Desafios do rastreamento do câncer de mama / Challenges of breast cancer screening

A mamografia é o método de eleição para o rastreamento do câncer de mama, sendo o único que demonstra redução de mortalidade na população de risco habitual. A periodicidade de realização e a idade de início do rastreamento mamográfico são um tema controverso na literatura. Entretanto, dados no nosso país apontam para uma porção significativa de neoplasia de mamas em mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos. A Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM) e o Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR) concordam que o rastreamento mamográfico deveria ser realizado, anualmente, por todas as mulheres a partir de 40 anos de idade. No Brasil, há uma distribuição desigual de mamógrafos nas várias regiões. As políticas de rastreamento devem considerar essa desigualdade. A grande maioria dos serviços no Brasil realiza rastreamento oportunístico para o câncer de mama. A implantação de rastreamento organizado por faixa etária e estratificação de risco pode otimizar os custos do sistema público de saúde. Pacientes de alto risco precisam ser rastreadas de forma diferente das pacientes de risco habitual. Essas pacientes precisam ter acesso à ressonância magnética das mamas e também iniciar seu rastreamento em idade mais precoce. O protocolo abreviado da ressonância magnética para rastreamento de pacientes de alto risco para câncer de mama pode melhorar a adesão e o acesso dessas pacientes ao programa de rastreamento. A ultrassonografia das mamas não é método de rastreamento isoladamente. Entretanto, ela tem seu papel como método complementar à mamografia e à ressonância magnética em cenários específicos, bem como em substituição à ressonância magnética em pacientes com contraindicação ao uso desse método. As mamas densas possuem baixa sensibilidade para o rastreamento por mamografia

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de la urolitiasis / Clinical-epidemiological description of urolithiasis

Introducción: Las urolitiasis ocasionan dolor, deterioro funcional renal y notorias erogaciones económicas. Objetivos: Identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la nefrolitiasis. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se estudiaron 2 923 personas pertenecientes a tres consultorios del Policlínico Plaza; municipio Plaza de la Revolución, provincia La Habana, Cuba., seleccionados por muestreo simple aleatorio de los 16 con que cuenta el área de salud. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante encuesta y entrevista estructurada. La información fue procesada de forma automatizada (IBMSPSS 22.0). Se utilizó análisis de distribución de frecuencias, se calcularon tasas de prevalencia, y fue empleado el test de homogeneidad. Resultados: La prevalencia de urolitiasis fue de 4,99 por cada 100 habitantes, de 6,3 entre los varones y de 5,7 en los de piel blanca. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 39,3 años. Entre los factores de riesgo de litiasis predominó la alta ingestión de oxalatos (97,3 por ciento). La ecografía fue la forma de diagnóstico más usada (67,8 por ciento). La fitoterapia fue el tratamiento médico más utilizado (69,2 por ciento). Al 16,4 por ciento de los pacientes se les expidió certificado médico en los últimos dos años. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de litiasis urinaria en el Policlínico Docente Plaza de la Revolución es elevada, con predominio en el sexo masculino, en sujetos de piel blanca y en las edades medias de la vida. La alta ingestión de oxalato es el factor de riesgo de litiasis urinaria más frecuente encontrado. La forma de diagnóstico más utilizada es la ecografía y el tratamiento más empleado es la fitoterapia(AU)

Introduction: Urolithiasis causes pain, renal functional deterioration and notorious economic expenses. Objectives: To identify the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of nephrolithiasis. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 2,923 people from to three clinics of Plaza de la Revolution Teaching Community Clinic, Plaza de la Revolution municipality, Havana province, Cuba. They were selected by simple random sampling from the 16 clinics that the health area has. The data was obtained through a survey and structured interview. The information was processed automatically (IBMSPSS 22.0). Frequency distribution analysis was used, prevalence rates were calculated and the homogeneity test was used. Results: The prevalence of urolithiasis was 4.99 per 100 inhabitants, 6.3 among men and 5.7 among white-skinned men. The average age at diagnosis was 39.3 years. Among the risk factors for lithiasis, the high intake of oxalates prevailed (97.3 percent). Ultrasound was the most used form of diagnosis (67.8 percent). Phytotherapy was the most used medical treatment (69.2 percent). A medical permit was issued to 16.4 percent of the patients in the last two years. Conclusions: The prevalence of urinary lithiasis in Plaza de la Revolution Teaching Community Clinic is high, prevailing in males, in white-skinned and middle aged subjects. High oxalate intake is the most common risk factor for urinary lithiasis found. The most used form of diagnosis is ultrasound and the most used treatment is phytotherapy(AU)

Ultrasonido renal en los primeros seis meses de vida / Renal ultrasound in the first six months of life

Introducción: Las malformaciones congénitas renales y de las vías urinarias, constituyen la causa más frecuente de la enfermedad renal crónica en niños menores de 5 años. La ultrasonografía renal, se contempla en la actualidad, en el estudio inicial ante la sospecha de enfermedad renal crónica secundaria a malformaciones congénitas renales y de vías urinarias. Objetivo: Identificar los hallazgos sonográficos sugestivos de anomalías renales en los primeros seis meses de vida. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en niños nacidos entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2015 en el municipio de Santa Clara, con ultrasonido renal prenatal normal. A los 672 niños estudiados, previo consentimiento informado, se les realizó ultrasonido renal en algún momento dentro de los seis primeros meses de vida, lo que permitió identificar a los niños con alteraciones sonográficas sugerentes de algún tipo de anomalías del desarrollo renal. Se continuaron los estudios, según protocolos establecidos, para definir el tipo de malformación congénita renal y de vías urinarias. Resultados: El 5,95 por ciento (40 pacientes) presentaron alguna alteración sonográfica. La hidronefrosis se identificó en el 27,50 por ciento. La ectopia renal y la asimetría renal estuvieron presentes en el 15,00 por ciento de los pacientes. El 10,00 por ciento presentó agenesia renal. El 22, 5 por ciento de los pacientes con hidronefrosis tenían reflujo vesicoureteral. Conclusiones: La hidronefrosis constituye una alteración sonográfica frecuente en pacientes con malformaciones congénitas renales, sobre todo del tipo de reflujo vesicoureteral. Dentro de las alteraciones de tamaño, posición y forma, la ectopia renal constituye la anomalía del desarrollo renal más frecuente(AU)

