Sobreuso de ecografía transvaginal en un hospital universitario privado de Argentina: estudio de corte transversal / Transvaginal ultrasound overuse in a private university hospital in Argentina: a cross-sectional study

Introducción. Si bien contamos con recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia en contra de realizar tamizaje de cáncer ovárico con ecografía transvaginal debido a que aumenta el riesgo de resultados falsamente positivos y de cascadas diagnósticas, sin disminuir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad, su solicitud en mujeres sanas es frecuente. Sin embargo, no conocemos la magnitud de la implementación de esta práctica, que constituye un cuidado de bajo valor. Objetivo. Documentar el sobreuso de ecografías transvaginales realizadas en forma ambulatoria en un hospital universitario privado de Argentina. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal de una muestra aleatoria de ecografías realizadas en forma ambulatoria durante 2017 y 2018. Mediante revisión manual de las historias clínicas, la solicitud de cada ecografía fue clasificada como apropiada cuando algún problema clínico justificaba su realización, o inapropiada cuando había sido realizada con fines de control de salud o por una condición clínica sin indicación de seguimiento ecográfico. Resultados. De un total de 1.997 ecografías analizadas, realizadas a 1.954 mujeres adultas (edad promedio 50 años),1.345 (67,4 %; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 % 65,2 a 69,4) habían sido solicitadas en el contexto de un control de saludo sin un problema asociado en la historia clínica y otras 54 (8,3 %; IC 95 % 6,3 a 10,7), por condiciones de salud para las que no hay recomendaciones de realizar seguimiento ecográfico. Conclusiones. Esta investigación documentó una alta proporción de sobre utilización de la ecografías transvaginales en nuestra institución. Futuras investigaciones permitirán comprender los motivos que impulsan esta práctica y ayudarán a diseñar intervenciones para disminuir estos cuidados de bajo valor. (AU)

Background. Although we have evidence-based recommendations against screening for ovarian cancer with transvaginalultrasound because it increases the risk of false positive results and diagnostic cascades without reducing mortality from this disease, its request in healthy women is frequent. However, we do not know the magnitude of the implementation of this practice, which constitutes low-value care. Objective. To document the overuse of transvaginal ultrasounds performed on an outpatient basis in a private university hospital in Argentina. Methods. Cross-sectional study of a random sample of outpatient ultrasounds performed during 2017 and 2018. Through a manual review of the medical records, the request for each ultrasound was classified as appropriate when a clinical problem justified its performance or inappropriate when it was carried out for health control purposes or for a clinical condition that had no indication for ultrasound follow-up. Results. Of a total of 1997 ultrasounds analyzed, performed on 1954 adult women (average age 50 years), 1,345 (67.4 %;95 % confidence interval [CI] 65.2 to 69.4) had been requested in the context of a health check-up or without a documented problem in the medical history that would support its performance, and another 54 (8.3 %; 95 % CI 6.3 to 10.7), for health conditions for which there are no treatment recommendations to perform ultrasound follow-up. Conclusions. This research documented a high proportion of overuse of transvaginal ultrasound in our institution. Future research will allow us to understand the reasons that drive this practice and will help design interventions to reduce thislow-value care. (AU)

Desafios do rastreamento do câncer de mama / Challenges of breast cancer screening

A mamografia é o método de eleição para o rastreamento do câncer de mama, sendo o único que demonstra redução de mortalidade na população de risco habitual. A periodicidade de realização e a idade de início do rastreamento mamográfico são um tema controverso na literatura. Entretanto, dados no nosso país apontam para uma porção significativa de neoplasia de mamas em mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos. A Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM) e o Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR) concordam que o rastreamento mamográfico deveria ser realizado, anualmente, por todas as mulheres a partir de 40 anos de idade. No Brasil, há uma distribuição desigual de mamógrafos nas várias regiões. As políticas de rastreamento devem considerar essa desigualdade. A grande maioria dos serviços no Brasil realiza rastreamento oportunístico para o câncer de mama. A implantação de rastreamento organizado por faixa etária e estratificação de risco pode otimizar os custos do sistema público de saúde. Pacientes de alto risco precisam ser rastreadas de forma diferente das pacientes de risco habitual. Essas pacientes precisam ter acesso à ressonância magnética das mamas e também iniciar seu rastreamento em idade mais precoce. O protocolo abreviado da ressonância magnética para rastreamento de pacientes de alto risco para câncer de mama pode melhorar a adesão e o acesso dessas pacientes ao programa de rastreamento. A ultrassonografia das mamas não é método de rastreamento isoladamente. Entretanto, ela tem seu papel como método complementar à mamografia e à ressonância magnética em cenários específicos, bem como em substituição à ressonância magnética em pacientes com contraindicação ao uso desse método. As mamas densas possuem baixa sensibilidade para o rastreamento por mamografia

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de la urolitiasis / Clinical-epidemiological description of urolithiasis

Introducción: Las urolitiasis ocasionan dolor, deterioro funcional renal y notorias erogaciones económicas. Objetivos: Identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la nefrolitiasis. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se estudiaron 2 923 personas pertenecientes a tres consultorios del Policlínico Plaza; municipio Plaza de la Revolución, provincia La Habana, Cuba., seleccionados por muestreo simple aleatorio de los 16 con que cuenta el área de salud. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante encuesta y entrevista estructurada. La información fue procesada de forma automatizada (IBMSPSS 22.0). Se utilizó análisis de distribución de frecuencias, se calcularon tasas de prevalencia, y fue empleado el test de homogeneidad. Resultados: La prevalencia de urolitiasis fue de 4,99 por cada 100 habitantes, de 6,3 entre los varones y de 5,7 en los de piel blanca. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 39,3 años. Entre los factores de riesgo de litiasis predominó la alta ingestión de oxalatos (97,3 por ciento). La ecografía fue la forma de diagnóstico más usada (67,8 por ciento). La fitoterapia fue el tratamiento médico más utilizado (69,2 por ciento). Al 16,4 por ciento de los pacientes se les expidió certificado médico en los últimos dos años. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de litiasis urinaria en el Policlínico Docente Plaza de la Revolución es elevada, con predominio en el sexo masculino, en sujetos de piel blanca y en las edades medias de la vida. La alta ingestión de oxalato es el factor de riesgo de litiasis urinaria más frecuente encontrado. La forma de diagnóstico más utilizada es la ecografía y el tratamiento más empleado es la fitoterapia(AU)

