Health system collapse 45 days after the detection of COVID-19 in Ceará, Northeast Brazil: a preliminary analysis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 and quickly became a serious public health problem worldwide. This study aim to describe the epidemiological course of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rates in the first 45 days of the epidemic in the state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: The study used an ecological design with data gathered from multiple government and health care sources. Data were analyzed using Epi Info software. RESULTS: The first cases were confirmed on March 15, 2020. After 45 days, 37,268 cases reported in 85.9% of Ceará's municipalities, with 1,019 deaths. Laboratory test positivity reached 84.8% at the end of April, a period in which more than 700 daily tests were processed. The average age of cases was 67 (<1 - 101) years, most occurred in a hospital environment (91.9%), and 58% required hospitalization in an ICU bed. The average time between the onset of symptoms and death was 18 (1 - 56) days. Patients who died in the hospital had spent an average of six (0 - 40) days hospitalized. Across Ceará, the bed occupancy rate reached 71.3% in the wards and 80.5% in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The first 45 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ceará revealed a large number of cases and deaths, spreading initially among the population with a high socioeconomic status. Despite the efforts by the health services and social isolation measures the health system still collapsed.

Enteroscopia asistida por balón simple en el manejo de la patología del intestino delgado: Experiencia de la Unidad de Intestino Delgado de la Clínica Anglo Americana durante el periodo de diciembre del 2012 a diciembre del 2018 / Single balloon enteroscopy in the management of small bowel pathology: Experience of the Small Bowel Unit - British American Hospital from December 2012 to December 2018

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el uso de la enteroscopia asistida por balón simple para el diagnóstico y manejo de la patología del intestino delgado en pacientes con anatomía normal y alterada por cirugía en la Clínica Anglo Americana. Material y método: El presente es un estudio descriptivo - retrospectivo que incluye a todos los pacientes que acudieron a la Unidad de Intestino Delgado de la Clínica Anglo Americana, para realizarse una enteroscopia asistida por balón durante el periodo comprendido entre diciembre del 2012 a diciembre del 2018. Resultados: Se realizaron 80 procedimientos de enteroscopia asistida por balón simple, 49 fueron realizados por via anterógrada y 31 por vía retrógrada. La edad promedio fue 60,78 años (20 a 88 años). 48 pacientes (60%) eran varones. El tiempo de inserción media fue 80 minutos para la vía anterógrada (55 - 141 minutos) y 110 minutos para la vía retrógrada (55 -180 minutos). La principal indicación para realizar la enteroscopia por balón simple fue hemorragia digestiva oscura, 45 casos (56,25%). Se realizaron 6 estudios de enteroscopias asistida por balón en pacientes con anatomía alterada (7,5%). Setenta de los ochenta procedimientos (87,5%) fueron realizados con sedación administrada por enfermería supervisada por gastroenterólogo en base a midazolam, petidina y propofol, no se presentó ninguna complicación respiratoria o hemodinámica. Los diagnósticos obtenidos más frecuentes por enteroscopia fueron: angiodisplasias de intestino delgado (20%), úlceras yeyuno ileales (17,5%) y neoplasias a nivel del intestino delgado (7,5%). La complicación que se presentó con más frecuencia posterior a la enteroscopia fue el íleo paralítico, 2 casos, y se asoció a no utilizar insuflación con dióxido de carbono durante el procedimiento. Conclusiones: La hemorragia digestiva oscura fue la principal indicación para realizar una enteroscopia asistida por balón simple. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron angiodisplasias, úlceras yeyuno ileales y neoplasias a nivel del intestino delgado. La complicación más frecuente fue el íleo paralítico y se asoció a no utilizar insuflación con dióxido de carbono durante el procedimiento.

