Purple urine bag syndrome: case report / Síndrome do saco coletor de urina roxo: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 65-year-old male with a history of urinary tract trauma requiring cystotomy and chronic bladder catheterization, presenting with chronic and uninvestigated changes in the color of the urine bag system, with no urine color change, and positive urine culture for Proteus mirabilis . These characteristics refer to the purple urine bag syndrome, a not weel-known condition, with a benign course in most cases, and associated with urinary tract infection in patients with chronic bladder catheterization. Although it is characterized by marked changes, it is underdiagnosed by healthcare professionals.

RESUMO Homem de 65 anos com história de trauma do sistema urinário, sendo necessário cistotomia e sondagem vesical crônica, apresentando alterações crônicas e não investigadas da cor do sistema coletor de urina, sem alteração da cor da urina, e urocultura positiva para Proteus mirabilis . Tais características remetem à síndrome do saco coletor de urina roxo, uma entidade pouco conhecida, de curso benigno na maioria da vezes, associada à infecção urinária em paciente com cateterismo vesical de demora. Embora seja caracterizada por alterações marcantes, é subdiagnosticada pelos profissionais de saúde.

Caracterización epidemiológica de la infección por Leptospira spp. en caballos de trabajo y en personas ocupacionalmente expuestas en seis unidades de la Policía Nacional de Colombia / Epidemiological characterization of Leptospira spp. infection in working horses and in an occupationally exposed population in six Colombian police stations

Resumen Introducción. Los caballos de trabajo de la Policía Nacional tienen un estrecho contacto con sus manejadores y la población en general durante las actividades recreativas y de patrullaje, lo cual puede favorecer la transmisión de la leptospirosis en los caballos y el personal ocupacionalmente expuesto. Objetivo. Caracterizar epidemiológicamente la leptospirosis mediante pruebas de serología, urocultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) en caballos de trabajo y personal con riesgo ocupacional pertenecientes a seis unidades de la Policía Nacional de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 153 caballos machos castrados y 123 personas en las seis unidades en los municipios de Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá y Cali. Se utilizaron tres formatos estructurados para recabar información y se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas de las personas y de los caballos, las cuales se procesaron con la prueba de aglutinación microscópica (Macroscopic Agglutination Test, MAT) para 24 serogrupos. Se practicó el examen clínico de los caballos y se obtuvieron muestras de orina para el urocultivo y la PCR convencional. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de Leptospira spp. fue de 3,25 % (n=4) en las personas y de 85 % (n=130) en los caballos. Entre los caballos, los serogrupos Djasiman y Shermani fueron los más prevalentes. El urocultivo fue positivo en el 64,7 % (99/153) de las muestras, en tanto que los análisis de PCR fueron negativos. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa de la frecuencia de salida de las instalaciones (p=0,009) y la presencia de fauna silvestre (p=0,051) con la infección por el serogrupo Shermani. Conclusión. Las características epidemiológicas de la leptospirosis en los caballos sugieren una presentación endémica de la infección y su papel como reservorios de la bacteria; sin embargo, debe dilucidarse la patogenia de la enfermedad con estudios complementarios.

Abstract Introduction: Police working horses are in close contact with their managers and the general population during recreational and patrol activities, which can favor the transmission of leptospirosis among the horses and the occupationally exposed personnel. Objective. To characterize epidemiologically leptospirosis through serology, urine culture and PCR in working horses and in the occupationally exposed population in six police stations in Colombia. Materials and methods. We tested 153 castrated male horses and 123 people in six police stations in the municipalities of Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá, and Cali. Three structured formats were applied and blood samples were obtained from people and horses, which were processed with the Macroscopic Agglutination Test, (MAT) for 24 serogroups. Horses were subject to a clinical examination, and urine samples were obtained for urine culture and conventional PCR. Results. The seroprevalence of human Leptospira spp. was 3.25% (n=4) while in horses it was 85% (n=130). Among the horses, serogroups Djasiman and Shermani were the most prevalent. The urine culture was positive in 64.7% (99/153) of the samples, whereas PCR analyzes were negative. A statistically significant association was found between the frequency of exiting the facilities (p=0.009) and the presence of wildlife (p=0.0051) with the infection by serogroup Shermani. Conclusion. The epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in horses suggest an endemic presentation of the infection and its role as reservoirs of the bacteria; however, it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease with complementary studies.