Introduction: Urolithiasis causes pain, renal functional deterioration and notorious economic expenses. Objectives: To identify the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of nephrolithiasis. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 2,923 people from to three clinics of Plaza de la Revolution Teaching Community Clinic, Plaza de la Revolution municipality, Havana province, Cuba. They were selected by simple random sampling from the 16 clinics that the health area has. The data was obtained through a survey and structured interview. The information was processed automatically (IBMSPSS 22.0). Frequency distribution analysis was used, prevalence rates were calculated and the homogeneity test was used. Results: The prevalence of urolithiasis was 4.99 per 100 inhabitants, 6.3 among men and 5.7 among white-skinned men. The average age at diagnosis was 39.3 years. Among the risk factors for lithiasis, the high intake of oxalates prevailed (97.3 percent). Ultrasound was the most used form of diagnosis (67.8 percent). Phytotherapy was the most used medical treatment (69.2 percent). A medical permit was issued to 16.4 percent of the patients in the last two years. Conclusions: The prevalence of urinary lithiasis in Plaza de la Revolution Teaching Community Clinic is high, prevailing in males, in white-skinned and middle aged subjects. High oxalate intake is the most common risk factor for urinary lithiasis found. The most used form of diagnosis is ultrasound and the most used treatment is phytotherapy(AU)

Accuracy of Transvaginal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Intrauterine Lesions / Acurácia da ultrasonografia tranvaginal no diagnóstico de lesões intrauterinas

Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions, using hysteroscopy as the gold standard. Methods This was a prospective observational study with 307 patients. All patients underwent hysteroscopy after a previous transvaginal ultrasound to compare the results. The hysteroscopy was performed by experienced examiners, and transvaginal ultrasounds were performed in various public and private services, which is reflective of routine healthcare practices in obstetrics and gynecology. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the transvaginal ultrasound were calculated using hysteroscopy as the gold standard. The level of agreement between the two exams was calculated using the Kappa test. Results Themean age was 56.55±12.3 years. For endometrial polyps, we observed a sensitivity of 39.8%, specificity of 72.7%, accuracy of 52.8%, and Kappa index of 0.11 (p=0.025). For fibroids, the sensitivity was 46.7%, specificity was 95.0%, accuracy was 87.9%, and Kappa index was 0.46 (p<0.001). For endometrial thickening, the sensitivity was 68.7%, specificity was 41.7%, accuracy was 47.6%, and Kappa index was 0.06 (p=0.126). For endometrial atrophy, we found a sensitivity of 6.7%, specificity of 99.3%, accuracy of 90.2%, and Kappa index of 0.10 (p=0.006). For the other findings, the sensitivity was 15.6%, specificity was 99.6%, accuracy was 87.3%, and Kappa index was 0.23 (P<0.001). Conclusion Our study demonstrated a low level of accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for the diagnosis of endometrial lesions, when performed by a non-experienced professional. Thus, it is important to consider the use of hysteroscopy to avoid unnecessary and inappropriate treatments.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia do ultrassom transvaginal para o diagnóstico de lesões intrauterinas, tendo a histeroscopia como padrão de referência. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo em 307 pacientes, submetidas à histeroscopia após ultrassonografia prévia para comparação dos resultados. A histeroscopia foi realizada por duas médicas com experiência, e os exames de ultrassom foram realizados em diversas fontes, públicas ou privadas, como ocorre no cotidiano da assistência à saúde em nosso meio. Foram avaliados sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, tendo a histeroscopia como padrão-ouro. O nível de concordância foi avaliado pelo teste de Kappa. Resultados A idade média foi de 56,55±12,3 anos. Os resultados para pólipo endometrial foram: sensibilidade 39.8%, especificidade 72,7%, acurácia de 52,8%, e índice Kappa 0,11 (p=0,025). Para mioma, sensibilidade 46,7%, especificidade 95,0%, acurácia 87,9%, e índice Kappa 0,46 (p<0,001). Para espessamento endometrial, sensibilidade 68,7%, especificidade 41,7%, acurácia 47,6%, e índice Kappa de 0,06 (p=0,126). Para atrofia, sensibilidade 6,7%, especificidade 99,3%, acurácia 90,2%, e índice Kappa 0,10 (p=0,006). Para outros achados, sensibilidade 15,6%, especificidade 99,6%, acurácia 87,3%, e índice Kappa 0,23 (p<0,001). Conclusão Nosso estudo demonstrou baixo nível de acurácia da ultrassonografia transvaginal para o diagnóstico de lesões endometriais, quando realizada por profissional não experiente. Assim, é importante considerar o uso da histeroscopia para evitar tratamentos desnecessários e inadequados.

Enterite mesentérica como complicação rara do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Mesenteric enteritis as a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus

A dor abdominal no paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico tem amplo espectro clínico, variando desde condições inespecí- ficas, como diarreia e vômitos, até eventos de importante morbi- mortalidade, como o abdome agudo inflamatório e/ou perfura- tivo. A seguir, descreve-se um caso de paciente do sexo feminino, de 23 anos, internada por dor abdominal associada a vômitos e à diarreia crônica e progressiva. Foi diagnosticada com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico há 2 anos. Durante a internação, evoluiu com quadro de abdome agudo, e foi realizada tomografia compu- tadorizada de abdome, revelando importante edema de parede intestinal difuso. Isso, somado a alterações clínico-laboratoriais, permitiu o diagnóstico de enterite lúpica. Foi realizado tratamen- to conservador, com corticoterapia e terapia de suporte com correção de distúrbios eletrolíticos severos, sendo iniciado ciclo- fosfamida, com resolução dos sintomas gastrintestinais.

