reported by 9.9 and 5.4% of the sample, respectively. This prevalence was 20.8 and 12.4% among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD), 31.5 and 16.5% among cannabis users and 40.0 and 20.8% among cocaine users. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, tobacco use, family history of suicide and depression, both SI and SA were positively associated with AUD, cannabis and cocaine use. Conclusion: AUD, cannabis and cocaine use were significantly associated with SI and SA, even after the adjustments. Public health initiatives targeting suicide prevention should consider including assessment and management of substance misuse, and therapeutic approaches to substance misuse should include assessment of suicidality.

Revisão da literatura sobre implicações para assistência de usuários de drogas da descriminalização em Portugal e Brasil / Literature review on the implications of decriminalization for the care of drug users in Portugal and Brazil

Resumo Os problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas se mantêm como foco de preocupação em países que têm uma história em comum e trajetórias distintas como Brasil e Portugal. Objetivo: descrever os achados na literatura científica sobre os impactos das mudanças na legislação sobre drogas na assistência a estas pessoas nos dois países. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, por meio de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, seleção da amostra, análise e categorização dos estudos com a escolha de 21 artigos publicados nas bases PubMed, SciELO e Biblioteca do Conhecimento on-line, mais portarias e leis referentes ao tema. Resultados: Observa-se que é escassa a produção sobre as repercussões das mudanças da legislação para a assistência. Nos dois países, o álcool e o tabaco se mantêm como foco de preocupação. Em Portugal, a preocupação com os problemas relacionados ao uso de heroína diminuiu nos últimos anos, mas as taxas de prevalência do uso de opióides se mantêm muito acima das do Brasil. Os problemas com o crack configuram uma realidade brasileira sem paralelo em Portugal. Em ambos os casos, há iniciativas para a mudança da política em direção à diminuição da abordagem repressiva, com a diferenciação entre usuários e traficantes, o aumento da punição dos traficantes e abrandamento da punição dos usuários.

Abstract Introduction: Substance use problems remain at the core of public concern in countries sharing a common culture and a distinct history like Brazil and Portugal. Objective: To describe findings of scientific literature about the implications of drug legislation change for the care of drug users in Brazil and Portugal. Methods: This is an integrative review of literature that considers inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample selection, analyses and categorization of 21 articles selected that were published in databases PubMed, SciELO and Biblioteca do Conhecimento on-line (B-ON) and included ordinances and laws related to the subject. Results: We observed that production on the repercussions of changes of legislation on care is scarce. Alcohol and tobacco are still a matter of concern in both countries. In Portugal, concerns about heroin-related issues have declined in recent years, but opioids use prevalence rates remain well above those of Brazil. Crack-related problems are a Brazilian reality without parallel in Portugal. In both cases, some actions are in place to change the policy in favor of a reduced repressive approach, with differentiation between users and drug dealers, increased punishment of dealers and reduced punishment of drug users.

El deterioro de la tuberculosis en Chile / Worsening situation of tuberculosis in Chile

Background: Recent data suggest an increase in tuberculosis (TB) incidence in Chile. Aim: To evaluate recent epidemiological trends, geographic extension and potential factors associated with TB reemergence in Chile. Material and Methods: Data analysis from official sources and trend analysis. Results: TB incidence rate increased from 12.3 (2014) to 14.7 (2017) per 100,000 inhabitants. Morbidity rates also increased in nine out of 15 regions. The proportion of TB cases in specific groups has also increased in the last six years: HIV/AIDS (68%), immigrants (118%), drug users/alcoholics (267%) and homeless people (370%). Several indicators of the national TB program performance have deteriorated including TB case detection, HIV co-infection study and contact tracing activities. Overall results indicate a higher than expected case-fatality ratio (> 3%), high rates of loss from follow-up (> 5%), and low percentage of cohort healing rate (< 90%). This decline is associated with a Control Program with scarce human resources whose central budget decreased by 90% from 2008 to 2014. New molecular diagnostic tools and liquid media culture were only recently implemented. Conclusions: TB trends and overall program performance indicators have deteriorated in recent years in Chile and several factors appear to be involved. Multiple strategies will be required to rectify this situation.