A importância da análise sedimentoscópica diante dos achados físico-químicos normais no exame de urina / The importance of urinary sediment analysis accompanying normal physicochemical test findings

Objetivo: A sedimentoscopia apresenta atividade manual acentuada, pouca uniformidade e maiores custos aos laboratórios. Em diversos países é utilizado o emprego seletivo da sedimentoscopia em amostras de rotina de urina com normalidade nas etapas físico-químicas, no Brasil não ocorre uma abordagem nesse modelo. Assim, é importante avaliar a aplicabilidade do emprego seletivo da sedimentoscopia tendo em vista o custo-benefício na análise da rotina de urina. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo analítico descritivo através de resultados de exames de urina de indivíduos do município de Paulo Afonso ­ BA. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado e o valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: A partir dos resultados referentes aos 2.607 exames de urina de rotina analisados, foi observado que 66% das mostras não apresentaram alterações físico-químicas. Destas amostras com análise físico-química sem alterações, 12,89% compreenderam alteração na análise sedimentoscópica e, dentre os elementos analisados, a presença de piócitos foi a anormalidade que apresentou maior incidência. O valor preditivo negativo referente aos elementos encontrados na sedimentoscopia de urina com análise físico-química sem alterações foi de 86%. Conclusão: Apesar do considerável valor preditivo negativo, o valor de alterações encontradas em urinas com análise físico-química normal é relevante e expõe a necessidade da realização dessa etapa no exame de rotina de urina. A utilização seletiva da sedimentoscopia deve ser adotada de maneira crítica, pois é necessária uma avaliação minuciosa dos riscos relacionados à saúde do paciente e à qualidade do exame.

Objective: Sediment microscopy is a markedly manual activity, with poor uniformity and high labor costs. In several countries, the selective use of sediment microscopy for routine urine samples with normal physicochemical results is used, in Brazil, an approach in this model does not occur. It is therefore important to evaluate the applicability of a selective use of sediment microscopy in Brazil, taken from the view of cost-benefit analysis. Methods: A descriptive analytical study was carried out using results of urine exams from individuals in the city of Paulo Afonso/BA. The chi-square test was used for analysis and the value of p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From the results of the 2607 routine urine tests analyzed, 1722 samples presented no physicochemical alterations. Of these samples with physicochemical analysis without alterations, 12.89% presented alterations during sediment analysis and among the elements analyzed the presence of pyocytes was the abnormality that presented higher incidence. The negative predictive value for the urine elements found during sediment microscopy of the normal physicochemical analyses was 86%. Conclusion: Despite the considerable negative predictive value, the value of alterations found in urines with normal physicochemical analysis is relevant and exposes the need to perform this step in the routine urinalysis. Since a thorough evaluation of the risks linked to the patient's health and quality examination

Determinación de infecciones urinarias en mujeres internas de penal San Roque Sucre 2019 / Determination of urinary infections in internal women of San Roque Penal Sucre 2019