Objetive: To describe our experience with single balloon enteroscopy in the management of small bowel disease in British American Hospital, Lima - Perú. Material and methods: Descriptive and prospective study. We include all patients that come to perform a single balloon enteroscopy in small bowel unit of British American Hospital within December 2012 to December 2018. Results: We performed 80 procedures of single balloon enteroscopy, 49 were done by oral approach, 31 by rectal approach. Mean age were 60.78 years-old (20 - 88 years). 48 patients (60%) were male. The mean insertion time for oral approach was 80 minutes (55-141 minutes), and for rectal approach was 110 minutes (55-180 minutes). The main indication for single balloon enteroscopy was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. 6 enteroscopies were performed in patients with altered surgical anatomy (7.5%). 70 of 80 procedures (87.5%) were performed with gastroenterology-administered sedation, using midazolam, pethidine and propofol, without any respiratory or hemodinamic complication. Diagnostics achieved by single balloon enteroscopy were small bowel angiodysplasias (20%), yeyuno ileal ulcers (17.5%) and small bowel neoplasia (7.5%). Paralytic ileus was the most common complication of single balloon enteroscopy, 2 cases, and both cases were associated after no using carbon dioxide insufflation during procedure. Conclusion: Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was the main indication for single balloon enteroscopy. Diagnostics achieved by single balloon enteroscopy were small bowel angiodysplasias (20%), yeyuno ileal ulcers (17.5%) and small bowel neoplasia (7.5%). Paralytic ileus was the most common complication of single balloon enteroscopy, 2 cases, and both cases were associated after no using carbon dioxide insufflation during procedure

Management of elderly people with Stroke: strategies based on action research / Manejo de ancianos con Accidente Cerebrovascular: estrategias a partir de investigación-acción / Manejo de idosos com Acidente Vascular Cerebral: estratégias a partir de pesquisa-ação

ABSTRACT Objective: To elaborate and implement, through an educational intervention with the nursing team of the Emergency Unit, strategies that contribute to the management of elderly people suspected/affected by Stroke. Method: Action research with eighteen nursing professionals working in the Emergency Unit of a reference hospital. The data were collected through five pedagogical workshops and systematized through the thematic analysis. Results: After a situational analysis and identification of the difficulties in the management of these elderly, a synthesis chart was prepared with strategic actions, responsible professionals and perspectives for implementation in the short, medium and long term. Short-term strategies had, for the most part, immediate implementation; the others were agreed on the need for further implementation. Final considerations: The educational intervention allowed the construction of strategies that were implemented or agreed with the management for later applicability, sensitizing the group regarding the importance of the qualification and prompt care in the management of the elderly suspected/affected by Stroke.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Elaborar e implementar, a través de intervención educativa con el grupo de enfermería de la Unidad de Emergencia, estrategias que contribuyan en el manejo de ancianos con sospecha/acometidos por el Accidente Cerebrovascular. Método: Investigación-acción con dieciocho profesionales de enfermería actuantes en la Unidad de Emergencia de un hospital referencia. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante cinco talleres pedagógicos y sistematizados a través del análisis temático. Resultados: Después del análisis situacional e identificación de las dificultades en el manejo de estos ancianos, se elaboró un cuadro síntesis con acciones estratégicas, profesionales responsables y perspectivas para implementación a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Las estrategias a corto plazo tuvieron, en su mayoría, implementación inmediata; las demás fueron pactadas en cuanto a la necesidad de posterior implementación. Consideraciónes finales: La intervención educativa permitió construir estrategias que fueron implementadas o pactadas con la gestión para posterior aplicabilidad, sensibilizando al grupo en cuanto a la importancia de la calificación y pronta atención en el manejo de ancianos con sospecha/acometidos por el Accidente Cerebrovascular.

RESUMO Objetivo: Elaborar e implementar, através de intervenção educativa com a equipe de enfermagem da Unidade de Emergência, estratégias que contribuam no manejo de idosos com suspeita/acometidos pelo Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Método: Pesquisa-ação com dezoito profissionais de enfermagem atuantes na Unidade de Emergência de um hospital referência. Os dados foram coletados mediante cinco oficinas pedagógicas e sistematizados através da análise temática. Resultados: Após análise situacional e identificação das dificuldades no manejo destes idosos, foi elaborado um quadro síntese com ações estratégicas, profissionais responsáveis e perspectivas para implementação em curto, médio e longo prazo. Estratégias de curto prazo tiveram, em sua maioria, implementação imediata; as demais foram pactuadas quanto à necessidade de posterior implementação. Considerações finais: A intervenção educativa permitiu construir estratégias que foram implementadas ou pactuadas com a gestão para posterior aplicabilidade, sensibilizando o grupo quanto à importância da qualificação e pronto atendimento no manejo de idosos com suspeita/acometidos pelo Acidente Vascular Cerebral.