Early childhood maltreatment experience and later sexual behavior in Brazilian adults undergoing treatment for substance dependence

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of early childhood maltreatment and associations with later sexual behavior among adult substance users. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 134 substance dependents who sought outpatient care in São Paulo, Brazil. Childhood trauma prevalence was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST), drug of choice (DOC), and sexual behavior were also investigated. Results: The sample was composed predominantly of single adult males (76.1%), with alcohol as the DOC (73.9%). Experiences of emotional neglect (88.1%), emotional abuse (80.6%), physical neglect (78.4%), physical abuse (64.2%), and sexual abuse (31.3%) were prevalent. Women were more likely to have been sexually abused (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.15-7.61) and physically abused (OR 3.7, 95%CI 1.31-10.6) in childhood. Those who were sexually abused in adulthood were more likely to have suffered physical abuse in childhood (OR 6.9, 95%CI 1.45-11.8). The odds of having been sexually abused in childhood were higher among subjects who reported to have exchanged sexual favors for drugs (OR 5.7, 95%CI 1.35-9.64) and to have been sexually abused in adulthood (OR 6.1, 95%CI 5.2-12.36). Conclusion: Physical and sexual abuse in childhood are highly prevalent in substance-dependent adults, and are associated with sexual revictimization and high-risk sexual behavior in adulthood.

Twelve-month utilization rates and adequacy of treatment for mental health and substance use disorders in Argentina

Objective: To estimate the 12-month prevalence of mental health services utilization (overall and by type of service sector), the adequacy of treatment provided, and sociodemographic correlates in the Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology (ASMHE). Methods: The ASMHE is a multistage probability household sample representative of adults in urban areas of Argentina. The World Health Organization World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used to evaluate psychiatric diagnosis and service utilization. Results: Among those with a disorder, 27.6% received any treatment in the prior 12 months. Of these, 78.3% received minimally adequate treatment using a broad definition and only 43.6% using a stringent definition. For individuals with a disorder, more services were provided by mental health professionals (17.7%) than by general medical professionals (11.5%) or non-healthcare sectors (2.6%). Younger individuals with low education and income were less likely to receive treatment; those never married and those with an anxiety or mood disorder were more likely to receive treatment. Among those in treatment, treatment was least adequate among younger individuals with low education and low income. Conclusions: Policies to increase access to services for mental health disorders in Argentina are needed, as is training for primary care practitioners in the early detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Psychopathology and self-harm among incoming first-year students in six Mexican universities / Psicopatología y autolesiones en alumnos de nuevo ingreso en seis universidades mexicanas

Abstract: Objective: To estimate psychopathology and self-harm behavior of incoming first-year college students, socio-demographic correlates, service use and willingness to seek treatment. Materials and methods: 4 189 male and female incoming first-year students of six universities in four different states of Mexico responded to an online survey with a 79.3% response rate. Results: Almost one in three incoming students has experienced some type of psychopathology; however, only one in five has received treatment. Female, students who are older, whose parents are not married or deceased, and who have a non-heterosexual orientation, no religion or a non-Catholic/Christian religion have greater odds (1.18 - 1.99), whereas those who attend a private university and have a parent with some college education have lower odds (0.68 - 0.75) of experiencing any probable disorder. Conclusions: Substantial unmet need for mental health services combined with reported willingness to use university services suggests an opportunity for the detection, referral, and treatment of incoming students to promote a successful transition.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar psicopatologías y autolesiones en universitarios de nuevo ingreso, así como los correlatos sociodemográficos, el uso de servicios y la disposición para recibir tratamiento. Material y métodos: 4 189 estudiantes de nuevo ingreso de seis universidades en cuatro estados contestaron una encuesta en línea con una tasa de respuesta de 79.3%. Resultados: 32.5% han padecido psicopatologías en su vida, pero únicamente 19.5% han recibido tratamiento. Mujeres, estudiantes con una orientación no heterosexual, estudiantes de mayor edad, quienes tienen padres fallecidos o no casados, sin religión o con una religión no católica/cristiana tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar psicopatologías (RM= 1.18-1.99), mientras que aquellos de universidades privadas y cuyos padres tienen estudios universitarios tienen menor probabilidad (RM= 0.68-0.75). Conclusiones: La alta tasa de psicopatologías no tratadas combinada con la disposición reportada de recibir servicios a través de su universidad sugiere una oportunidad para la detección, canalización y tratamiento de alumnos de nuevo ingreso para promover una transición exitosa.