La infección en las vías urinarias constituye una causa importante de morbilidad en el adulto y son particularmente frecuentes en el sexo femenino, donde las mujeres son más propensas a contraer una IU lo que facilita que los gérmenes del exterior lleguen hasta el sistema urinario por ejemplo las bacterias gram negativas y la Escherichia Coli tiene una elevada tendencia a recidivar y volverse resistente al uso de antimicrobianos, las IU constituye una de las 10 enfermedades más comunes en privados de libertad en Bolivia, debido a que no tienen una buena infraestructura, los servicios sanitarios no abastecen a los internos ya que no cuentan con una buena información y educación sobre IU ignorando los riesgos, complicaciones que puede causar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia, los factores más frecuentes de IU en internas del penal San Roque. Se realizó el 10 de julio de 2019 un estudio observacional transversal en el que participaron todas las internas del penal de 22 a 72 años (n= 43). Para la determinación de infecciones urinarias, se entregó frascos recolectores para orina con previa indicación para la correcta recolección de la muestra. Posteriormente se realizó un examen general de orina (EGO) (examen físico, químico, microscópico) y tinción de Gram, como procedimiento final se hizo el cultivo para determinar el germen causante. En este estudio se trabajó con 43 mujeres, con el 100 % de la población de los cuales se obtuvo 11.62% dio positivo a IU, el 88.38% resulto negativo

Infection in the urinary tract is an important cause of morbidity in the adult and they are particularly frequent in the female sex, where women are more likely to get an UI, which makes it easier for germs from outside to reach the urinary system such as Gram-negative bacteria and Escherichia Coli have a high tendency to recur and become resistant to the use of antimicrobials, UTIs is one of the 10 most common diseases deprived of liberty in Bolivia, because they do not have a good infrastructure, health services they do not supply the inmates since they do not have good information and education about UI ignoring the risks, complications that can cause. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, the most frequent factors of UI in San Roque prison inmates. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on July 10, 2019, in which all inmates of the prison from 22 to 72 years old participated (n = 43). For the determination of urinary infections, urine collection bottles were delivered with prior indication for the correct collection of the sample. Subsequently, a general urine test (EGO) (physical, chemical, microscopic examination) and Gram stain was performed, as a final procedure the culture was done to determine the causative germ. In this study we worked with 43 women, with 100% of the population of which 11.62% were obtained, IU tested positive, 88.38% were negative.

Prevalence of voluntary dehydration according to urine osmolarity in elementary school students in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of voluntary dehydration based on urine osmolarity in elementary school students from two public educational institutions in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and evaluate whether there is a relationship between voluntary dehydration and nutritional status or socioeconomic status. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study with students from two public schools in the city of Osasco. The determination of urine osmolarity was performed using the freezing method of the Advanced® Osmometer Model 3W2. Urine osmolarity greater than 800 mOsm/kg H2O was considered voluntary dehydration. During data collection, the weights and heights of the students, environmental temperatures and air humidity levels were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 475 students aged six to 12 years were evaluated, of whom 188 were male. Voluntary dehydration occurred in 63.2% of the students and was more frequent in males than in females. The prevalence of voluntary dehydration was more frequent in males aged six to nine years than in females. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between males and females aged 10 to 12 years. No association was found between voluntary dehydration and nutritional status or socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of voluntary dehydration was high in elementary school students and was more frequent in males. No association was found between voluntary dehydration and nutritional or socioeconomic status.

Implicancia de la proteinuria en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de laenfermedad renal crónica / Implications of proteinuria in the diagnosis and monitoring cronic kidney disease

La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es una entidad clínica secundaria a múltiples etiologías, que se caracteriza por ser silente en etapas tempranas y, en ausencia de tratamiento adecuado, frecuentemente tiene un curso progresivo que conduce al fallo irreversible de la función del órgano y requerimiento de tratamiento sustitutivo (diálisis o trasplante renal). La ERC es un factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (CV), siendo ésta la complicación más frecuente, e inclusive la principal causa de fallecimiento de estos pacientes. Las dos causas más prevalentes de ERC son la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial. La ERC constituye un problema de Salud Pública, no sólo por la necesidad potencial de diálisis y trasplante a largo plazo, sino por la comorbilidad CV que implica desde etapas tempranas.Nuestras Sociedades Científicas y Profesionales Nacionales han recomendado, en un documento previo publicado en el año 2010, que la evaluación de la función del riñón se haga mediante la estimación del Indice de Filtrado Glomerular (IFGe) por fórmula, a partir de la medición de la creatinina plasmática. La fórmula recomendada por nuestras sociedades en los adultos...