Abdominal pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from nonspecific symp- toms, such as diarrhea and vomiting, to events of significant morbidity and mortality, such as acute inflammatory and/or per- forating abdomen. This article describes a case of a 23-year-old female patient hospitalized for abdominal pain, associated with vomiting and progressive chronic diarrhea. She was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus 2 years ago. During hospita- lization, the patient progressed with acute abdomen, and an ab- dominal computed tomography scan was performed, revealing major diffuse intestinal wall edema. This, added to clinical and laboratories alterations, allowed the diagnosis of lupus enteritis. A conservative treatment with corticotherapy and supportive therapy with correction of severe electrolyte disturbances were initiated, as well as the prescription of cyclophosphamide, with resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Percutaneous injection of ethanol for thyroid nodule treatment: a comparative study

ABSTRACT Objective: Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of thyroid nodules (TNs). However, size reductions of treated (TTNs) and untreated TN (UTNs) have not been compared. Volumetric reductions in TTNs with PEI were evaluated by comparing TTNs and UTNs in the same patient, and independent variables predicting good post-PEI outcomes were analyzed. Materials and methods: Overall, 282 patients with multinodular goiters were selected. Two nodules located in different lobes were compared for common disease behaviors. Overall, 150 nodules were selected from 75 patients (6 M: 69 F) with a mean age of 50.1 ± 17.4 years. This prospective nonrandomized intervention study prioritized treating TNs of greater volume or single hyperfunctioning TNs. A single observer experienced in PEI and an ultrasound specialist performed the interventions. Results and discussion: TTNs (mean volume: 14.8 ± 16.2 mL) were reduced by 72.6 ± 27.3% of their initial volume, while UTNs increased by a mean of 365.7 ± 1.403.8% (p < 0.00001). The patients underwent a mean of 4.0 ± 3.1 outpatient PEI sessions without relevant complications. Logistic regression analysis showed that the magnitude of the PEI induced reduction was associated with the number of treatment sessions (p = 0.03, CI [1.1-38.2]) and not with ultrasonographic characteristics of the nodules. Each PEI session increased the rate of TN reduction by a factor of 6.7. Conclusions: PEI is a well-tolerated outpatient procedure that effectively reduces the volume of TNs and is noticeably superior to conservative treatment for all ultrasonographic classifications.

Uso de ultrasonido pulmonar para predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes con infección por COVID-19 / Use of pulmonary ultrasound to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection

Resumen Introducción: La implementación del ultrasonido pulmonar (LUS) en los pacientes con COVID-19 puede ayudar a establecer el grado de afectación pulmonar, evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento y estimar el desenlace intrahospitalario. Objetivo: Evaluar la aplicación de un protocolo LUS en pacientes con infección por COVID-19 para predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Métodos: El estudio se realizó del 1 de abril al 1 de agosto de 2020 en pacientes con infección por COVID-19, ingresados en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Se realizó evaluación pulmonar por médicos entrenados en ultrasonografía crítica. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes fue del sexo masculino, la edad mediana fue de 56 años y 59 % requirió ventilación mecánica. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 39.4 % y en aquellos con puntuación de LUS ≥ 19, de 50 %. El modelo de regresión logística múltiple mostró que la puntuación de LUS ≥ 19 se asoció significativamente a mortalidad (cociente de riesgo = 2.55, p = 0.01). Conclusiones: El LUS es una herramienta clínica segura y rápida que puede realizarse al lado de la cama de los pacientes con infección por COVID-19, para establecer el grado de afectación parenquimatosa y predecir la mortalidad.

Abstract Introduction: Lung ultrasound (LUS) implementation in patients with COVID-19 can help to establish the degree of pulmonary involvement, evaluate treatment response and estimate in-hospital outcome. Objective: To evaluate the application of LUS in patients with COVID-19 infection to predict in-hospital mortality. Methods: The study was carried out from April 1 to August 1, 2020 in patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Lung evaluation was carried out by physicians trained in critical care ultrasonography. Results: Most patients were males, median age was 56 years, and 59 % required mechanical ventilation. In-hospital mortality was 39.4 %, and in those with a LUS score ≥ 19, mortality was higher (50 %). The multiple logistic regression model showed that a LUS score ≥ 19 was significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio = 2.55, p = 0.01). Conclusions: LUS is a safe and fast clinical tool that can be applied at bedside in patients with COVID-19 infection to establish the degree of parenchymal involvement and predict mortality.

Ultrasound and endoscopic findings in dogs with lymphangiectasia / [Conclusões ultrassonográfica e endoscópica em cães com linfangiectasia ]

Lymphangiectasia is a heterogenous inflammatory bowel disease characterized by lymphatic vessel dilation, chronic diarrhea and protein loss such as serum albumin and globulin. The most common cause of lymphangiectasia is considered to be the congenital malformation of the lymphatics. The study was conducted between 2012-2015 on 76 dogs suffering from intestinal disorders and manifesting digestive symptoms such as diarrhea or weight loss. In order to assess the origin of disorder, physical examination, biochemistry profile, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations were performed. Ultrasound examination tried to assess the changes of intestines' echogenicity, changes in wall thickness, wall layering and presence of striations or / and speckles (hyperechoic structures along intestinal mucosal layer). Endoscopic examination findings included dilated lacteals (59.2%) and erythema (21.1%). Although increased friability was observed in 33 dogs, it was not considered in the study due to limitations represented by the evaluation of the endoscopic images only. The study proved that an extremely significant statistical correlation exists between the presence of speckles and dilated lacteals in dogs with lymphangiectasia (P<0.05). Up to now, there is no other study to make an association between the white spots observed in ultrasound examination and dilated lacteals revealed after endoscopy in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia.(AU)