Introduction: Renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations represent the most frequent cause of chronical kidney disease in children under five years old. The renal ultrasound it is nowadays included in the initial study while suspecting chronical kidney disease as a consequence of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations. Objective: To identify sonographic findings that suggest renal anomalies in the first six months of life. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in children that were born from July, 2014 to June, 2015 in Santa Clara municipality having a normal prenatal renal ultrasound. The 672 children studied with previous informed consent had a renal ultrasound in the first six months of life which allowed to identify the children with sonographic alterations suggestive to any kind of renal development´s anomalies. The studies were conducted under the established protocols to define the kind of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformation. Results: 5.5 percent (40 patients) presented any kind of sonographic alteration. Hydronephrosis was identified in 27.50 percent of the patients. Renal ectopy and renal asymmetry were present in the 15.00 percent of the patients. 10.00 percent presented renal agenesis. 22.5 percent of the patients with hydronephrosis had vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusions: Hydronephrosis represents a frequent sonographic alteration in patients with congenital renal malformations, mostly the vesicoureteral reflux type. Among the size, position and shape alterations, renal ectopy is the most frequent renal development´s anomaly(AU)

Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for chronic venous disease with ulcer. A prospective multiple outcome cohort study / Escleroterapia ecoguiada com espuma para doença venosa crônica com úlcera: coorte prospectiva de múltiplos desfechos

Abstract Background Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) is the main cause of chronic leg ulcers. Varicose veins are the most frequent cause of venous leg ulcers (VLU). 50.9% of Brazilian women have varicose veins and ulcer prevalence is as high as 4%. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) is a low-cost treatment option for varicose veins. Objectives To analyze UGFS outcomes in patients with VLU. Methods Prospective consecutive single center cohort study. Patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux and VLU were treated and followed-up for 180 days. The following were studied: quality of life (QoL), disease severity, healing, and elimination of GSV reflux. The Aberdeen questionnaire, a venous clinical severity score, and Duplex scanning (DS) results were analyzed. Results 22 patients aged 35 to 70 years were treated. There was improvement in quality of life, disease severity reduced, and ulcer diameter reduced (p < 0.001; ANOVA). 77.27% of VLU healed completely (95%CI: 59.76-94.78%). The dimensions of 20/22 VLU reduced (90.91%; 95%CI: 78.9-100%). GSV reflux was eliminated in 63.64% (95%CI: 43.54-83.74%). Men had greater QoL benefit and women had more complications. There were no severe complications. The VLU that had healed completely at the end of the study were smaller at baseline than those that did not completely heal. The GSV that were completely occluded at the end of the study were smaller at baseline than those that were not completely occluded (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney). Conclusion The results suggest that most patients benefited from UGFS.

Resumo Contexto A doença venosa crônica (DVC) é a principal causa de úlceras crônicas em membros inferiores. As varizes dos membros inferiores são a causa mais frequente de úlcera venosa (UV). No Brasil, 50,9% das mulheres têm varizes e a prevalência da úlcera chega a 4%. A escleroterapia ecoguiada com espuma (EEE) é uma alternativa de baixo custo para tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Objetivos Analisar evolução de portadores de UV tratados com EEE. Métodos Coorte prospectiva e consecutiva em um único serviço. Portadores de UV com veia safena magna (VSM) insuficiente foram acompanhados por 180 dias após EEE. Foram estudadas: qualidade de vida, gravidade da doença, cicatrização e eliminação do refluxo. Foram utilizados questionário Aberdeen, escore clínico venoso e ultrassom Doppler. Resultados Foram tratados 22 pacientes com idade entre 35 a 70 anos. Houve melhora na qualidade de vida, redução da gravidade da doença, e redução dos diâmetros das úlceras (p < 0.001; ANOVA). Houve redução das dimensões em 90,91% das úlceras [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 78,9-100%], e cicatrização completa em 77,27% (IC95% 59,76-94,78%). O refluxo foi eliminado em 63,64% (IC95% 43,54-83,74%) das VSM. Homens tiveram maior benefício em qualidade de vida, e mulheres apresentaram mais complicações. Não houve complicações graves. As UV completamente cicatrizadas e as VSM que apresentaram oclusão completa apresentavam dimensões inicialmente menores quando comparadas às das UV não completamente cicatrizadas e das VSM não completamente ocluídas (p < 0,05; Mann-Whitney). Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que EEE foi benéfica para a maioria dos pacientes.