Classificação de pacientes e dimensionamento de profissionais de enfermagem: contribuições de uma tecnologia de gestão / Clasificación de pacientes y dimensionamiento de profesionales de enfermería: contribuciones para una tecnología de gestión / Classification of patients and nursing staff's sizing: contributions of a management technology

Resumo OBJETIVO Aplicar recursos da tecnologia PRAXIS® para classificação de pacientes e dimensionamento de profissionais de enfermagem em unidade de internação de hospital universitário. METODO Pesquisa Convergente Assistencial seguindo as fases de concepção e instrumentação - definidos tema e objetivo da pesquisa, realização em uma unidade hospitalar de clínica médica envolvendo 633 participantes; perscrutação - classificação dos pacientes durante 30 dias de junho de 2016, seguido de dimensionamento; análise e interpretação dos resultados-elaborada com suporte da teorização de gestão em enfermagem hospitalar. RESULTADOS Realizadas 633 classificações e encontrados 29,38% pacientes em cuidados mínimos, 35,71% cuidados intermediários, 33,02% alta dependência, 1,42% semi-intensivos e 0,47% cuidados intensivos. Para realização do dimensionamento utilizou-se duas referências; em ambas a equipe disponibilizada mostrou-se deficitária. CONCLUSÃO Classificação de pacientes e dimensionamento de profissionais de enfermagem estão diretamente relacionados, são indispensáveis para gestão em enfermagem e de difícil realização cotidiana. Tecnologias informatizadas são úteis para realização destas atividades.

Resumen OBJETIVO aplicar recursos de la tecnología PRAXIS® para la clasificación y dimensionamiento de profesionales de enfermería en una unidad de internación de un hospital universitario. MÉTODO investigación convergente asistencial, siguiendo las etapas de concepción e instrumentación - definidos el tema y objetivo de la investigación, realización en una unidad hospitalaria de clínica médica involucrando a 633 participantes; escrutación - clasificación de los pacientes durante 30 días de junio de 2016, seguida de dimensionamiento. Análisis e interpretación de los resultados elaborados con soporte de la teorización de gestión en enfermería hospitalaria. RESULTADOS se realizaron 633 puntuaciones y se encontraron 29,38% pacientes en cuidados básicos, 35,71% en cuidados intermedios, 33,02% en alta dependencia, 1,42% en semi-intensivos, y 0,47% en cuidados intensivos. Para realizar el dimensionamiento, se utilizaron dos referencias. En ambos el equipo disponible se mostró deficiente. CONCLUSIÓN la clasificación de pacientes y el dimensionamiento de los profesionales de enfermería están directamente vinculados, son indispensables para la gestión en enfermería y de difícil realización cotidiana. Las tecnologías informatizadas son útiles para realizar estas actividades.

Abstract OBJECTIVE Applying PRAXIS® technology resources for patient classification and nursing professional sizing in university hospital inpatient unit. METHOD Convergent Care Research following the design and instrumentation phases - defined the research theme and purpose, performed in a medical clinic hospital unit involving 633 participants; scrutiny - classification of patients during 30 days of June 2016, followed by sizing, analysis and interpretation of the results - elaborated with the support of the management theorization in hospital nursing. RESULTS Amongst the total of 633 classifications made, 29.38% were patients in minimal care, 35.71% were intermediate care patients, 33.02% were highly dependent, 1.42% were semi-intensive and 0.47% were in intensive care. Two references were used to carry out the sizing; in both the available team showed to be in deficit. CONCLUSION The classification of patients and the sizing of nursing professionals are directly related, they are indispensable for management in nursing and difficult to perform daily. Computerized technologies are useful for performing these activities.

Impact of stroke unit in a public hospital on length of hospitalization and rate of early mortality of ischemic stroke patients / Impacto da unidade de AVC em hospital publico sobre a hospitalizacao e mortalidade no acidente vascular cerebral isquemico

We ascertained whether a public health stroke unit reduces the length of hospitalization, the rate of inpatient fatality, and the mortality rate 30 days after the stroke. Methods We compared a cohort of stroke patients managed on a general neurology/medical ward with a similar cohort of stroke patients managed in a str oke unit. The in-patient fatality rates and 30-day mortality rates were analyzed. Results 729 patients were managed in the general ward and 344 were treated at a comprehensive stroke unit. The in-patient fatality rates were 14.7% for the general ward group and 6.9% for the stroke unit group (p<0.001). The overall mortality rate 30 days after stroke was 20.9% for general ward patients and 14.2% for stroke unit patients (p=0.005). Conclusions We observed reduced in-patient fatalities and 30-day mortality rates in patients managed in the stroke unit. There was no impact on the length of hospitalization. .