A linfangiectasia é uma doença inflamatória intestinal heterogênea, caracterizada por dilatação dos vasos linfáticos, diarreia crônica e perda de proteínas, como albumina sérica e globulina. A causa mais comum de linfangiectasia é considerada a malformação congênita dos linfáticos. O presente estudo foi realizado entre 2012 e 2015, em 76 cães que sofrem de distúrbios intestinais e manifestam sintomas digestivos, como diarreia ou perda de peso. Para avaliar a origem do distúrbio, foram realizados exame físico, perfil bioquímico, ultrassonográfico e endoscópico. O exame ultrassonográfico tentou avaliar as alterações da ecogenicidade do intestino, as alterações na espessura da parede, a estratificação e a presença de estrias e / ou de manchas (estruturas hiperecoicas ao longo da camada mucosa intestinal). Os resultados do exame endoscópico incluíram lacteais dilatadas (59,2%) e eritema (21,1%). Embora tenha sido observada maior friabilidade em 33 cães, ela não foi considerada no estudo devido às limitações representadas pela avaliação apenas das imagens endoscópicas. O estudo demonstrou que existe uma correlação estatística extremamente significativa entre a presença de manchas e lacteais dilatadas em cães com linfangiectasia (P <0,05). Até o momento, não há outro estudo para associar as manchas brancas observadas no exame ultrassonográfico e lacteais dilatadas reveladas após endoscopia em cães com linfangiectasia intestinal.(AU)

Applicability of B-mode ultrasonography, ARFI elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the evaluation of chronic kidney disease in dogs / Aplicabilidade da ultrassonografia modo-B, elastografia ARFI e ultrassonografia contrastada na avaliação da doença renal crônica em cães

The objective of this study was to verify the applicability of B-mode ultrasonography, ARFI elastography and CEUS in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and its Stages in dogs. 24 healthy dogs and 28 with CKD were included. In B-mode, the echogenicity, echotexture and cortico-medullary ratio of the kidneys were verified. By elastography, the shear-wave velocity of the cortical (SWVcort) and medullary (SWVmed) regions were determined and tissue deformity was evaluated. Wash-in, wash-out and peak enhancement (TPic) of the contrast in the renal parenchyma were calculated and homogeneity, presence of filling gaps and distinction of filling phases were evaluated by CEUS. Changes in echogenicity, echotexture and cortico-medullary ratio were observed only in sick patients. There was an increase in SWVcort in CKD, with a cutoff point >2.91m/s. Healthy kidneys were non-deformable and 25% had changes in gray scales. There was an increase in wash-in and TPic, changes in filling characteristics, filling failures and difficulty in distinguishing between the Stages in CEUS in CKD. It was found that dogs with CKD 2, 3 and 4 had greater SWVcort and wash-in values than CKD 1. Elastographic and CEUS changes were observed in dogs with CKD, demonstrating the applicability of ultrasonographic techniques in their diagnosis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a aplicabilidade da ultrassonografia modo-B, elastografia ARFI e CEUS no diagnóstico da doença renal crônica e seus estágios em cães. Foram incluídos 24 cães saudáveis e 28 com DRC. Pelo modo-B, verificou-se ecogenicidade, ecotextura e relação córtico-medular dos rins. Pela elastografia, foram determinadas as velocidades de cisalhamento das regiões cortical (SWVcort) e medular (SWVmed) e foi avaliada a deformidade tecidual. Calculou-se os temos de wash-in, wash-out e pico de intensidade (TPic) do parênquima renal e avaliou-se homogeneidade, presença de falhas e distinção das fases de preenchimento por contraste por meio de CEUS. Alterações em ecogenicidade, ecotextura e relação córtico-medular foram observadas somente em pacientes doentes. Houve aumento da SWVcort na DRC, com ponto de corte >2.91m/s. Rins saudáveis foram não-deformáveis e 25% apresentou alterações nas escalas de cinza. Houve aumento do wash-in e TPic, alterações nas características de preenchimento, falhas e dificuldade para distinguir as fases de preenchimento do contraste nos rins com DRC. Verificou-se que cães com DRC graus 2, 3 e 4 tiveram valores de SWVcort e wash-in maiores que cães com DRC grau 1. Foram obsrervadas alterações elastográfica e de CEUS em cães com DRC, demonstrando a aplicabilidade destas técnicas ultrassonográficas no seu diagnóstico.(AU)

Accuracy of B-mode ultrasonography for detecting malignancy in canine cutaneous neoplasms: preliminary results / Acurácia da ultrassonografia modo-B na detecção de malignidade em neoplasmas cutâneos de caninos: resultados preliminares