Análise comparativa de duas metodologias para a identificação de cilindros hemáticos urinários / Comparative analysis of two methodologies for the identification of urinary red blood cell casts

INTRODUÇÃO: A presença de hemácias dismórficas na urina é um forte indicativo da origem glomerular do sangramento, sendo uma ferramenta importante no diagnóstico de glomerulonefrites. Os cilindros hemáticos geralmente acompanham as hemácias dismórficas, sendo também fortes indicadores de hematúria glomerular, embora não sejam encontrados com frequência no exame parcial de urina. OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de concentração de amostras em uma série de exames de urina com hematúria dismórfica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 249 amostras com hematúria dismórfica a partir de 4.277 amostras de urina de rotina. As amostras foram processadas utilizando-se duas técnicas: a convencional e a de concentração. O percentual de identificação dos cilindros hemáticos foi comparado de acordo com a metodologia utilizada. RESULTADOS: A presença de cilindros hemáticos pela técnica de concentração foi estatisticamente maior (52,6 por cento) em comparação com a positividade pela metodologia convencional (8,4 por cento) (p < 0,001). DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Sugere-se que a técnica convencional não concentrou suficientemente a amostra de urina e os cilindros hemáticos ficaram no sobrenadante, sendo descartados. A utilização da técnica de concentração aumentou a sensibilidade técnica para a pesquisa dos cilindros hemáticos. Portanto, a técnica de concentração, associada à presença de hemácias dismórficas, mostrou-se útil para aumentar a concordância dos dois parâmetros laboratoriais para a detecção da hematúria de origem glomerular como auxílio diagnóstico das glomerulopatias, importante causa de doença renal crônica.

INTRODUCTION: Dysmorphic red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine are a strong indicator of a glomerular bleeding source. RBC casts, which while generally following RBC dysmorphism are not frequently seen on routine urinalysis, are also important indicators of glomerular hematuria. OBJECTIVE: This study tested the superiority of a urine concentration technique (CT) over the standard method (SM) for RBC cast identification in a group of patients suspected of glomerular hematuria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of a total of 4,227 routine urinary samples, 249 with dysmorphic hematuria were selected. The samples were processed according to two techniques: standard method (SM) and concentration technique (CT). The percentages of RBC cast identification according to each method were compared. RESULTS: The CT showed a higher rate of RBC casts (52.6 percent) compared to the SM (8.4 percent) (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We suggest that the SM did not sufficiently concentrate the urine sample, the RBC casts remaining in the supernatant and being discarded. The CT increased the sensitivity of the RBC cast yield. The CT, associated with the presence of RBC dysmorphism, was useful to increase the agreement of the two parameters used for identification of glomerular-based bleeding and the diagnosis of glomerular diseases, important causes of chronic kidney disease.

Comparación de la depuración de creatinina en orina de 24 horas y estimación de función renal por fórmula MDRD en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica: experiencia Susalud / Comparison of creatinine clearance in urine 24-hour volume and renal function estimation from the MDRD formula in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: experience of Susalud

Objetivo: evaluar la correlación y concordancia entre la depuración de creatinina en orina de 24 horas y la fórmula Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) para la estimación de la función renal. Metodología: estudio analítico de pruebas diagnósticas. Se tomó información de la historia clínica de 1 409 pacientes entre 18 y 70 años con diagnóstico de Enfermedad renal crónica de la entidad promotora de salud Susalud. La estimación de la filtración glomerular por la fórmula MDRD se hizo con la calculadora de la National Kidney Foundation. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación y se exploró la concordancia con la ayuda del estadístico Kappa. Resultados: el 53% del grupo estudiado es femenino y la edad promedio es de 56.3±10.1 años. El promedio de la depuración en orina de 24 horas fue 69.3±24.2 mL/min y el promedio de depuración por MDRD fue 62.3±17.5 mL/min. La correlación entre las dos pruebas fue moderada (0.57) y la concordancia fue débil (0.25). Conclusiones: la débil concordancia entre la depuración en orina de 24 horas y por MDRD en este grupo de pacientes no permite sugerir su uso. Con las dificultades en la recolección e interpretación de la depuración de creatinina, se requiere de nuevos estudios para poder recomendar la fórmula MDRD en nuestra población.