Caracterización de los pacientes con diagnóstico precoz de aneurisma de la aorta abdominal / Characterization of patients with early diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Introducción: la incorporación de la ecografía a los métodos diagnósticos de los aneurismas aórticos abdominales favorece su detección precoz. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes a quienes se les detectó precozmente un aneurisma aórtico abdominal. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 243 pacientes pertenecientes al área de salud del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "General Freyre de Andrade", clasificados como población de riesgo (hombres > 50 años y mujeres > 60 años). El periodo de estudio: noviembre de 2016 a octubre de 2017. Resultados: Se realizó el diagnóstico de aneurisma aórtico abdominal en 2,1 por ciento (n= 5); en estos pacientes prevaleció el grupo de edad de 70 a79 años (80 por ciento) y el sexo masculino (60 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo predominantes fueron el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad arterial periférica, todos con igual porcentaje (100 por ciento). El segmento aórtico más afectado fue el infrarrenal (100 por ciento), los diámetros aórticos predominantes fueron: transversal (3-3,9 cm), longitudinal (5-10 cm) y antero-posterior (3-3,9 cm). La proteína C reactiva estuvo incrementada (mayor de 5 mg/L) en el 100 por ciento de los casos. La claudicación intermitente fue la más frecuente. Conclusiones: A pesar de la baja prevalencia porcentual encontrada, destaca en todos los pacientes con aneurisma aórtico abdominal la presencia de factores de riesgo relevantes como es el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad arterial periférica; incremento en la concentración de la proteína C reactiva, afectación en el segmento infrarrenal así como alto porcentaje con edades por encima de 70 años(AU)

Introduction: The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the population benefits from the incorporation of ultrasound to diagnostic methods due to the importance of their early detection. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients who are early detected with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 243 patients belonging to the health area of "General Freyre de Andrade" Clinical- Surgical Hospital that were classified as a risk population (men > 50 years and women > 60 years). The study was conducted from November 2016 to October 2017. Results: The diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm was performed in 2.1 percent (n= 5); in these patients predominated the age group of 70 to 79 years (80 percent), male sex (60 percent) and white skin color (80 percent). The predominant risk factors were smoking habit, arterial hypertension and peripheral arterial disease; all with equal percentage (100 percent). The most affected aortic segment was the infrarenal (100 percent), the predominant aortic diameters were: transversal (3-3.9 cm), longitudinal (5-10 cm) and anterior-posterior (3-3.9 cm). The C-reactive protein increased (greater than 5 mg/L) in 100 percent of the cases. Intermittent claudication was the most frequent. Conclusions: Although the percentage prevalence of the disease was low, it was present in all the patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, risk factors that are favorable to aneurysms, high concentrations of C-reactive protein, affectation in the infrarenal aortic segment, and high percentage of ages of more than 70 years(AU)

Correlation of tools for objective evaluation of infravesical obstruction of men with lower urinary tract symptoms

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify how the most frequently used parameters in daily clinical practice diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) correlate to each other. Materials and methods The study included 452 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of the UNICAMP urology outpatient clinic of LUTS. Inclusion criteria: patients with BOO due to BPH who agreed to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria: patients with urinary tract infection, neurological diseases that compromised the lower urinary tract, prior prostatic surgery, radiotherapy or urethral stenosis. Patient assessment: history, international prostate symptoms score (IPSS), nocturnal quality of life score (NQoL) questionnaires, physical and digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA, transabdominal ultrasound with intravesical prostate protrusion (IPP), post-mictional residue and free uroflowmetry. Results There was no strong Spearman correlation among the studied variables. The only moderate correlations occurred between IPSS and NQoL (p <0001; c=0.56) and between IPP and prostate volume (p <0001; c=0.57). Weak correlations between IPP and post-mictional residue (p <0001; c=0.31) and free uroflowmetry (p <0001; c=-0.26); and between IPSS and free uroflowmetry (p <0001, c=-0.21) were observed. Conclusion In this study, we found moderate, weak, very weak and absent correlation among the various parameters used in the diagnosis and management of BOO due to BPH. As the value of these tools is variable, the creation of a logical and objective algorithm was not possible and the treatment is based on the interpretation of clinical symptoms.

The role of maximum compressed thickness of the quadriceps femoris muscle measured by ultrasonography in assessing nutritional risk in critically-ill patients with different volume statuses

SUMMARY PURPOSE In this prospective observational study, we aimed to investigate the role of the maximum compressed (MC) and uncompressed (UC) thickness of the quadriceps femoris muscle (QFMT) measured by ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of nutritional risk in intensive care patients (ICPs) with different volume status. METHODS 55 patients were included. Right, left, and total ucQFMT and mcQFMT measurements were obtained by a standard USG device within the first 48 hours after ICU admission. Clinical examination and the USG device were used to determine the volume status of the patients. SOFA, APACHE II, modified NUTRIC scores, and demographic data were collected. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the nutritional risk of patients in terms of left, right, and total mcQFMT measurements (p=0.025, p=0.039; p=0.028, respectively), mechanical ventilation requirement (p=0.014), presence of infection (p=0.019), and sepsis (p=0.006). There was no significant difference between different volume statuses in terms of mcQFMT measurements. In the multi-variance analysis, mcQFMT measurements were found to be independently associated with high nutritional risk (p=0.019, Exp(B)=0.256, 95%CI=0.082-0.800 for modified NUTRIC score ≥ 5), and higher nutritional risk (p=0.009, Exp(B)=0.144, 95%CI=0.033-0.620 for modified NUTRIC score ≥ 6). a Total mcQFMT value below 1.36 cm was a predictor for higher nutritional risk with 79% sensitivity and 70% specificity (AUC=0.749, p=0.002, likelihood ratio=2.04). CONCLUSION Ultrasonographic measurement of total mcQFMT can be used as a novel nutritional risk assessment parameter in medical ICPs with different volume statuses. Thus, patients who could benefit from aggressive nutritional therapy can be easily identified in these patient groups.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Neste estudo observacional prospectivo, objetivamos investigar o papel da espessura do músculo quadríceps femoral (QFMT) comprimido (mc) e não comprimido (uc) medida pela ultrassonografia (USG) na detecção do risco nutricional em pacientes de terapia intensiva (ICPs) com status de volume diferente. MÉTODOS Cinquenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos. As medidas direita, esquerda e total de ucQFMT e mcQFMT foram obtidas por um dispositivo USG padrão nas primeiras 48 horas após a admissão na UTI. O exame clínico e o dispositivo USG foram usados para determinar o status volumétrico dos pacientes. Sofa, Apache II, escores Nutric modificados e dados demográficos foram coletados. RESULTADOS Houve diferença significativa entre o risco nutricional dos pacientes em termos de medidas da QTFMT esquerda, direita e total (p=0,025, p=0,039; p=0,028, respectivamente), necessidade de ventilação mecânica (p=0,014), presença de infecção (p=0,019) e sepse (p=0,006). Não houve diferença significativa entre os diferentes status de volume em termos de medidas de mcQFMT. Na análise de variância múltipla, verificou-se que as medidas da FCFMT estavam independentemente associadas a alto risco nutricional (p=0,019, Exp (B)=0,256, 95%CI=0,082-0,800 para escore Nutric modificado ≥ 5) e maior risco nutricional (p=0,009, Exp (B)=0,144, 95%CI=0,033-0,620 para o escore Nutric modificado ≥ 6). O valor total de mcQFMT abaixo de 1,36 cm foi um preditor de maior risco nutricional com sensibilidade de 79% e especificidade de 70% (ASC=0,749, p=0,002, razão de verossimilhança = 2,04). CONCLUSÃO A medida ultrassonográfica do mcQFMT total pode ser usada como um novo parâmetro de avaliação de risco nutricional em ICPs médicas com diferentes status de volume. Assim, pacientes que podem se beneficiar de uma terapia nutricional agressiva podem ser facilmente identificados nesses grupos de pacientes.