The aim of this study was to verify the applicability and accuracy of B-mode ultrasonography in detecting malignancy in dog cutaneous neoplasms. Forty-two neoplasms (12 benign and 30 malignant) of mesenchymal, round cells, epithelial and melanocytic origins from 24 dogs of different breeds and ages were included. The ultrasound evaluation was performed with a linear multi-frequency transducer (7.0 to 12MHz), with frequency dependent on the mass dimension. Ultrasonographic characteristics of echogenicity (hypo/hyperechogenic), echotexture (homogeneous/heterogeneous), regularity, invasiveness in adjacent tissues were classified. Dimensions were also measured to calculate the depth/width ratio. Neoplasms were classified as malignant or benign after cytological and/or histopathological analysis and the results were associated with ultrasound characteristics. There was a significant association (P<0.05) between malignancy and echogenicity, echotexture and invasiveness in adjacent tissues, so that 84.6% of hypoechogenic neoplasms, 76.9% of heterogeneous masses and 88.2% of invasive neoplasms were classified as malignant. However, for all these associations, moderate predictive values were obtained, which may be due to the small experimental number included in this study. Therefore, although it has been observed that hypoechogenic, heterogeneous and invasive neoplasms were more prone to malignancy, these findings should be used with caution until new studies are developed with a greater number and variety of cutaneous neoplasms in dogs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a aplicabilidade e acurácia da ultrassonografia modo-B na detecção de malignidade em neoplasmas cutâneos de cães. Foram incluídos 42 neoplasmas (12 benignos e 30 malignos) de origens mesenquimal, células redondas, epitelial e melanocítica provenientes de 24 cães de diferentes raças e idades. O exame ultrassonográfico foi realizado com transdutor linear multifrequencial (7.0 a 12MHz), com frequência dependente da dimensão da massa. Foram classificadas características ultrassonográficas de ecogenicidade (hipo/hiperecogênicos), ecotextura (homogêneos/heterogêneos), regularidade, invasividade em tecidos adjacentes. As dimensões foram mensuradas para cálculo da razão profundidade/largura. Os neoplasmas foram classificados como malignos ou benignos após análise cito e/ou histopatológica e os resultados foram associados com as características ultrassonográficas. Verificou-se associação significativa (P<0.05) entre malignidade e ecogenicidade, ecotextura e invasividade em tecidos adjacentes, de forma que 84.6% dos neoplasmas hipoecogênicos, 76.9% das massas heterogêneas e 88.2% dos neoplasmas invasivos foram classificados como malignos. Entretanto, para todas essas associações, foram obtidos valores preditivos moderados, que podem ser decorrentes do baixo número experimental incluso neste estudo. Sendo assim, embora tenha sido observado que os neoplasmas hipoecogênicos, heterogêneos e invasivos tiveram maior propensão à malignidade, esses achados devem ser utilizados com cautela até novos trabalhos sejam desenvolvidos com maior número e variedade de neoplasmas cutâneos de cães.(AU)

Does mpMRI guidance improve HIFU partial gland ablation compared to conventional ultrasound guidance? Early functional outcomes and complications from a single center

ABSTRACT Background Focal therapy (FT) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) treatment is raising interest. New technological mpMRI-US guided FT devices have never been compared with the previous generation of ultrasound-only guided devices. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed prospectively recorded data of men undergoing FT for localized low- or intermediate-risk PCa with US- (Ablatherm®-2009 to 2014) or mpMRI-US (Focal One®-from 2014) guided HIFU. Follow-up visits and data were collected using internationally validated questionnaires at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months. Results We included n=88 US-guided FT HIFU and n=52 mpMRI-US guided FT HIFU respectively. No major baseline differences were present except higher rates of Gleason 3+4 for the mpMRI-US group. No major differences were present in hospital stay (p=0.1), catheterization time (p=0.5) and complications (p=0.2) although these tended to be lower in the mpMRI-US group (6.8% versus 13.2% US FT group). At 3 months mpMRI-US guided HIFU had significantly lower urine leak (5.1% vs. 15.9%, p=0.04) and a lower drop in IIEF scores (2 vs. 4.2, p=0.07). Of those undergoing 12-months control biopsy in the mpMRI-US-guided HIFU group, 26% had residual cancer in the treated lobe. Conclusion HIFU FT guided by MRI-US fusion may allow improved functional outcomes and fewer complications compared to US- guided HIFU FT alone. Further analysis is needed to confirm benefits of mpMRI implementation at a longer follow-up and on a larger cohort of patients.

Ultrasonido renal en los primeros seis meses de vida / Renal ultrasound in the first six months of life

Introducción: Las malformaciones congénitas renales y de las vías urinarias, constituyen la causa más frecuente de la enfermedad renal crónica en niños menores de 5 años. La ultrasonografía renal, se contempla en la actualidad, en el estudio inicial ante la sospecha de enfermedad renal crónica secundaria a malformaciones congénitas renales y de vías urinarias. Objetivo: Identificar los hallazgos sonográficos sugestivos de anomalías renales en los primeros seis meses de vida. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en niños nacidos entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2015 en el municipio de Santa Clara, con ultrasonido renal prenatal normal. A los 672 niños estudiados, previo consentimiento informado, se les realizó ultrasonido renal en algún momento dentro de los seis primeros meses de vida, lo que permitió identificar a los niños con alteraciones sonográficas sugerentes de algún tipo de anomalías del desarrollo renal. Se continuaron los estudios, según protocolos establecidos, para definir el tipo de malformación congénita renal y de vías urinarias. Resultados: El 5,95 por ciento (40 pacientes) presentaron alguna alteración sonográfica. La hidronefrosis se identificó en el 27,50 por ciento. La ectopia renal y la asimetría renal estuvieron presentes en el 15,00 por ciento de los pacientes. El 10,00 por ciento presentó agenesia renal. El 22, 5 por ciento de los pacientes con hidronefrosis tenían reflujo vesicoureteral. Conclusiones: La hidronefrosis constituye una alteración sonográfica frecuente en pacientes con malformaciones congénitas renales, sobre todo del tipo de reflujo vesicoureteral. Dentro de las alteraciones de tamaño, posición y forma, la ectopia renal constituye la anomalía del desarrollo renal más frecuente(AU)

Introduction: Renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations represent the most frequent cause of chronical kidney disease in children under five years old. The renal ultrasound it is nowadays included in the initial study while suspecting chronical kidney disease as a consequence of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations. Objective: To identify sonographic findings that suggest renal anomalies in the first six months of life. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in children that were born from July, 2014 to June, 2015 in Santa Clara municipality having a normal prenatal renal ultrasound. The 672 children studied with previous informed consent had a renal ultrasound in the first six months of life which allowed to identify the children with sonographic alterations suggestive to any kind of renal development´s anomalies. The studies were conducted under the established protocols to define the kind of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformation. Results: 5.5 percent (40 patients) presented any kind of sonographic alteration. Hydronephrosis was identified in 27.50 percent of the patients. Renal ectopy and renal asymmetry were present in the 15.00 percent of the patients. 10.00 percent presented renal agenesis. 22.5 percent of the patients with hydronephrosis had vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusions: Hydronephrosis represents a frequent sonographic alteration in patients with congenital renal malformations, mostly the vesicoureteral reflux type. Among the size, position and shape alterations, renal ectopy is the most frequent renal development´s anomaly(AU)