Avaliar o impacto da unidade de AVC (acidente vascular cerebral) no sistema público de saúde sobre o tempo de internação, mortalidade hospitalar e mortalidade após 30 dias do AVC agudo. Métodos Comparamos uma coorte de pacientes com AVC agudo tratados em enfermaria neurológica ou geral (EG) com uma coorte similar de pacientes com AVC tratados em uma unidade de AVC (UAVC), em um mesmo hospital público. Resultados 729 pacientes foram conduzidos na EG e 344 foram tratados em uma UAVC. A mortalidade inicial foi de 14,7% na EG e 6,9% na UAVC (p<0,001). A mortalidade geral em 30 dias após o AVC foi de 20.9% nos pacientes tratados na EG e 14,2% naqueles tratados na UAVC (p=0,005). Conclusão Observamos significante redução da mortalidade inicial e da mortalidade após 30 dias do AVC nos pacientes tratados na UAVC. Não houve impacto sobre o tempo de internação. .

Observancia de las guías internacionales de manejo temprano en sepsis grave y choque séptico / Adherence to international guidelines on early management in severe sepsis and septic shock

Introducción. La observancia completa del tratamiento temprano dirigido por objetivos, disminuye significativamente la mortalidad a 28 días, mientras que la observancia parcial no tiene ningún beneficio. Objetivos. Determinar la observancia de las guías internacionales en sepsis grave y choque séptico, mediante el conjunto de medidas (bundle) de reanimación de las primeras seis horas en pacientes mayores de 16 años de edad, en un centro de referencia de alta complejidad. Materiales y métodos. Se presenta un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo y descriptivo, llevado a cabo durante un período de seis meses, en pacientes con sepsis grave o choque séptico admitidos a los servicios de urgencias, unidades de cuidados intensivos y cuidados especiales. Se midió la observancia del conjunto de medidas mediante ocho intervenciones: 1) medición del lactato sérico, 2) inicio temprano de antibióticos, 3) toma de hemocultivos, 4) infusión de líquidos intravenosos, 5) uso de medicamentos vasopresores, 6) inserción de catéter venoso central, 7) presión venosa central mayor de 8 mm Hg, y 8) saturación venosa central de oxígeno mayor de 70 %. Resultados. Se tamizaron 723 pacientes; 16 % (n=116) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 92,2 % (n=107) cumplieron los criterios para sepsis grave y 37,9 % (n=44) para choque séptico. El 62,9 % (n=73) fue subdiagnosticado. La observancia completa de las 8 intervenciones del conjunto de medidas fue de 0 %; de 6 a 7, 19 % (n=22); de 3 a 5, 67,2 % (n=78), y de 0 a 2, 98,3 % (n=114). Conclusión. La completa observancia de las guías internacionales de manejo en sepsis grave y choque séptico en las primeras seis horas es nula y solo se cumple de manera parcial.

Introduction. Complete adherence to early goal-directed therapy has shown a significant reduction in 28-day mortality rate, whereas partial adherence has not shown beneficial effect. Objectives. The effect of adherence to 6 hour sepsis bundle treatment was evaluated on patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted during a six-month period. The patients were limited to those 16 years or older and included admissions to intensive care units, special care units or emergency departments with severe sepsis or septic shock. The adherence to the 6-hour sepsis bundle was evaluated through 8 interventions as follows: (1) serum lactate measure,( 2) early antibiotic administration, (3) blood culture samples, (4) infusion of intravenous fluids, (5) vasopressor use, (6) central venous catheter, (7) central venous pressure >8 mm Hg, and (8) central venous oxygen saturation >70%. Results. Seven hundred and twenty three patients were screened; 16% (n=116) met the inclusion criteria; 92.2% (n=107) met the criteria for severe sepsis and 37.9% (44) for septic shock; 62.9% (n=73) were subdiagnosed. Complete adherence to the 8 interventions of 6-hour sepsis bundle was 0%; 6 to 7 (19%, n=22), 3 to 5 (67.2%, n=78), and 0 to 2 (98.3%, n=114). Conclusion. Adherence to 6-hour sepsis bundle treatment for severe sepsis and septic shock was not done for the full 8 interventions and only partial accomplishment of the first 4 interventions.