Avaliação pré-operatória por imagem da hidradenite supurativa / Preoperative imaging assessment of hidradenitis suppurativa

A hidradenite supurativa (HS) é uma doença inflamatória crônica da pele caracterizada por apresentar nodulações subcutâneas, dolorosas e com sinais flogísticos, inicialmente enrijecidas e que evoluem para consistência amolecida. Ocorre em 1 a 4% da população mundial. A sua etiologia ainda é pouco conhecida, sugere-se que aconteça devido à oclusão do ducto apócrino dos folículos pilosos por fatores precipitantes como fricção de tecido adiposo, higiene precária, entre outras. Seu diagnóstico é eminentemente clínico, pela identificação de lesões típicas recorrentes em forma de nodularidades, abcessos, tratos fistulosos ou cicatrizes. Não há testes patognomônicos. Sua evolução é variável e de difícil manejo, o qual pode ser feito com terapia tópica, sistêmica ou por exérese cirúrgica. Este trabalho revisa a avaliação por imagem da hidroadenite supurativa e demonstra imagens de um caso avaliado por ressonância magnética. A avaliação por exames de imagem, apesar de pouco específica para firmar diagnóstico, é muito útil na determinação da extensão da doença, assim como na exclusão de diagnósticos diferenciais, destacando-se o papel da ressonância magnética na avaliação das lesões anogenitais, com potencial de reduzir recorrências.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by painful deep-seated skin nodules with phlogistic signs, which are initially hard and progress to have a soft consistency. It occurs in 1­4% of the world population. Etiology of HS is still poorly understood and is suggested to occur due to occlusion of the apocrine duct of the hair follicles by triggering factors such as friction of the adipose tissue and poor hygiene, among others. Diagnosis is eminently clinical, through the identification of typical recurrent lesions that include nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts, or scars. There are no pathognomonic tests used to confirm its presence. Progression is variable and difficult to manage, which can be done with topical or systemic therapy or surgical excision. This work reviews the imaging assessment of HS and shows images of a case assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging assessment, although not specific enough for a diagnosis, is useful to determine the extent of the disease and to exclude differential diagnoses. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging has an important role in the assessment of anogenital lesions and a potential to reduce recurrences.

Associação entre insuficiência de perfurante anterior do joelho e insuficiência de veia safena magna em pacientes com varizes primárias dos membros inferiores / Association between insufficiency of anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs

A correta identificação dos pontos de refluxo no estudo das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores é importante na abordagem terapêutica desses pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a insuficiência de veias perfurantes anteriores do joelho e a insuficiência de veia safena magna em pacientes com varizes primárias de membros inferiores. Métodos: Foram avaliados 886 pacientes, correspondendo a 1.772 membros inferiores, em pacientes acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, submetidos ao mapeamento venoso superficial pela ecografia vascular. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram idade média de 46,1 ± 14,5 anos, sendo 81,7% do sexo feminino. A insuficiência de veia safena magna foi encontrada em 38,8% dos casos. A insuficiência da perfurante anterior do joelho foi encontrada em 146 membros inferiores (8,2%), com diâmetro médio de 1,7 ± 0,15 mm, sendo predominante a localização infrapatelar (86,4%). A tributária anterior da veia safena magna originou o refluxo na perna em 34%, com relação direta desta tributária com a perfurante anterior do joelho em 79,4%. Observou-se associação entre a presença de perfurante anterior do joelho e insuficiência de veia safena magna (p = 0,0001) e sexo masculino (p = 0,001). Conclusão: Houve associação entre insuficiência de perfurante anterior do joelho e insuficiência de veia safena magna em pacientes com varizes primárias dos membros inferiores submetidos à ecografia vascular, sendo que a correta identificação desta perfurante pode ser importante na abordagem terapêutica desses pacientes

The accurate identification of reflux points in the study of primary varicose veins of the lower limbs is important in the therapeutic approach of these patients. Objective: To evaluate the association between insufficiency of the anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs. Methods: The study included 886 patients, corresponding to 1,772 lower limbs, in patients older than 18, of both sexes, undergoing superficial venous mapping using vascular ultrasound. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.1 ± 14.5 and 81.7% were females. Great saphenous vein insufficiency was found in 38.8% of the cases. Insufficiency of the anterior perforator vein of the knee was found in 146 lower limbs (8.2%), with a mean diameter of 1.7 ± 0.15 mm, prevailing in the infrapatellar area (86.4%). The anterior tributary vein of the great saphenous vein originated leg reflux in 34%, with a direct relation of this tributary vein with the anterior perforator vein of the knee in 79.4%. An association between the presence of anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency (p = 0.0001) and male gender (p = 0.001). Conclusion: There was an association between insufficiency of the anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs at vascular ultrasound, and the accurate identification of this perforator vein may be important in the therapeutic approach of these patients