Evaluation of adductor pollicis muscle thickness obtained by ultrasonography and adipometer in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment / Evaluación del polímico adductor espesor muscular obtenido por ultrasonografía y adipómetro en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónico bajo tratamiento conservador

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) measured by ultrasonography and adipometer and the applicability of the measurement as an indicator of the nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design (n= 137). The concordance between APMT assessed by both methods were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient. Bland-Altman graphics were produced. APMTs were correlated with body mass index (BMI); calf circumference (CC), brachial circumference (BC) and brachial muscle (BMC); lean tissue mass (LTM); LTM index and body cell mass (BCM) via Pearson correlation. The adipometer overestimated APMT by 7 mm when compared to ultrasonography. APMT measured by adipometer was moderately correlated with BMI, CC, BC, BMC, LTM and BCM. APMT by ultrasonography was weakly correlated with CC, BMC, LTM, and LTM index. Conclusion: APMT presented weak or moderate correlation between methods. The measurement was predictive of muscle mass. We suggest that APMT be used in a complementary way in the evaluation of body composition.

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la concordancia entre el espesor de músculo aductor pollicis (EMAP), medido por ecografía y adipómetro, con aplicabilidad de la medición como indicador del estado nutricional de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico con diseño transversal. La concordancia entre los APMT estimados por ambos métodos se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y se diseñaron gráficos de Bland-Altman. En 137 pacientes con ERC, el APMT se correlacionó con índice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de la pantorrilla (CP), circunferencia braquial (CB) y circunferencia del músculo braquial (CMB); masa de tejido magro (MTM); índice de masa magra (IMM) y masa celular corporal (MCC) mediante correlación de Pearson. Se obtuvo que el adipómetro sobreestima EMAP en 7 mm en comparación con la ecografía. EMAP medido por adipómetro se correlacionó moderadamente con IMC, CP, CB, CMB, MTM e IMM. EMAP por ecografía se correlacionó débilmente con el CP, CMB, MTM y IMM. Conclusión: EMAP presentó una baja o moderada correlación con otras mediciones de estado nutricional. La EMAP predice la masa muscular, ya que presentó correlación con marcadores de este compartimento. Se sugiere que EMAPse utilice de manera complementaria en la evaluación de la composición corporal.

RESECCIÓN DE PANCREATODUODENECTOMÍA CEFÁLICA. TÉCNICA, MORBILIDAD Y MORTALIDAD (PARTE 1) / Cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy resection Technique, morbidity and mortality (Part 1)

Antecedentes: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (D.P.C.) es el procedimiento quirúrgico aceptado para el tratamiento de los tumores malignos y benignos del confluente bilio-duodenopancreático. Lugar de aplicación: hospital nacional de clínicas y clínica privada. Diseño: estudio protocolizado y prospectivo. Material y método: entre diciembre 2000 y diciembre 2014 se operaron 96 dpc. De ellos, 54 del sexo masculino y 42 del femenino, cuyas edades oscilaron entre 27 y 79 años de edad (media de 59 años). El promedio del período de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y la primera consulta fue de 81 días (rango 10 a 129 días). A todos los pacientes se les llevo a cabo ecografía y tac de abdomen. Resultados: con respecto a la mortalidad dentro de los 30 días, fallecieron 5 pacientes (4, 80 %). Posteriormente, fallecieron dentro de los 90 días 5 pacientes más (9,3 %). Con respecto a la morbilidad, las dividimos en clínicas que fueron 17 pacientes (16,32 %) y 50 fueron quirúrgicas (48 %). Dentro de ellas la fistula pancreática estuvo en 32 pacientes (30,72 %). Con respecto al vaciamiento gástrico estuvo presente en 19 (18,24 %) y finalmente 5 (4,80 %) tuvieron una hemorragia intra peritoneal. Ocho pacientes tuvieron una fistula biliar (7,62 %). Conclusiones: los resultados de nuestro trabajo, apoyan el concepto que cirujanos con bajo volumen de d.P.C. Anuales, pero con una estricta formación en instituciones con infraestructura adecuada y un equipo multidisciplinario, pueden también obtener buenos resultados en las lesiones malignas y benignas del confluente bilio-duodeno-pancreático

Background: Cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy (CPD) is the surgical procedure of choice accepted for the management of both the malignant and the benign tumors of the bilio- duodeno pancreatic confluence. Setting: Clinico- National Hospital and private practice. Desing: protocoled and prospective study. Methods: between december 2000 and december 2014, 96 cpd have been operated. Of these, 54 were men and 42 were women, with ages ranged between 27 to 79 years (average 59 years). The time between the onset of symptoms and the first consultation period. Averaged 81 days (range 10-129 days). All the patients were submitted to ultrasound and ct of the abdomen. Results: with reference to mortality within 30 days, 5 patients (4, 80%) died. Subsequently, 5 more patients died within 90 days (9.3%). With reference to morbidity, we divided them in two, clinicals that were 17 patients (16.32%) And 50 were surgical (48%). Within pancreatic fistula included 32 patients (30, 72%). With reference to the gastric emptying, it was present in 19 (18.24%) And finally 5 (4.80%) Had intra peritoneal bleeding. In addition, 8 patients had a biliary fistula (7.62%). Conclusions: the results of our study support the concept that surgeons with low volume of cpd annually, but with strict training in institutions with adequate infraestructure and a multidisciplinary team, can also obtain good results in the malignant and benign lesions of the biliary-duodeno-pancreatic confluence.