Evolução do perfil das internações psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2001-2013 / The evolution of the profile of psychiatric admissions via the Unified Health System in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2001-2013

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a evolução no perfil das internações psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em hospitais psiquiátricos do Estado de Minas Gerais entre 2001 e 2013. Os dados foram obtidos através do Departamento de Informática do SUS. A análise de tendência deu-se através de procedimentos de regressão, em que o ano foi variável independente e as variáveis dependentes foram as características dos pacientes (sexo, idade, diagnóstico) e das internações (localidade, natureza jurídica do hospital, tempo de permanência). Foram incluídas 202. 188 internações em 25 hospitais. Houve alterações significativas no perfil nosológico das internações psiquiátricas, com elevação da proporção das internações por transtornos ligados ao abuso de substâncias e redução por transtornos psicóticos. O estudo se insere no contexto da reforma da assistência à saúde mental em Minas Gerais, produzindo informações relevantes para subsidiar as políticas de saúde mental na direção à universalização, humanização e superação das desigualdades de acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the evolution of the profile of psychiatric admissions via the Unified Health System in psychiatric hospitals of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2001 and 2013. Data were obtained from the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System. The analyses of trends were conducted by regression procedures, in which the independent variable was the year, and the dependent variables were the patients (sex, age, diagnosis) and admission characteristics (city, hospital administrative status, length of internment). A total of 202,188 admissions to 25 hospitals were appraised. There were significant changes in the diagnostic profiles of psychiatric admissions during the period under scrutiny, notably an increase in the proportion of admissions for substance abuse-related disorders and a reduction for psychotic disorders. This study is in tune with the context of the reform of mental healthcare in Minas Gerais, providing relevant input to support the mental health policies towards universalization, humanization and the overcoming of inequalities in access to health services.

Influence of parental smoking on the use of alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescents / Influência do tabagismo parental no consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between parental smoking and the use of alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescent children. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 6,264 adolescents (59.7% female) aged between 14 and 19 years. To establish the sample, we used two-stage cluster random sampling. The data on parental smoking and use of cigarettes, alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescents were collected using a questionnaire. Results: Smoking adolescents were more prone to use alcohol (odds ratio − OR: 10.35; 95%CI: 7.85-13.65) and illicit drugs (OR: 11.75; 95%CI: 9.04-15.26) than non-smokers (p<0.001). Adolescents with at least one parent (OR: 1.4; 95%CI: 1.13-1.89) or both parents smoking (OR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.01-2.67) were more likely to smoke when compared to those having no parents smoking. The adjusted analysis limited to non-smoking adolescents showed a positive association (p<0.05) between parental tobacco use and the use of alcohol (OR: 1.4; 95%CI: 1.23-1.62) and illicit drugs (OR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.24-2.13), irrespective of age, sex, maternal schooling and place of residence. Conclusion: Parental smoking was associated with the use of alcohol and other illicit drugs by adolescents, even among nonsmokers.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre tabagismo parental e uso de álcool e drogas ilícitas dos filhos adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 6.264 adolescentes (59,7% meninas) com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. Para estabelecimento da amostra, recorreu-se à amostragem aleatória por conglomerados em dois estágios. Os dados sobre tabagismo dos pais e uso de cigarros, álcool e drogas ilícitas entre os adolescentes foram obtidos por questionário. Resultados: Os adolescentes fumantes eram mais propensos a usar álcool (odds ratio − OR: 10,35; IC95%: 7,85-13,65) e drogas ilícitas (OR: 11,75; IC95%: 9,04-15,26) do que os não fumantes (p<0,001). Os adolescentes que pelo menos um dos pais fumava (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1,13-1,89) ou os dois fumavam (OR: 1,6; IC95%: 1,01-2,67) tiveram mais chances de fumar quando comparados aos que não tinham pais fumantes. Análise ajustada limitada a adolescentes não fumantes revelou associação positiva (p<0,05) entre o tabagismo dos pais e o consumo de álcool (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1,23-1,62) e drogas ilícitas (OR: 1,6; IC95%: 1,24-2,13), independentemente de sexo, idade, escolaridade materna e região de moradia. Conclusão: O tabagismo dos pais esteve associado com o consumo de álcool e outras drogas ilícitas em adolescentes, até mesmo entre os não fumantes.