Ritmo circadiano em óbitos hospitalares: comparação entre unidade de tratamento intensivo e unidade de tratamento não intensivo / Circadian rhythm of hospital deaths: comparison between intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit

OBJETIVO: A demonstração de que a mortalidade cardiovascular segue um ritmo circadiano fez com que fosse verificado se pacientes que falecem em unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI) e unidade clínica (UC) obedecem a este ritmo. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados todos os óbitos hospitalares ocorridos entre 1º de janeiro de 2006 e 31 de julho de 2010. O padrão circadiano dos óbitos foi analisado dividindo-se as 24 horas do dia em períodos de 2 horas. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para comparação de variáveis categóricas e o teste t de Student ou a análise da variância fator único para comparação de variáveis contínuas. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: No período estudado, foram registrados 700 óbitos, 211 (30,1 por cento) na UTI e 88 (12,6 por cento) na UC. Houve mais óbitos nas primeiras horas do dia, entre 6 e 12 h, na UC, em comparação à UTI (38 por cento vs. 21 por cento; p = 0,004). Na UTI, 21 por cento dos óbitos ocorreram entre 6 e 12 h, 30 por cento entre 12 e 18 h, 26 por cento entre 18 e 24 h e 24 por cento entre 24 e 6 h (p = 0,13). Enquanto, na UC, 38 por cento ocorreram entre 6 e 12 h, 18 por cento entre 12 e 18h, 19 por cento entre 18 e 24 h e 25 por cento entre 24 e 6 h (p = 0,005). CONCLUSÃO: Na UC, os óbitos ocorrem com maior frequência no período da manhã e seguem um padrão circadiano, enquanto na UTI esse fenômeno não ocorre.

OBJECTIVE: The demonstration that cardiovascular mortality follows a circadian rhythm led us to verify whether patients dying at the intensive unit care (ICU) and at the non-intensive unit care (non-ICU) follow that rhythm. METHODS: All hospital's deaths occurring between January 1, 2006 and July 31, 2010 were analyzed. The circadian pattern of the time of death was analyzed in twelve 2 hour intervals. The Chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and Student's t test or ANOVA single factor to compare continuous variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: During the study period 700 deaths occurred in the hospital, 211 (30.1 percent) at the ICU and 88 (12.6 percent) at the non-ICU. There were more deaths in the first hours of the day, between 6 am and 12 am, at the non-ICU in comparison to the ICU (38 percent vs. 21 percent; p = 0.004). In the ICU, we observed that 21 percent of the deaths occurred between 6 am and 12 pm, 30 percent between 12 pm and 6 pm, 26 percent between 6 pm and 12 am and 24 percent between 12 am and 6 am (p = 0.13), whereas, at the non-ICU, 38 percent of the deaths occurred between 6 am and 12 pm, 18 percent between 12 pm and 6 pm, 19 percent between 6 pm and 12 am and 25 percent between 12 am and 6 am (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: At the non-ICU, deaths occur more often in the morning period and follow a circadian rhythm, which does not occur at the ICU.