Human pilot study of bare-metal stent: INC-01

ABSTRACT Background: The cost of performing a percutaneous coronary intervention is considerably high for the patient as well as for health systems, which have promoted the development of local technology to help meet the need for these devices. Methods: The INC-01 bare-metal stent was developed at the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City and was first implanted on porcine models with technical success in 100% of the evaluated parameters. Presentation of Cases: We present the first three cases of patients with ischemic heart disease, to whom the INC-01 bare-metal stent was implanted. Intracoronary ultrasonography was performed post-stent implantation, showing all the characteristics of implant success during evaluation and clinical follow-up. Conclusions: Angiography and intracoronary ultrasound were carried out demonstrating that the INC-01 bare-metal stent has physical, biological, and histological characteristics similar to those found in commercial metallic stents.

Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for chronic venous disease with ulcer. A prospective multiple outcome cohort study / Escleroterapia ecoguiada com espuma para doença venosa crônica com úlcera: coorte prospectiva de múltiplos desfechos

Abstract Background Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) is the main cause of chronic leg ulcers. Varicose veins are the most frequent cause of venous leg ulcers (VLU). 50.9% of Brazilian women have varicose veins and ulcer prevalence is as high as 4%. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) is a low-cost treatment option for varicose veins. Objectives To analyze UGFS outcomes in patients with VLU. Methods Prospective consecutive single center cohort study. Patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux and VLU were treated and followed-up for 180 days. The following were studied: quality of life (QoL), disease severity, healing, and elimination of GSV reflux. The Aberdeen questionnaire, a venous clinical severity score, and Duplex scanning (DS) results were analyzed. Results 22 patients aged 35 to 70 years were treated. There was improvement in quality of life, disease severity reduced, and ulcer diameter reduced (p < 0.001; ANOVA). 77.27% of VLU healed completely (95%CI: 59.76-94.78%). The dimensions of 20/22 VLU reduced (90.91%; 95%CI: 78.9-100%). GSV reflux was eliminated in 63.64% (95%CI: 43.54-83.74%). Men had greater QoL benefit and women had more complications. There were no severe complications. The VLU that had healed completely at the end of the study were smaller at baseline than those that did not completely heal. The GSV that were completely occluded at the end of the study were smaller at baseline than those that were not completely occluded (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney). Conclusion The results suggest that most patients benefited from UGFS.

Resumo Contexto A doença venosa crônica (DVC) é a principal causa de úlceras crônicas em membros inferiores. As varizes dos membros inferiores são a causa mais frequente de úlcera venosa (UV). No Brasil, 50,9% das mulheres têm varizes e a prevalência da úlcera chega a 4%. A escleroterapia ecoguiada com espuma (EEE) é uma alternativa de baixo custo para tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Objetivos Analisar evolução de portadores de UV tratados com EEE. Métodos Coorte prospectiva e consecutiva em um único serviço. Portadores de UV com veia safena magna (VSM) insuficiente foram acompanhados por 180 dias após EEE. Foram estudadas: qualidade de vida, gravidade da doença, cicatrização e eliminação do refluxo. Foram utilizados questionário Aberdeen, escore clínico venoso e ultrassom Doppler. Resultados Foram tratados 22 pacientes com idade entre 35 a 70 anos. Houve melhora na qualidade de vida, redução da gravidade da doença, e redução dos diâmetros das úlceras (p < 0.001; ANOVA). Houve redução das dimensões em 90,91% das úlceras [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 78,9-100%], e cicatrização completa em 77,27% (IC95% 59,76-94,78%). O refluxo foi eliminado em 63,64% (IC95% 43,54-83,74%) das VSM. Homens tiveram maior benefício em qualidade de vida, e mulheres apresentaram mais complicações. Não houve complicações graves. As UV completamente cicatrizadas e as VSM que apresentaram oclusão completa apresentavam dimensões inicialmente menores quando comparadas às das UV não completamente cicatrizadas e das VSM não completamente ocluídas (p < 0,05; Mann-Whitney). Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que EEE foi benéfica para a maioria dos pacientes.

Mobility impact and methods of diaphragm monitoring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review

The objectives of the study were to identify the factors that limit diaphragmatic mobility and evaluate the therapeutic results of the monitoring methods previously used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS databases were used. A gray literature search was conducted with Google scholar. PRISMA was used, and the bias risk analysis adapted from the Cochrane Handbook for clinical trials and, for other studies, the Downs and Black checklist were used. Twenty-five articles were included in the qualitative synthesis analysis on physiotherapeutic techniques and diaphragmatic mobility. Eight clinical trials indicated satisfactory domains, and on the Downs and Black scale, 17 cohort studies were evaluated to have an acceptable score. Different conditions must be observed; for example, for postoperative assessments the supine position is suggested to be the most appropriate position to verify diaphragm excursion, although it has been shown to be associated with difficulty of restriction and matching in samples. Therefore, we identified the need for contemporary adjustments and strategies that used imaging instruments, preferably in the dorsal position. Therapeutic evidence on the association between the instrumental method and diaphragmatic mobility can be controversial. The ultrasound measurements indicated some relevance for different analyses, for pulmonary hyperinflation as well as diaphragm thickness and mobilization, in COPD patients. In particular, the study suggests that the ultrasound technique with B-mode for analysis and M-mode for diaphragmatic excursion be used with a 2 - 5 MHz with the patient in the supine position. However, the methods used to monitor diaphragm excursion should be adapted to the conditions of the patients, and additional investigations of their characteristics should be performed. More selective inclusion criteria and better matching in the samples are very important. In addition, more narrow age, sex and weight categories are important, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Caracterización de los pacientes con diagnóstico precoz de aneurisma de la aorta abdominal / Characterization of patients with early diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Introducción: la incorporación de la ecografía a los métodos diagnósticos de los aneurismas aórticos abdominales favorece su detección precoz. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes a quienes se les detectó precozmente un aneurisma aórtico abdominal. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 243 pacientes pertenecientes al área de salud del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "General Freyre de Andrade", clasificados como población de riesgo (hombres > 50 años y mujeres > 60 años). El periodo de estudio: noviembre de 2016 a octubre de 2017. Resultados: Se realizó el diagnóstico de aneurisma aórtico abdominal en 2,1 por ciento (n= 5); en estos pacientes prevaleció el grupo de edad de 70 a79 años (80 por ciento) y el sexo masculino (60 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo predominantes fueron el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad arterial periférica, todos con igual porcentaje (100 por ciento). El segmento aórtico más afectado fue el infrarrenal (100 por ciento), los diámetros aórticos predominantes fueron: transversal (3-3,9 cm), longitudinal (5-10 cm) y antero-posterior (3-3,9 cm). La proteína C reactiva estuvo incrementada (mayor de 5 mg/L) en el 100 por ciento de los casos. La claudicación intermitente fue la más frecuente. Conclusiones: A pesar de la baja prevalencia porcentual encontrada, destaca en todos los pacientes con aneurisma aórtico abdominal la presencia de factores de riesgo relevantes como es el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad arterial periférica; incremento en la concentración de la proteína C reactiva, afectación en el segmento infrarrenal así como alto porcentaje con edades por encima de 70 años(AU)

