Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic predictors, and comorbidities of oppositional defiant disorder: the National Epidemiology of Iranian Child and Adolescent Psychiatric disorders (IRCAP)

Objective: This was the first national epidemiological study on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Iran, which provided new information about the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD. Methods: Data from a face-to-face household survey of 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were collected from across all 31 provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling design. The Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used in this study. Results: The lifetime prevalence of ODD was found to be 3.9%. ODD was significantly more common in boys than girls and appeared in late adolescence more frequently than in childhood. A lower prevalence of ODD was found among participants who lived in rural areas. ODD is highly likely to co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depressive disorders. Conclusions: The findings of this national population-based study confirm and extend previous findings on the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD.

Trastorno por déficit de atención: comorbilidad y efectos prospectivos / Attention deficit disorder: comorbilidad and prospective effects

Se presentan los hallazgos relacionados con los factores de comorbilidad del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Actualmente se propone un diagnóstico diferencial por paciente para identificar los síntomas de comorbilidad que pueden causar confusión en el diagnóstico. Se revisan las investigaciones en torno a la relación entre trastorno por déficit de atención y los siguientes sistemas de comorbilidad: trastorno disocial, trastorno negativista, desafiante y trastorno del estado de ánimo. Se menciona en la etiología: resistencia generalizada a la hormona tiroidea y anormalidades en los neurotransmisores. Se propone un tratamiento combinando metalfenidato y terapia cognitivoconductual. Se enuncian los efectos prospectivos del trastorno por déficit de atención con personalidad antisocial, abuso de drogas y delincuencia.