Úlceras de quirodáctilos e dorso de mão esquerda ocasionadas por hipertensão venosa após confecção de fístula arteriovenosa braquiocefálica: relato de caso / Ulcers of the fingers and dorsum of the left hand caused by venous hypertension after construction of a brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula: case report

Úlceras venosas decorrentes de hipertensão venosa por fístula arteriovenosa são raras. A investigação de sua etiologia é esclarecida pelo eco-Doppler vascular, que diferencia entre estenose de vasos centrais e sobrecarga hemodinâmica gerada pelo desenvolvimento de tributárias, a partir da veia responsável pela fístula arteriovenosa. Apresentamos um caso gerado por sobrecarga hemodinâmica em tributária, que desviou o fluxo principal da fístula distalmente ao membro. Optamos por realizar a ligação da fístula para tratamento das úlceras e confecção de nova fístula arteriovenosa em membro contralateral

Venous ulcers caused by venous hypertension secondary to arteriovenous fistulae are rare. Their etiology can be confirmed by vascular Doppler ultrasonography, which can differentiate between stenosis of central vessels and hemodynamic overload caused by development of tributaries from the vein responsible for the arteriovenous fistula. We present a case caused by hemodynamic overload of a tributary, which diverted the primary flow from the fistula to the distal limb. We chose to ligate the fistula to treat the ulcers and create another arteriovenous fistula in the contralateral limb

Comparative evaluation of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and perioperative cholangiography in patients with suspect choledocholithiasis / Avaliação comparativa da colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética e da colangiografia peroperatória na suspeita de coledocolitíase

ABSTRACT Background: Cholelithiasis is a highly prevalent condition, and choledocholitiasis is a high morbidity complication and requires accurate methods for its diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the population of patients with suspected choledocholitiasis and check the statistical value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ultrasonography, the laboratory and the clinic of these patients comparing them to the results obtained by perioperative cholangiography. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study, which were evaluated 76 patients with cholelithiasis and suspected choledocholithiasis. Results: It was observed that the presence of dilatation of the biliary tract or choledocholithiasis in the ultrasonography was four and eight times increased risk of perioperative cholangiography for positive choledocholithiasis, respectively. For each unit increased in serum alkaline phosphatase was 0.3% increased the risk of perioperative cholangiography for positive choledocholithiasis. In the presence of dilatation of the bile ducts in the ultrasonography was four times greater risk of positive magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for choledocholithiasis. In the presence of pancreatitis these patients had five times higher risk of positive magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for choledocholithiasis. On the positive magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography presence to choledocholithiasis was 104 times greater of positive perioperative cholangiography for choledocholithiasis. Conclusions: The magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is a method with good accuracy for propedeutic follow-up for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, consistent with the results obtained from the perioperative cholangiography; however, it is less invasive, with less risk to the patient and promote decreased surgical time when compared with perioperative cholangiography.

RESUMO Racional: A colelitíase é afecção de alta prevalência, sendo a coledocolitíase complicação de elevada morbidade e que necessita de métodos acurados para seu diagnóstico. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil populacional de pacientes com suspeita de coledocolitíase e verificar o valor estatístico da colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética, da ultrassonografia, dos exames laboratoriais e da clínica desses pacientes e compará-los aos resultados obtidos pela colangiografia peroperatória. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo longitudinal, de coorte, retrospectivo, no qual foram avaliados 76 pacientes com diagnóstico de colelitíase e suspeita de coledocolitíase. Resultados: Observou-se que na presença de dilatação das vias biliares ou coledocolitíase na ultrassonografia havia risco quatro e oito vezes maior, respectivamente, de colangiografia peroperatória positiva para coledocolitíase. Para cada unidade de aumento na fosfatase alcalina sérica houve aumento em 0,3% no risco de colangiografia peroperatória positiva para coledocolitíase. Na presença de dilatação das vias biliares na ultrassonografia ou clínica de pancreatite havia risco quatro e cinco vezes maior, respectivamente, de colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética positiva para coledocolitíase. Na presença de colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética positiva para coledocolitíase o risco foi 104 vezes maior de colangiografia peroperatória positiva para coledocolitíase. Conclusão: A colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética para seguimento propedêutico tem boa acurácia para o diagnóstico de coledocolitíase, e concordante com os resultados obtidos na colangiografia peroperatória. O método é menos invasivo, com menores riscos ao paciente e com diminuição do tempo cirúrgico dispendido para realização da colangiografia peroperatória.

Enfermedades vasculares periféricas y niveles de calidad de vida en adultos mayores del municipio Boyeros / Peripheral vascular diseases and life quality levels in elderly adults of Boyeros municipality