Introduction: The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the population benefits from the incorporation of ultrasound to diagnostic methods due to the importance of their early detection. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients who are early detected with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 243 patients belonging to the health area of "General Freyre de Andrade" Clinical- Surgical Hospital that were classified as a risk population (men > 50 years and women > 60 years). The study was conducted from November 2016 to October 2017. Results: The diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm was performed in 2.1 percent (n= 5); in these patients predominated the age group of 70 to 79 years (80 percent), male sex (60 percent) and white skin color (80 percent). The predominant risk factors were smoking habit, arterial hypertension and peripheral arterial disease; all with equal percentage (100 percent). The most affected aortic segment was the infrarenal (100 percent), the predominant aortic diameters were: transversal (3-3.9 cm), longitudinal (5-10 cm) and anterior-posterior (3-3.9 cm). The C-reactive protein increased (greater than 5 mg/L) in 100 percent of the cases. Intermittent claudication was the most frequent. Conclusions: Although the percentage prevalence of the disease was low, it was present in all the patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, risk factors that are favorable to aneurysms, high concentrations of C-reactive protein, affectation in the infrarenal aortic segment, and high percentage of ages of more than 70 years(AU)

Enfermedad renal crónica terminal en el embarazo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / End-stage chronic kidney disease in pregnancy: a case report and literature review

RESUMEN La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se observa en aproximadamente el 4% de las mujeres en edad fértil, pero el embarazo suele ser infrecuente en este grupo de pacientes, principalmente en aquellas con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT), reportándose entre el 1% al 7%. Los efectos de la enfermedad renal y su tratamiento pueden, a su vez, afectar el embarazo, incluido el desarrollo del feto, teniendo alta frecuencia las complicaciones perinatales. Es una patología que durante la gestación tiene una alta morbimortalidad para el binomio, por lo cual la cooperación interdisciplinaria intensiva de nefrólogos y obstetras es imprescindible para el manejo exitoso de la embarazada en esta condición. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de ERCT antes de la concepción, manejo de su patología y seguimiento hasta la finalización del embarazo.

SUMMARY Introduction and objectives: The climacteric symptoms together with genital prolapse in the aging woman, affects the sexual function and the health related quality of life. The objective of this study was to describe sexual function and health related quality of life in climacteric women with genital prolapse according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design, on a consecutive sample of 45 climacteric women enrolled in two Family Health Centers of the Ñuble region, were selected all those between 42 and 60 years of age, with a clinical or ultrasound diagnosis of genital prolapse, with active sexual life the last 6 months and without hormone replacement therapy. To evaluate sexual function the Index of Feminine Sexual Function was applied and for the health related quality of life the Menopause Rating Scale was applied. Descriptive statistics were used, and to analyze the difference between the variables, the Chi-square and Fisher's Exact test were applied. In all cases a level of significance was considered p <0.05. The data was analyzed with the statistical software SPSS v. 23. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between schooling and sexual function (p = 0.005) and type of delivery and health related quality of life (p = 0.034). Conclusions: The educational level could be considered as a protective factor of sexual function.

Correlation of tools for objective evaluation of infravesical obstruction of men with lower urinary tract symptoms

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify how the most frequently used parameters in daily clinical practice diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) correlate to each other. Materials and methods The study included 452 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of the UNICAMP urology outpatient clinic of LUTS. Inclusion criteria: patients with BOO due to BPH who agreed to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria: patients with urinary tract infection, neurological diseases that compromised the lower urinary tract, prior prostatic surgery, radiotherapy or urethral stenosis. Patient assessment: history, international prostate symptoms score (IPSS), nocturnal quality of life score (NQoL) questionnaires, physical and digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA, transabdominal ultrasound with intravesical prostate protrusion (IPP), post-mictional residue and free uroflowmetry. Results There was no strong Spearman correlation among the studied variables. The only moderate correlations occurred between IPSS and NQoL (p <0001; c=0.56) and between IPP and prostate volume (p <0001; c=0.57). Weak correlations between IPP and post-mictional residue (p <0001; c=0.31) and free uroflowmetry (p <0001; c=-0.26); and between IPSS and free uroflowmetry (p <0001, c=-0.21) were observed. Conclusion In this study, we found moderate, weak, very weak and absent correlation among the various parameters used in the diagnosis and management of BOO due to BPH. As the value of these tools is variable, the creation of a logical and objective algorithm was not possible and the treatment is based on the interpretation of clinical symptoms.