Association of obesity with chronic disease and musculoskeletal factors / Associação da obesidade com fatores de risco para doenças crônicas e musculoesqueléticas

SummaryIntroduction:overweight and obesity in adolescents are major public health problems with particular interest, because of their potential association with risk factors for development of diseases. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents in southern Portugal and investigate the association with risk factors for development of cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases.Methods:the sample consisted of 966 adolescents aged 10 to 16 years. The calculation of body mass index (BMI), evaluation of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides, blood pressure, spirometry and application of low back pain (LBP) questionnaire were performed.Results:178 (18.4%) adolescents were overweight and 52 (5.4%) obese. None of the variables revealed a statistically significant association with overweight and obesity. The presence of high blood pressure was observed in 200 (20.7%) individuals and hypertension in 158 (16.4%) adolescents. Overweight and obese adolescents are 2.3 times more likely to develop signs of pre-hypertension and hypertension. 559 (57.9%) students had restrictive respiratory disorders and 23 (2.4%) had obstructive disorders. Those who were overweight and obese had 0.64 probability of having restrictive respiratory disorders.Conclusion:there was a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese adolescents and these showed a statistically significant relationship with the development of pre-hypertension and hypertension, and restrictive respiratory disorders.

ResumoIntrodução:o sobrepeso e a obesidade em adolescentes são atualmente considerados problemas de saúde pública, com interesse decorrente de sua associação a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças.Objetivo:determinar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes do sul de Portugal e investigar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias e musculoesqueléticas.Métodos:a amostra foi constituída por 966 adolescentes com idade entre 10 e 16 anos. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e foram realizadas avaliações de glicemia, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, pressão arterial, espirometria, além da aplicação de um questionário para avaliar a presença de lombalgia.Resultados:cento e setenta e oito (18,4%) adolescentes apresentaram sobrepeso e 52 (5,4%) eram obesos. Nenhuma das variáveis analisadas revelou associação estatisticamente significativa com sobrepeso e obesidade. Duzentos (20,7%) adolescentes apresentaram pressão arterial elevada e 158 (16,4%), hipertensão. Os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade revelaram 2,3 vezes mais chances de desenvolver pré-hipertensão e hipertensão. Quinhentos e cinquenta e nove (57,9%) alunos apresentaram doenças respiratórias restritivas e 23 (2,4%), distúrbios obstrutivos, sendo que os indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram 0,64 de probabilidade de desenvolver doenças respiratórias restritivas.Conclusão:observou-se uma elevada prevalência de adolescentes portugueses com sobrepeso e obesidade. Essas variáveis demonstraram uma relação estatisticamente significativa com o desenvolvimento de pré-hipertensão e hipertensão arterial e com doenças respiratórias restritivas.

Análisis de factores relacionados con hipercapnia crónica en la distrofia miotónica / Analysis of factors associated with chronic hypercapnia in patients with myotonic dystrophy

La distrofia miotónica (DM) es la distrofia muscular más común en adultos. Diversos factores pueden explicar la retención crónica de CO2. La selección de pacientes, diferentes estadios evolutivos y formas de evaluación, pueden explicar los resultados disímiles al respecto. Nuestros objetivos fueron caracterizar la función respiratoria y analizar los factores relacionados con la retención crónica de CO2 en la DM. Se incluyeron 27 pacientes ambulatorios consecutivos, estables clínicamente y se los agrupó como normocápnicos e hipercápnicos (PaCO2 ≥ 43 mm Hg). Se determinaron capacidad vital forzada (FVC), presiones estáticas máximas, tiempo de apnea voluntaria, escala de Epworth y gases arteriales. La quimiosensibilidad al CO2 se evaluó mediante la reinhalación de CO2 (método de Read). La pendiente ∆P0.1/∆PCO2 expresa la quimiosensibilidad al CO2. El 59.3% tenían hipercapnia. La FVC y la fuerza muscular respiratoria fueron normales o mostraron disminución leve a moderada, sin diferencias significativas en ambos grupos. La inadecuada respuesta al CO2 (pendientes ∆P0.1/∆PCO2 bajas (< 0.1 cmH2O/mm Hg) o planas) se asoció con hipercapnia (p < 0.005) y ésta significó un riesgo 11.6 veces mayor de inadecuada respuesta al CO2. El grupo con pendiente ∆P0.1/∆PCO2 baja-plana mostró mayor PaCO2 (p = 0.0017) y tiempo de apnea voluntaria más prolongado (p = 0.002). Concluimos que, en nuestros pacientes con DM, la hipercapnia crónica se asoció a la presencia de anomalías del control central de la respiración. Estos resultados permiten explicar los informes previos que describen la llamativa ocurrencia de insuficiencia respiratoria postoperatoria y las dificultades en el proceso de desvinculación de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica en estos pacientes.

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common dystrophy in adults. Several factors may explain the chronic CO2 retention. The selection of patients, different clinical stages and evaluation forms may explain the differing results obtained. Our objectives were to characterize respiratory function and to evaluate factors associated with chronic retention of CO2 in DM. We included 27 consecutive ambulatory and stable patients who were allocated into normocapnic and hypercapnic groups (PaCO2 ≥ 43 mmHg). Forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum static pressure, voluntary apnea time, Epworth scale and arterial blood gases were measured. The CO2 chemosensitivity was assessed using CO2 rebreathing (Read method). The slope ΔP0.1/ΔPCO2 expressed the CO2 chemosensitivity. A 59.3% (16/27) presented hypercapnia. FVC and respiratory muscle strength were normal or showed mild to moderate decrease. No significant differences in these variables were found in both groups. Inadequate response to CO2 (slope ΔP0.1/ΔPCO2 low (< 0.1 cm H2O/mmHg) or flat) was associated with hypercapnia (p < 0.005). Chronic retention of CO2 represented 11.56 times higher risk of inadequate response to CO2. The group with low-flat slope ΔP0.1/ΔPCO2 showed higher PaCO2 (p = 0.0017) and more prolonged voluntary apnea time (p = 0.002). We conclude that in our patients with DM, chronic CO2 retention was associated with the presence of abnormalities of the central control of breathing. Our results allow explaining previous reports describing the striking frequency of postoperative respiratory failure and difficulties in the process of weaning from mechanical ventilation.

Aspectos nutricionales en enfermedades respiratorias crónicas del niño / Nutritional aspect in children with chronic respiratory disease

Los niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas pueden presentar malnutrición, tanto por déficit como por exceso. El manejo integral de estos pacientes por un equipo de salud interdisciplinario favorece la prevención de los trastornos nutricionales, su diagnóstico precoz y manejo oportuno. En el niño existe una compleja interrelación entre nutrición, desarrollo, crecimiento y función pulmonar, al igual que con la capacidad de respuesta inmunológica a las infecciones, de manera que el optimizar el estado nutricional puede ser una valiosa herramienta terapéutica para una mejor evolución global.