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de las enfermedades vasculares periféricas y los niveles de calidad de vida en los adultos mayores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y analítico en una muestra aleatorizada (n= 200) de los residentes del municipio Boyeros. Se analizaron solo los adultos mayores (n= 58). Las enfermedades vasculares periféricas se diagnosticaron por examen físico-vascular, estudio hemodinámico y ultrasonográficos. Se aplicó el cuestionario genérico de calidad de vida SF-36. Resultados: La tasa de enfermedades vasculares periféricas fue de 12 por 10 000; donde las más prevalentes fueron: las flebopatías (9,3), la enfermedad arterial periférica de los miembros inferiores (5,7) y la enfermedad carotidea (4,4). El porcentaje se incrementó en el grupo entre 70 y 79 años. El 31,8 por ciento presentaron dos o más enfermedades. En más del 80 por ciento el diagnóstico fue precoz. La hipertensión arterial (85,2 por ciento) fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente. No se halló diferencias (p < 0,05) en ninguna de las escalas de calidad de vida al comparar los adultos mayores con y sin enfermedad vascular. En los enfermos las medidas sumarias salud mental y salud física oscilaron entre moderada y baja. Los enfermos fueron remitidos a sus áreas de salud para recibir el tratamiento oportuno. Conclusiones: El municipio Boyeros presentó elevadas tasas de prevalencia de enfermedades vasculares periféricas en los adultos mayores con una afectación importante en las medidas sumarias de niveles de calidad Salud mental y Salud física(AU)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of peripheral vascular diseases and the life quality levels in elderly. Methods: A prospective and analytical study was conducted in a randomized sample (n = 200) of the residents of Boyeros municipality in Havana, analyzing only the elderly (n = 58). Peripheral vascular diseases were diagnosed by physical-vascular examination, hemodynamic and ultrasonographic studies. The SF-36 generic life quality questionnaire was applied. Results: The rate of peripheral vascular diseases was of 12 by 10 000, where the most prevalent were: flebopathy (9.3), peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs (5.7) and carotid disease (4.4). The percentage increased in the group from 70 to 79 years old. 31.8 percent showed two or more diseases. In more than the 80 percent, the diagnosis was precocious. Arterial hypertension (85.2 percent), obesity (59.3 percent) and hyperlipidemia (42.6 percent) were the most common risk factors. No differences (p< 0.05) were found in any of the quality of life scales when comparing elderly with and without vascular disease. In ill patients, the summary measures mental health and physical health oscillated between moderate and low. The ill patients were referred to their health areas to receive timely treatment. Conclusions: Boyeros municipality presented high rates of prevalence of peripheral vascular diseases in elderly with an important impact on the summary measures of quality levels called mental health and physical health(AU)

Tratamiento de pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico con compresión ecoguiada / Treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm with echo-guided compression

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad obtenida con la compresión ecoguiada como primera elección para lograr la trombosis del pseudoaneurisma iatrogénico post estudio o intervencionismo. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de 9 pacientes en quienes se realizó la compresión ecoguiada como primera alternativa de manejo frente a pseudoaneurismas iatrogénicos secundarios a procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos ocurridos entre agosto de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Talca. Resultados: De 4.070 procedimientos se presentó la complicación en 9 pacientes, un 0,22%; 7 posterior a procedimientos terapéuticos (0,4%), y 2 en el grupo de diagnósticos (0,08%). La muestra se compone por 6 hombres y 3 mujeres de edad promedio 70 años. El vaso comprometido fue principalmente la arteria femoral con un 77%. Los pseudoaneurismas ocurrieron mayoritariamente posteriores a procedimientos terapéuticos (77%); y el éxito de la compresión ecoguiada se obtuvo en el 67%. No hubo complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento. Conclusiones: La compresión ecoguiada tiene un porcentaje de éxito menor en esta pequeña serie que los obtenidos por otros autores, pero al no presentar complicaciones y por su bajo costo creemos debe mantenerse como primera alternativa.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness obtained with echo guided compression as the first choice to achieve thrombosis of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm after study or interventionism. Material and Method: Retrospective observational study of 9 patients who underwent echo-guided compression as the first management alternative to iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures that occurred between August 2012 and December 2015 at the Regional Hospital of Talca. Results: Of 4,070 procedures the complication was presented in 9 patients, 0.22%; 7 after therapeutic procedures (0.4%), and 2 in the diagnostic group (0.08%). The sample consists of 6 men and 3 women of average age 70 years. The involved vessel was mainly the femoral artery with 77%. Pseudoaneurysms occurred mostly after therapeutic procedures (77%); and the success of the echogenic compression was obtained in 67%. There were no complications associated with treatment. Conclusions : Image guided compression has a lower success rate in this small series than those obtained by other authors, but since there are no complications and because of its low cost, we believe that it should be kept as the first alternative.

Aterosclerose de carótidas em mulheres na pré e pós-menopausa com antecedentes de hipertensão na gestação: estudo de caso-controle / Carotid atherosclerosis in pre-and-post-menopausal women with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension: case-control study

A mortalidade por doença cardiovascular entre as mulheres permanece elevada. Estudos observacionais são controversos sobre a participação dos antecedentes de distúrbio hipertensivo gestacional no risco cardiovascular. Verificar a associação entre aterosclerose de carótidas em mulheres no climatério que tiveram hipertensão na gestação. Estudo de caso-controle, sendo os casos compostos por mulheres com aterosclerose de carótida, definida como espessura íntima-média carotídea > 1 mm e/ou presença de placas de carótidas; os controles não apresentavam estas alterações. Adotou-se nível de significância de 95%. Foram avaliadas 504 mulheres sem doença cardiovascular prévia, sendo 126 casos e 378 controles. Eram hipertensas 67% delas; 76% eram dislipidêmicas; e 16%, diabéticas. Cerca de 10% referiram antecedentes de hipertensão na gestação. As mulheres com aterosclerose de carótidas apresentaram valores maiores dos níveis de pressão arterial sistólica (134,18 mmHg vs. 128,59 mmHg; p = 0,008) e de LDL-colesterol (156,52 mg% vs. 139,97 mg%; p = 0,0005). Não foi encontrada diferença estatística em relação à presença de aterosclerose de carótidas e ao antecedente de hipertensão na gestação (OR 1,672; IC 95% 0,893-3,131). O antecedente de hipertensão na gestação não foi associado à aterosclerose subclínica de carótidas em mulheres na pré e pós-menopausa. No entanto, verificou-se a associação entre a aterosclerose de carótida e os fatores de risco clássicos, como pressão arterial sistólica elevada e altos níveis de LDL-colesterol