Seguimiento del perfil proteico urinario en el trasplante renal / Follow-up of urine protein profile in renal transplant

La nefropatía crónica del trasplante (NCT) se caracteriza por fibrosis intersticial y atrofia tubular, pero su etiología es diversa. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el seguimiento cualitativo de proteínas urinarias en pacientes con más de seis años de trasplante renal y compararlo con parámetros de laboratorio y con biopsia renal. Se evaluaron 17 pacientes durante un año, a través de creatinina sérica, proteinuria y fraccionamiento proteico por electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) en una y dos dimensiones con coloración argéntica. Todos los pacientes con biopsias características de nefropatía crónica del trasplante presentaron un perfil tubular y aquellos con glomerulopatía del trasplante evidenciaron un perfil predominantemente glomerular. Los cambios en el perfil tubular se asociaron a infecciones urinarias, pulmonares e intestinales y a una respuesta inmunológica en el límite al rechazo (borderline), aún sin modificaciones evidentes en la creatinina sérica ni en la proteinuria. La electroforesis bidimensional permitió detectar claramente las proteínas orosomucoide y zinc alfa-2 glicoproteína, aparentemente asociadas a hialinosis arteriolar por toxicidad causada por ciclosporina. La electroforesis SDS-PAGE permitió identificar el sitio de lesión en el nefrón y cambios en la evolución, aún en presencia de vestigios de proteinuria. Las electroforesis SDS-PAGE mono y bidimensional se plantean como complemento para la evaluación de la condición clínica del paciente trasplantado renal crónico.

Post-transplant chronic nephropathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. These alterations are non-specific, but the glomerular and vascular lesions help to differentiate the etiological causes. The aim of this study was to determine the qualitative follow-up study of urine proteins in patients, six years after receiving a renal transplant, and compare their relationship to laboratory parameters and renal biopsy. The evolution of 17 patients with renal transplant was studied for one year, through serum creatinine, proteinuria, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS-PAGE) in one and two dimensions with silver staining. The patients with chronic nephropathy by renal biopsy presented a tubular profile of urinary proteins, and those who presented glomerulopathy showed a predominant glomerular profile. Changes in the tubular profiles during the follow-up study were associated to urinary tract, pulmonary, and intestinal infections, as well as borderline rejection, even without evident changes in either proteinuria or serum creatinine. The bidimensional electrophoresis clearly marked the orosomucoid proteins and zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein, generally associated to arterial hyalinosis due to ciclosporin toxicity. Even with traces of proteinuria, SDS-PAGE with silver staining made it possible to identify the renal lesion location. It also enabled the detection of the stable profiles of urinary proteins and changes in the evolution, without modification of serum creatinine. SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions is used as a complement in the evaluation of renal transplant patients' clinical condition.

Urinary proteomics evaluation in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a pilot study