Avaliação dos óbitos ocorridos no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU/UFSC) / Evaluation of deaths occurred at the University Hospital (HU/UFSC)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os óbitos ocorridos no HU/UFSC. Comparar o perfil dos pacientes que morreram nas enfermarias com o daqueles que morreram na UTI. Verificar se os óbitos foram considerados esperados (E) e não evitáveis (NE). Constatar se houve recusa/suspensão de terapêutica (RST) precedendo a morte. MÉTODOS: Obtivemos dados por meio de ficha elaborada pela Comissão de Óbito Hospitalar (COH), na qual constavam os aspectos demográficos, clínicos e terapêuticos dos pacientes e a avaliação da COH sobre a expectativa/evitabilidade dos óbitos. RESULTADOS: Analisamos os dados dos 326 pacientes com mais de 14 anos, que morreram entre julho/2004 e dezembro/2005. Desses, 128 morreram na UTI (G1) e 198 nas enfermarias (G2). A RST precedeu 38,2 por cento dos óbitos no G1 e 2 por cento no G2 (p<0,001). As principais terapêuticas recusadas/suspensas foram drogas vasoativas e antibióticos. No G1 cerca de 20 por cento das mortes foi classificada como E/NE. No G2 considerou-se 5 por cento das mortes evitáveis e 6,5 por cento não esperadas (p<0,001). Os pacientes do G1 eram mais jovens e do sexo masculino (p<0,005). A ordem de não reanimar constava em 48,4 por cento dos prontuários do G2 e em 6,3 por cento do G1(p<0,001). Manobras de reanimação cardiorrespiratória (RCR) ocorreram em 23,4 por cento no G1 e em 5,5 por cento no G2(p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Na UTI, os pacientes que morreram eram mais jovens, receberam mais DVA e os óbitos foram mais freqüentemente precedidos da RST. Houve reanimação cardiorrespiratória em 5 por cento das PCR nas enfermarias onde se constatou ordem de não reanimar em 48 por cento dos prontuários. Poucos óbitos foram considerados E/NE. Não houve indícios de erro profissional ou institucional nesses óbitos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the deaths which occurred at the HU/UFSC. To compare the profile of patients who died in the wards with that of patients who died in the ICU. To classify deaths which were expected or not, and avoidable or not. To verify how often withholding or withdrawing (WW) therapy preceded death. METHODS: Archives of the Hospital Death Commission (HDC) were analyzed. The clinical and demographic records were retrieved from the HDC data bank. Deaths were classified by the HDC as expected or not and avoidable or not. RESULTS: Data from 326 dead persons over 14 years of age were analyzed. One hundred and twenty eight deaths occurred in the ICU (G1) and 198 in the wards (G2). WW therapy preceded 38.2 percent of deaths in G1 and 2 percent in G2 (p<0.001). The main WW therapies were vasoactive drugs and antibiotics. Almost 20 percent of deaths were unexpected/avoidable in G1. In G2 6.5 percent were considered unexpected and 5 percent avoidable (p<0.005). Patients in G1 were younger and mostly male (p<0.005). Do-not-resuscitate orders were registered in 48.4 percent of patients' medical charts in G2 and 6.3 percent in G1 (p<0.001). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed in 23.4 percent of patients in G1 and in 5.5 percent in G2 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In G1, patients were younger and deaths were more frequently preceded by WW. In G2, half of the patients had do-not-resuscitate order registered in their medical charts. In only a few patients were deaths considered unexpected or avoidable. No evident professional or institutional error was identified.

Albumina humana prescrita para casos de desnutrição em hospitais do Rio de Janeiro / Human albumin prescribed for malnutrition in hospitals of Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVO: Este estudo descreve e analisa a adequação da prescrição da AH, para reposição nutricional, nos hospitais da região metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e explora o uso do SIH/SUS para avaliar o perfil e a qualidade da prescrição de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: As informações foram extraídas do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS), entre 1999 e 2001. RESULTADOS: Houve registro de utilização de AH para reposição nutricional em 121 internações de maiores de um ano, nas quais a justificativa mais freqüente foi a desnutrição protéico-calórica (93 por cento). O uso da AH foi classificado como inadequado em 91 por cento dos casos. Em 51 por cento dos casos ocorreu o óbito e a clínica médica foi responsável 87 por cento das internações. A inadequação de prescrição esteve associada positivamente à duração da internação, com RP 1,14 (IC95 por cento 1,01-1,28). O óbito mostrou associação positiva com a idade do paciente, com RP 1,72 (IC 95 por cento 1,19-2,48). A ausência de parâmetros laboratoriais e a insuficiência de informações clínicas no banco limitaram a análise dos dados. O sub-registro no SIH das internações no âmbito do SUS foi outro importante fator limitante para o conhecimento do problema. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar das limitações, o estudo mostrou o elevado nível de inadequação de utilização da AH para reposição nutricional e as possibilidades de uso do banco do SIH/SUS na avaliação da qualidade da prescrição de medicamentos como a AH incluídos entre os procedimentos especiais.