Cardiovascular disease mortality among women remains high. Observational studies are controversial about the participation of a history of gestational hypertensive disorder in cardiovascular risk. To verify the association between carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women who had pregnancy-induced hypertension. Case-control study, with cases consisting of women with carotid atherosclerosis, defined as carotid intima-media thickness > 1 mm and/or presence of carotid plaques; the controls did not have these alterations. The significance level was set at 95%. A total of 504 women without previous cardiovascular disease were assessed, 126 cases and 378 controls. Of the total, 67% were hypertensive; 76% were dyslipidemic; and 16% were diabetic. Approximately 10% reported a history of hypertension during pregnancy. Women with carotid atherosclerosis had higher values of systolic blood pressure (134.18 mmHg vs. 128.59 mmHg, p = 0.008) and LDL-cholesterol(156.52 mg% vs. 139.97 mg%; p = 0.0005). No statistical difference was found regarding the presence of carotid atherosclerosis and history of hypertension during pregnancy (OR 1.672, 95% CI: 0.883-3.131). The history of hypertension during pregnancy was not associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women. However, an association was observed between carotid atherosclerosis and classic risk factors, such as elevated systolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol levels

Traditional and ultrasound physical examinations: a hybrid approach to improve clinical care

SUMMARY Point-of-care ultrasonography, which is performed at the bedside by physicians who are not specialists in imaging, has become possible thanks to recent technological advances that have allowed for a device with greater portability while maintaining image quality. The increasing use of point-of-care ultrasonography in different specialties has made it possible to expand physical examinations, make timely decisions about the patients and allows the performance of safer medical procedures. In this review, three cases from our experience are presented that highlight the use of point-of-care ultrasonography by clinicians. Bedside ultrasonography is a convenient modality used in a clinical setting to aid in early diagnosis of several common conditions. It is suggested that a hybrid approach of physical examination and point-of-care ultrasonography in the everyday clinical practice is an inevitable change of paradigm that is improving quality of care in a variety of clinical settings.

Reliability of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), and ultrasonographic classification of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules

ABSTRACT Objective Ultrasonography (US) is the best diagnostic tool for initial assessment of thyroid nodule. Recently, data reporting systems for thyroid lesions, such as the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and American Thyroid Association (ATA), which stratifies the risk for malignancy, have demonstrated good performance in differentiating malignant thyroid nodules. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of both data reporting systems in predicting thyroid malignancy in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods We evaluated 195 thyroid nodules using modified TI-RADS and ATA risk stratification. The results were compared to the cyto-pathology analysis. Histopathological results were available for 45 cases after surgery, which is considered the golden standard for diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Results When compared with cytological results, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were 100, 61.1, 100, and 63%, respectively, for TI-RADS; and 100, 75, 100, and 76%, respectively, for ATA. When compared with histopathological results, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and accuracy were 90, 51.4, 94.7, and 60% respectively, for TI-RADS; and 100, 60, 100, and 68%, respectively, for ATA. All patients with malignant nodules were classified in the categories 4 or 5 of TI-RADS and in the intermediate or high suspicion risk according to the ATA system. Conclusion Both TI-RADS and the ATA guidelines have high sensitivity and NPV for the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. These systems are feasible for clinical application, allowing to better select patients to undergo fine-needle aspiration biopsies.

Pseudoaneurisma de aorta abdominal como complicação de pancreatite crônica: relato de caso / Abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm as a complication of chronic pancreatitis: case report

A pancreatite crônica é uma enfermidade associada a diversas complicações vasculares, como pseudocisto hemorrágico, trombose do sistema venoso portal e formações varicosas e pseudoaneurismáticas. O pseudoaneurisma de aorta abdominal secundário à pancreatite crônica é uma complicação rara, de difícil suspeição clínica, que requer tratamento complexo. A fisiopatologia dessa condição envolve a corrosão enzimática tecidual após a liberação e ativação de enzimas exócrinas proteolíticas das células acinares do pâncreas. O presente estudo relata o caso de um paciente de 52 anos, etilista crônico, internado com dor abdominal difusa, cuja propedêutica revelou se tratar de um pseudoaneurisma em aorta infrarrenal. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico convencional, levando-se em consideração a idade, as condições clínicas do paciente e a disponibilidade de endopróteses compatíveis com o diâmetro da aorta

Chronic pancreatitis can be complicated by several vascular disorders, such as bleeding pseudocysts, thrombosis of the venous portal system, varicosities, and pseudoaneurysms. Pseudoaneurysm of the abdominal aorta secondary to chronic pancreatitis is a rare complication. It is a challenging clinical situation, demanding a high degree of clinical suspicion, and requires complex therapeutic procedures. The pathophysiology of this condition involves interstitial liberation and activation of enzymes from the exocrine pancreatic glands and subsequent digestion of the surrounding tissues. In the present case report, we describe a 52-year-old patient complaining of diffuse abdominal pains. Clinical investigation revealed chronic alcoholism and imaging examinations showed a pseudoaneurysm of the infrarenal aorta. We decided to perform conventional surgical treatment after considering the patient's age and clinical status and the endoprostheses available at our hospital with diameters compatible with the patient's aorta

Ultrasound parameters of normal lacrimal sac and chronic dacryocystitis / Parâmetros ultrassonográficos do saco lacrimal normal e na dacriocistite crônica