PURPOSE: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is characterized by chronic pain, pressure and discomfort felt in the pelvis or bladder. An in-depth shotgun proteomics study was carried out to profile the urinary proteome of women with IC/PBS to identify possible specific proteins and networks associated with IC/PBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine samples from ten female IC/PBS patients and ten female asymptomatic, healthy control subjects were analyzed in quadruplicate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a hybrid linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Gas-phase fractionation (GPF) was used to enhance protein identification. Differences in protein quantity were determined by peptide spectral counting. RESULTS: a-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) and orosomucoid-1 (ORM1) were detected in all IC/PBS patients, and = 60 percent of these patients had elevated expression of these two proteins compared to control subjects. Transthyretin (TTR) and hemopexin (HPX) were detected in all control individuals, but = 60 percent of the IC/PBS patients had decreased expression levels of these two proteins. Enrichment functional analysis showed cell adhesion and response to stimuli were down-regulated whereas response to inflammation, wounding, and tissue degradation were up-regulated in IC/PBS. Activation of neurophysiological processes in synaptic inhibition, and lack of DNA damage repair may also be key components of IC/PBS. CONCLUSION: There are qualitative and quantitative differences between the urinary proteomes of women with and without IC/PBS. We identified a number of proteins as well as pathways/networks that might contribute to the pathology of IC/PBS or result from perturbations induced by this condition.

Correlación de las ecuaciones para el cálculo de depuración de creatinina en adultos con enfermedad renal crónica no terminal / Correlation of the equations for the calculation of creatinine depuration in adults with nonterminal chronic renal disease

Las ecuaciones de Cockroft-Gault (CG) y Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) abreviada, permiten hacer unaestimación indirecta de la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) en pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC). El objetivo del presente estudio fue correlacionar la TFG calculada por depuración de creatinina (DCr) en orina de 24 horas y las ecuaciones de CG y MDRD abreviada. Fueron incluidos 106 pacientes con diagnóstico de ERC no terminal (64 mujeres y 42 hombres), con edad promedio de 65 ± 15.7 años, y con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 como principales comorbilidades asociadas a la ERC. Se estableció el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para la correlación entre la DCr en orina de 24 horas con la ecuación de CG y MDRD abreviada, y para cada ecuación por sexo y grupo de edad.La ecuación de CG mostró una mayor correlación para estimar TFG que la ecuación de MDRD abreviada, al igual que en mujeres y mayores de 65 años, con coeficientes de correlación de 0.763 (valor p=0.000), 0.813 (valor p=0.000) y 0.761 (valor p=0.000) respectivamente. En conclusión, en pacientes con ERC no terminal, la ecuación de CG tiene mejor correlación con la TFG estimada por DCr en orina de 24 horas que la ecuación MDRD abreviada.

Cockroft-Gault (CG) and abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations allow FOR an indirect estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to correlate theestimate of the GFR by creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) in 24-hour urine and the equations of CG and abbreviated MDRD. One hundred and six (106) patients diagnosed with non terminal CKD were included, (64 women and 42 men), with a mean age of 65 ± 15.7 years. Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus were the major morbidities associated to CKD. The Spearmancoefficient was used for the association between 24 hours Cr Cl in urine with the CG and abbreviated MDRD equations and by sex and age group. The equation of CG showed a greater correlation to estimate than the TFG abbreviated MDRD equation, as well as womenand older than 65 years, with correlation coefficients of 0.763 (p value= 0.000), 0.813 (p value=0.000) and 0.761 (p value=0.000) respectively. In conclusion, in patients with CKD that is not terminal, the equation of CG has better correlation with GFR estimated by Cr Cl in urine 24 hours than the abbreviated MDRD equation.

Avaliação inicial do paciente hipertenso / Initial approach hypertensive patients

A avaliação inicial do paciente hipertenso tem por base três pontos principais. O primeiro ponto é a confirmação do diagnóstico, feita com base nos valores de pressão arterial obtidos em consultório sempre que esses valores forem maiores ou iguais a 140/90 mmHg; para que se faça o diagnóstico correto é preciso que se siga o método adequado, de modo a minimizar os erros durante a aferição. O segundo ponto a ser considerado refere-se à história clínica do paciente, com dados como idade, sexo, presença de fatores de risco associados e/ou doenças concomitantes, que vão influenciar tanto a classificação da hipertensão arterial como a meta de pressão arterial a ser atingida com o tratamento não-farmacológico ou em conjunto com o tratamento farmacológico; o exame físico pode fornecer dados importantes quanto ao comprometimento de órgãos-alvo pela simples realização da fundoscopia, bem como propiciar a suspeita de hipertensão arterial de etiologia secundária como nefropatia, hipertensão arterial de origem renovascular ou doenças endócrinas como aldosteronismo primário e feocromocitoma. Finalmente, como terceiro ponto, para que possamos avaliar os fatores de risco de um paciente hipertenso há um perfil laboratorial mínimo que deve ser solicitado na primeira avaliação. Com todos esses pontos devidamente avaliados e considerados em conjunto, podemos, então, estabelecer o diagnóstico mais preciso da hipertensão e quais medidas são as mais cabíveis para que o tratamento instituído ofereça a melhor proteção ao paciente...