OBJECTIVE:This study describes and analyzes the adequacy of HA prescription, for nutritional replacement, in hospitals of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area and explores the use of SIH/SUS to evaluate the profile and quality of drug prescription. METHODS: The information was collected from the Hospital Information System of the "Sistema Único de Saúde" SIH/SUS from 1999 to 2001. RESULTS: The use of HA for nutritional replacement was recorded in 121 admittances of subjects during 1 year, the most frequent justification being protein-caloric malnutrition (93 percent). HA use was classified as inadequate in 91 percent of cases. In 51 percent of the cases death occurred and the Clinical Practice Unit was responsible for 87 percent of the admittances. Inadequacy of the prescription was positively associated to length of hospital stay, with RP 1. 14 (IC95 percent 1.01-1.28). Death showed positive association with the patient's age, with RP 1.72 (IC 95 percent 1.19-2.48). The absence of laboratory parameters and lack of clinical databank information have limited data analysis. The SIH sub-registration of admittances, within the SUS ambit was another important restriction for more precise identification of the problem. CONCLUSION: In spite of the limitations, the study disclosed the high level of inappropriate utilization of HA for nutritional replacement and the possibilities of using the SIH/SUS databank to evaluate the quality of prescribing drugs such as HA included in the special procedures.

Impacto de la implementación del Plan Auge en la detección antenatal de cardiopatías congénitas / Impact of the Auge plan in the frequency of prenatal detection of congenital heart disease

Antecedentes: El plan AUGE recomienda para detectar cardiopatías congénitas (CC), la realización de ecografía obstétrica de pesquisa y ecocardiografía fetal confirmatoria. Estos elementos son indispensables para informar adecuadamente a las familias y organizar en forma óptima el cuidado perinatal, estableciendo continuidad con el manejo postnatal y mejorar la oportunidad de vida del recién nacido. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto del plan AUGE en la frecuencia de detección perinatal de cardiopatías congénitas, a través de un estudio comparativo de la incidencia de estas patologías detectadas en el periodo 2000-2002 (pre AUGE) y 2003-2005 (AUGE), registradas en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital San José, evaluando la resolución de los casos en el Hospital Roberto del Río. Método: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte longitudinal, con una muestra no probabilística, recogida por acumulación de fichas clínicas del Hospital San José en la detección antenatal, y los datos de resolución quirúrgica del Hospital Roberto del Río de 231 recién nacidos. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,0001), en la distribución por tipo de CC detectadas ante y postnatalmente en el periodo AUGE y en la distribución por tipo de CC detectadas antenatalmente entre los periodos pre-AUGE y AUGE (p=0,0467). Conclusiones: La implementación del plan AUGE, produjo un mayor número de diagnósticos de CC, todo esto determinó una mayor sobrevida neonatal.

Background: The AUGE plan (spanish initials for Universal Access with Explicit Guarantees in Health), is the realization of a screening through obstetric ultrasonography to detect congenital hearth disease (CHD) and fetal echocardiography to confirm diagnosis. These elements are indispensable to be able to inform appropriately to the families and to organize in good form the prenatal care, establishing continuity with the postnatal handling and to improve the opportunity of life of the newly born. Objective: To determine the impact of the plan peak in the frequency of prenatal detection of CHD, through a comparative study of the incidence of these pathologies detected in the period 2000-2002 (pre AUGE) and 2003-2005 (AUGE), registered in the Neonatology Unit of the Hospital San José, evaluating the resolution of the clinical cases in the Hospital Roberto del Rio. Method: Descriptive study, non experimental, retrospective of longitudinal court, with a non probabilistic sample, picked up by accumulation of clinical records of the Hospital San José (prenatal detection) and the data of surgical resolution of the Hospital Roberto del Rio of 231 newborns. Results: There were significant statistically differences (p<0.0001) as for the incidence of the prenatal and postnatal detection of CHD in AUGE and in the prenatal detection of congenital hearth diseases, among the periods pre AUGE and AUGE (p=0.0467). Conclusions: Implementing the AUGE, produced a greater number of CHD diagnoses, all this produced a higher neonatal survival.