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compared the ultrasound findings of the lacrimal sac between subjects with normal lacrimal systems those with chronic dacryocystitis. Methods: A retrospective study of 10 subjects with a normal lacrimal system (Group 1) and 10 with chronic dacryocystitis (Group 2) diagnosed according to B-mode ultrasound with a 10-MHz transducer and the direct-contact technique (AVISO, Quantel Medical) for lacrimal sac assessment. We analyzed the dimensions, features, and content of the sacs. Characteristics of the population: female: 6, Group 1; 8, Group 2; mean age 48.4 years (SD=19.9; range, 22-80 years), Group 1; 50.5 years (SD=15.5; range, 25-75 years), Group 2. Results: The dimensions of the lacrimal sac were as follows: anteroposterior 1.86 and 10.99 mm in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, p<0.0001; vertical 9.79 and 14.13 mm in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, p=0.049. Qualitative evaluation of the lacrimal sac contents showed hypoechogenic content in Group 1 (10, 100%) and hyperechogenic punctiform content in Group 2 (10, 100%) with partial filling in seven cases (70%). Conclusions: Ultrasonography can differentiate normal lacrimal sacs from sacs compromised by chronic dacryocystitis, thus being useful as an adjunct to clinical examination and surgical planning.

RESUMO Objetivo: Categorizar os achados ultrassonográficos do saco lacrimal em indivíduos com via lacrimal normal e em portadores de dacriocistite crônica. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 20 indivíduos, 10 com via lacrimal normal (Grupo 1) e 10 com diagnóstico de dacriocistite crônica (Grupo 2) utilizando ultrassonografia modo B com transdutor de 10 MHz e técnica de contato (Aviso, Quantel Medical) para avaliar o saco lacrimal. Analisamos os seguintes parâmetros: dimensões, características e conteúdo. Resultados: Características da população estudada: sexo feminino: 6, Grupo 1; 8, Grupo 2; idade média: 48,4 anos (DP=19,93; variação, 22 a 80 anos), Grupo 1; 50,5 anos (DP=15,47; variação, 25 a 75 anos), Grupo 2. As dimensões do saco lacrimal foram aferidas: anteroposterior, 1,86 mm no Grupo 1 e 10,99 mm no Grupo 2, p<0,0001; vertical, 9,79 mm no Grupo 1 e 14,13 mm no Grupo 2, p=0,049. A avaliação qualitativa do conteúdo do saco lacrimal mostrou: conteúdo hipoecogênico no Grupo 1 (10, 100%); e conteúdo puntiforme hiperecogênico no Grupo 2 (10, 100%), com preenchimento parcial em 7 casos (70%). Conclusão: A ultrassonografia foi capaz de diferenciar a via lacrimal normal da acometida por dacriocistite crônica, e de determinar parâmetros úteis para suportar o acompanhamento clínico ou auxiliar no planejamento cirúrgico.

Resultados de médio e longo prazo do tratamento endovenoso de varizes com laser de diodo em 1940 nm: análise crítica e considerações técnicas / Medium and long-term outcomes of endovenous treatment of varicose veins with a 1940nm diode laser: critical analysis and technical considerations

Resumo Contexto Desde a introdução do laser endovenoso para tratamento das varizes, há uma busca pelo comprimento de onda ideal, capaz de produzir o maior dano seletivo possível com maior segurança e menor incidência de efeitos adversos. Objetivos Avaliar os resultados de médio e longo prazo do laser de diodo de 1940 nm no tratamento de varizes, correlacionando os parâmetros utilizados com a durabilidade do desfecho anatômico. Métodos Revisão retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados com insuficiência venosa crônica em estágio clínico baseado em clínica, etiologia, anatomia e patofisiologia (CEAP) C2 a C6, submetidos ao tratamento termoablativo endovenoso de varizes tronculares, com laser com comprimento de onda em 1940 nm com fibra óptica de emissão radial, no período de abril de 2012 a julho de 2015. Uma revisão sistemática dos registros médicos eletrônicos foi realizada para obter dados demográficos e dados clínicos, incluindo dados de ultrassom dúplex, durante o período de seguimento pós-operatório. Resultados A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 53,3 anos; 37 eram mulheres (90,2%). O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 803 dias. O calibre médio das veias tratadas foi de 7,8 mm. A taxa de sucesso imediato foi de 100%, com densidade de energia endovenosa linear (linear endovenous energy density, LEED) média de 45,3 J/cm. A taxa de sucesso tardio foi de 95,1%, com duas recanalizações por volta de 12 meses pós-ablação. Não houve nenhuma recanalização nas veias tratadas com LEED superior a 30 J/cm. Conclusões O laser 1940 nm mostrou-se seguro e efetivo, em médio e longo prazo, para os parâmetros propostos, em segmentos venosos com até 10 mm de diâmetro.

Abstract Background Introduction of the endovenous laser technique for treatment of varicose veins triggered a efforts to identify an ideal wavelength, capable of producing the highest possible selective damage with the greatest safety and lowest incidence of adverse effects. Objectives Assess medium to long term results of 1940nm diode laser treatment of varicose veins, correlating parameters used with durability of the anatomic outcome. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with Chronic Venous Insufficiency at clinical stages CEAP C2 to C6 who underwent thermoablative treatment of trunk varicose veins using a 1940nm wavelength laser with a radial emission optical fiber, from April 2012 to July 2015. A systematic review was conducted of electronic medical records to obtain demographic and clinical data, including postoperative follow-up duplex ultrasound findings. Results The average age of the 41-patient sample was 53.3 years and 37 patients were women (90.2%). The average follow-up time was 803 days. The average caliber of the treated veins was 7.8 mm. The immediate success rate was 100% with an average LEED of 45.3 J/cm. The late success rate was 95.1%, and two recanalizations were observed around 12 months after ablation. There was no recanalization in veins treated with a LEED greater than 30 J/cm. Conclusions The 1940nm laser proved to be safe and effective in venous segments up to 10 mm in diameter, with the parameters proposed, over medium to long term time follow-up.