Medical history value in female urinary incontinence / Valor propedêutico da anammenese em incontinência urinária feminina

Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre dados de história clínica e os diagnósticos obtidos em exame urodinâmico em pacientes do sexo feminino com incontinência urinária. Materiais e métodos: Foram estudadas 126 pacientes do sexo feminino, com história clínica de incontinência urinária, sem doença infecciosa ou neurológica associada. Resultados: Nas pacientes com história clínica de incontinência urinária exclusiva aos esforços obteve-se 87,5 porcento de concordância com o diagnóstico urodinâmico, e nas pacientes em que a incontinência ao esforço era associada à urgência miccional encontramos apenas 55 porcento de concordância no diagnóstico. Ao aplicarmos os testes estatísticos encontramos diferença significativa (p<0,0001), o que justificaria a indicação do estudo urodinâmico neste grupo de mulheres. Conclusão: A história clínica de perdas urinárias aos esforços exclusiva é de alta sensibilidade para o diagnóstico de incontinência urinária genuína de esforço. A presença do sintoma urgência miccional associado à incontinência urinária por esforço é indicação para realização do estudo urodinâmico.

Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome

Fungal urinary tract infections are an increasing problem in hospitalized patients. Funguria may be a result of contamination of the urine specimen, colonization of hte urinary tract, or may be indicative of true invasive infection. In this study, we report the risk factors, clinical features, treatments and outcome in a group of 68 hospitalized patients (adults and children) with fungal isolates recovered from 103 urinary samples. Underlying medical conditions were present in most patients. In the pediatric group, urinary tract abnormalities (86) and prematurity (19)accounted for the majority of the cases. Diabetes mellitus (28), nephrolithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia were the most common diseases in adults. Indwelling urethral catheters were noted in 38 of the pediatric patients and in 43 of adults during hospitalization. Candida albicans strains were responsible for 97 and 75 of positive cultures in children and adults, respectively. Symptoms such as fever, dysuria, frequency and flank pain were generally absent in both groups. Fluconazole was the most frequent antifungal utilized (61) in children and ketoconazole in the adult group (42). Removing the urinary catheter was attempted in 6 pediatric patients (29) and in only 8 adults (17). One patient (4) in the pediatric group died compared to 10 in the adult group (21, p=0.04). Successful diagnosis and treatment of funguria depends on a clear understanding of the risk factors and awareness of fungal epidemiology.

Acidose metabólica na insuficiência renal crônica / Metabolic acidosis in chronic renal failure

Nesta revisão são apresentados os mecanismos fisiológicos da acidificação urinária correlacionando-os com a patogenia da acidose metabólica da insuficiência renal crônica. São abordados aspectos estruturais do nefron e suas relações com desequilíbrio metabólico da falência renal crônica

Consumo reciente de alcohol y drogas en accidentes del trabajo / Recent use of alcohol and drugs in victims of work related accidents