Nosocomial urinary tract infections: micro-organisms, antibiotic sensitivities and risk factors / Infecciones nosocomiales del tracto urinario: microorganismos, sensibilidades antibióticas y factores de riesgo

OBJECTIVE: Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common hospital-acquired infections, the epidemiology of these UTIs is not well defined in Turkey. The aim of this surveillance study was to determine micro-organisms responsible for UTI, their antibiotic sensitivities and to describe the incidence and risk factors of nosocomial urinary tract infections (NUTI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective surveillance study including cases of NUTI in intensive care units and various inpatient clinics. This study was carried out between November 2000 and January 2002. The following information was recorded: patients' age, gender, type of infection (hospital-acquired), presence of urinary catheter, intensive care unit admission, duration of hospital stay, type of organisms isolated and their antimicrobial susceptibility. The diagnosis of NUTI was based on criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. Mini Api and conventional culture methods were used to determine the causative agents. The agents were isolated on eosin methylene blue agar and 5sheep blood agar Statistical analyses of data were by chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS: In this study, 618 (2.1) nosocomial infections (NIs) were determined in 29,778 patients, and 178 of these infections were NUTI (28.8, 178/618). The mean age of NUTI patients was 61.0 +/- 19.4 years (0-91 years) and 82 NUTI patients (46.1) were male and 96 (53.9) were female. The most frequently isolated micro-organism was Escherichia coli (31.4) followed by Candida spp (21.3), Klebsiella spp (10.6) and Enterococcus spp (6.9). Compared to the rate of other NIs, the rate of NUTI increased by 1.011 times per year of age, by 2.052 times in females and by 3.83 times in patients with urinary catheters (p < 0.05). The most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria were found to be imipenem and meropenem. CONCLUSIONS: Important factors to prevent NUTI are to avoid unneces...

OBJETIVO: Aunque las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son las que con mayor frecuencia se adquieren en los hospitales, su epidemiología no se halla bien definida en Turquía. El objetivo de este estudio de vigilancia fue determinar los microorganismos responsables de la ITU, sus sensibilidades antibióticas, y describir la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de las infecciones del tracto urinario nosocomiales (ITUN). SUJEITOS Y MÉTODOS: Este fue un estudio prospectivo de vigilancia que incluyó casos de ITUN en unidades de cuidados intensivos y en varias clínicas de ingreso. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre noviembre de 2000 y enero de 2002. Se registró la siguiente información: edad del paciente, sexo, tipo de infección (adquirida en el hospital), presencia de catéter urinario, ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, duración de la estadía hospitalaria, y el tipo de organismo aislado así como su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. El diagnóstico de ITUN se basó en criterios establecidos por los Centros de Control de Enfermedades, Atlanta. El sistema Mini Api y métodos de cultivo convencionales fueron usados con el propósito de determinar los agentes causantes. Los agentes causantes fueron aislados sobre agar-eosina-azul de metileno y agar sangre de oveja a 5%. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó usando la prueba de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística. RESULTS: En este estudio, se determinaron 618 (2.1%) infecciones nosocomiales (IN) en 29 778 pacien-tes, y 178 de estas infecciones resultaron ser INTU (28.8%, 178/618). La edad media de los pacientes de INTU fue 61.0 B1 19.4 años (0–91 años) y 82 pacientes de INTU (46.1%) fueron varones y 96 (53.9%) fueron hembras. El micro-organismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Escherichia coli (31.4%), seguido por Candida spp (21.3%), Klebsiella spp (10.6%) y Enterococcus spp (6.9%). En comparación con la tasa de otras IN, la tasa de INTU aumentó 1.011 veces por año de edad, 2.052 veces en las...

Características de la enfermedad cerebrovascular en un Servicio de Cuidados Intermedios Neurológicos, en Chile. Análisis de 459 pacientes consecutivos / Cerebrovascular disease in a Neurologic Intermediate Care Unit in Chile. Analysis of 459 consecutive patients

Background: Stroke is the second cause of mortality and the first cause of morbidity in Chile and worldwide. Nowadays there is a major interest in introducing new therapies applying evidence based medicine for these patients. Aim: To describe the clinical profile of patients attended after a stroke, to determine stroke subtypes and their risk factors. Material and methods: Retrospective review of clinical records of 459 patients (mean age 65±48 years, 238 female) that were admitted to our unit during a period of 37 months. Results: Sixty three percent of patients had an ischemic stroke, 14% had an hemorrhagic stroke, 15% had a transient ischemic attack, 2% had a cerebral venous thrombosis and 6% a subarachnoidal hemorrhage. The global mortality was 1%. Seventy percent of patients had a history of high blood pressure. Conclusions: The most common type of stroke is ischemic and high blood pressure is the main risk factor.