Background: Twenty to twenty two percent of work related accidents have a direct or indirect relationship with recent alcohol use. Aim: To detect recent alcohol or drug use in patients who required hospitalization for severe work related accidents. Patients and methods: Blood and urine samples were obtained from patients admitted to a hospital within 6 hours of an accident severe enough to require hospitalization. Blood alcohol and urinary metabolites of cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines and benzodiazepines were measured. Patient identity was kept confidential throughout the study. Once patients were stabilized, they were interviewed by a psychologist that was blind to laboratory results. Results: Two hundred thirty men and 18 women were studied and 29 percent (30 percent of men and 17 percent of women) had recent use of alcohol or drugs. The most common substances were alcohol in 15 percent and benzodiazepines in 13 percent. Use of alcohol or drugs was found in 21 percent of professionals, in 33 percent of other occupational levels, half of agricultural workers and 25 percent of commerce workers. Only two of 60 positive cases, admitted substance use during the interview. Most of negative cases admitted the use of alcohol or other drugs during the month prior to the accident. Conclusions: Recent use of alcohol and drugs is frequent among severe work related accident victims. Probably, a high proportion of these subjects are problem drinkers. The combination of alcohol and benzodiazepines is an additional risk factor

Lomefloxacino vs. trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol en el tratamiento de la prostatitis bacteriana crónica / Lomefloxacine vs. trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis

Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y comparativo con distribución al azar para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de lomefloxacino (LMF) con la de trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (TMP/SMX) en el tratamiento de la prostatitis bacteriana crónica. El estudio se efectuó en tres centros hospitalarios, y abarcó a un total de 30 pacientes adultos del sexo masculino con diagnósticos clínicos y bacteriológico confirmados. Los pacientes se distribuyeron al azar para recibir LMF a la dosis de 400 mg una vez al día (n = 15), o TMP/SMX a la de 160/800 mg dos veces al día (n = 15) durante seis semanas. Se valoraron los aspectos de seguridad y eficacia antes del tratamiento, durante el mismo y una vez terminado éste mediante cultivos de orina pruebas de laboratorio y valoración clínica, incluso hasta dos y cuatro meses después del tratamiento. Se logró erradicación bacteriológica en 92.3 por ciento de los pacientes tratados. con LMF y en 84.6 por ciento de los que recibieron TMP/SMX (p> 0.05). Se logró un buen resultado clínico en 100 por ciento de los pacientes que recibieron LMF o TMP/SMX. Ambas evaluaciones se realizaron cinco a nueve días después de terminar el tratamiento. Los agentes patógenos que con mayor frecuencia se aislaron fueron Escherichia coli (43.3 por ciento), estafilococo coagulasa negativo (20 por ciento), Staphylococcus saprophiticus (13.3 por ciento) y Enterococcus sp. (13.3 por ciento). Los efectos adversos se consideraron leves, y los experimentaron un paciente que recibió LMF y dos que tomaron TMP/SMX

Lomefloxacina versus trimetoprim con sulfametoxazol en la infección de vías urinarias del anciano con diabetes mellitus / Lomefloxacin versus trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole in urinary tract infection of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue comparar la eficacia de una nueva quinolona oral de vida media prolongada en esquema corto con la combinación tradicional para el manejo de las infecciones de vías urinarias en pacientes ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo II (no insulinodependiente). Se realizó un ensayo clínico, al azar, ciego simple, controlado, en 60 pacientes ancianos con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo II e infección de vías urinarias. Después de la distribución al azar, se formaron dos grupos de 30 pacientes cada uno. El primero recibió lomefloxacina a razón de 400 mg/día en dosis oral única matutina por cinco días y al segundo se le indicó trimetoprim, 160 con sulfametoxazol, 800 mg cada 12 horas por vía oral durante 10 días. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos grupos de estudio en relación con la evaluación de la respuesta clínica, bacteriológica y general. Los efectos adversos fueron similares para ambos fármacos. Se puede concluir que la lomefloxacina y el trimetoprim con sulfametoxazol son efectivos para el manejo de las infecciones de vías urinarias en los pacientes ancianos con diabetes mellitus; sin embargo, el primero de ellos produce una respuesta más rápida por el tratamiento de corta duración y permite una posología más cómoda y fácil de seguir en este tipo de situaciones, por lo que su uso es más recomendable