Cáncer de cavidad oral en pacientes del departamento de cirugía de cabeza y cuello - cátedra y servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción / Oral cavity cancer in patients from the department of head and neck surgery - chair and otorhinolaryngology service of the Hospital de Clínicas - National University of Asunción

La cavidad oral está continuamente expuesta a carcinógenos inhalados e ingeridos (tabaco y alcohol principalmente), y por lo tanto es el sitio más común para el origen de neoplasias en la región de la cabeza y el cuello.Para esta investigación, se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, retrospectivo, de muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Se incluyó a pacientes mayores de edad, con diagnóstico clínico y anatomopatológico de cáncer de cavidad oral.Así, se incluyó una serie de 17 casos de carcinoma escamocelular oral, 13 hombres (76 %) y 4 mujeres (24 %), donde la edad de los individuos osciló entre 32 y 73 años.El 65 % de los pacientes era fumador y el 71% refirió consumo de bebidas alcohólicas.La lengua fue la localización tumoral más frecuente, con el 71% de las personas que se encontraba en estadio IV, y con moderado grado de diferenciación histológica. Como conclusión, se determinó que la mayor parte de los pacientes de este estudio correspondían al sexo masculino de 50 a 70 años. Un alto porcentaje de los pacientes refería el hábito tabáquico, y mayor aún el consumo de alcohol. El subsitio más frecuentemente afectado es la lengua, en estadios avanzados y moderado grado de diferenciación.

INTRODUCTION: The oral cavity is continuously exposed to inhaled and ingested carcinogens (mainly tobacco and alcohol), and therefore it is the most common site for the origin of neoplasms in the head and neck region. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective, observational study of non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was carried out. Adult patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of oral cavity cancer were included. RESULTS: A series of 17 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma was included, 13 men (76%) and 4 women (24%). The age of the individuals ranged between 32 and 73 years.65% of the patients were smokers, and 71% reported consumption of alcoholic beverages.The tongue was the most frequent tumor location, 71% were in stage IV, and with a moderate degree of histological differentiation. CONCLUSION: Most of the patients in this study were males between 50 and 70 years of age. A high percentage of patients reported smoking, and an even higher percentage of alcohol consumption. The most frequently affected subsite is the tongue, in advanced stages and a moderate degree of differentiation.

Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Clinical Staging of Head and Neck Tumors

Abstract Objective: To determine the relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and staging of head and neck cancer in patients treated at a referral hospital for cancer treatment. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on medical records of patients with head and neck cancer treated between 2008 and 2015. The following variables were considered: gender, age, marital status, educational level, place of residence, profession, affected site, clinical staging of neoplasms, histopathological diagnosis, tobacco and alcohol consumption. Results: Of the 154 medical records analyzed, there was a predominance of male patients (72.7%), single (50%), with low education (88.1%), rural workers (38.3%), residents in the state countryside (70.2%) and aged 20-94 years. T3 and T4 size tumors prevailed. A significant correlation was found between alcohol use and tumor size (p=0.03) and presence of nodules (p<0.001), as well as between alcohol use and smoking with tumor size (p=0.04) and presence of nodules (p=0.019). No correlations were observed between tobacco use and injury staging. Conclusion: There was strong significance between tumor size and presence of nodules, both with the use of alcohol alone and with tobacco, thus suggesting the existence of important carcinogenic action of this substance.

Carga de enfermedad atribuible al uso del tabaco en Paraguay y potencial impacto sanitario y económico del aumento del precio a través de impuestos / Burden of disease attributable to tobacco use in Paraguay, and potential health and financial impact of increasing prices through taxing

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar la carga de enfermedad asociada al consumo de tabaco en Paraguay y evaluar el potencial efecto económico y sanitario del aumento de precio mediante impuestos. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un modelo de microsimulación de Monte Carlo que incorporó la historia natural, costos y calidad de vida de enfermedades asociadas al tabaquismo para el 2015. Asimismo, se estimó el impacto en varios escenarios de aumento de impuestos sobre la prevalencia de tabaquismo y la recaudación fiscal. Resultados. 3354 personas mueren al año en Paraguay por consecuencia del tabaquismo. El 19 % de las muertes son por enfermedad isquémica cardíaca, el 15 % por accidentes cerebrovasculares. El 77 % de las muertes por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y el 83 % de cáncer de pulmón son atribuibles al tabaquismo. Estas enfermedades en Paraguay representan un costo médico directo anual de más de 1,5 x 106 millones de guaraníes, mientras la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos apenas llega a cubrir un 20 % de este gasto. Un aumento en el precio de los cigarrillos del 50 % vía impuestos, podría llevar a evitar 2507 muertes en diez años y generar recursos por 2,4 x 106 millones por ahorro en gastos sanitarios y aumento de recaudación. Conclusiones. El costo y la carga de enfermedad asociado al consumo de tabaco en el sistema de salud es elevado en Paraguay. Un aumento del precio de los cigarrillos a través de los impuestos tendría importantes beneficios sanitarios y podría compensar parcialmente los costos sanitarios.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To consider the burden of disease associated to tobacco consumption in Paraguay and to evaluate the potential economic and health effect of price increase through taxes. Materials and Methods . A Monte Carlo simulation model was designed incorporating natural history, costs, and quality of life of diseases associated to smoking for 2015. Also, several scenarios were considered for the impact of tax raises on the prevalence of smoking and fiscal collection. Results . In Paraguay, 3,354 people die every year as a consequence of smoking. Nineteen percent of deaths are due to cardiac ischemia, 15% due to stroke. 77% of deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 83% of lung cancer can be attributed to smoking. These diseases in Paraguay represent an annual direct medical cost of more than 1.5 trillion PYG, while the tax collection from cigarette sales barely covers 20% of this expense. A 50% increase in the price of cigarettes via taxes could avoid 2507 deaths in ten years and generate resources by 2.4 trillion in savings in health expenses and tax of collection. Conclusions . The cost and the burden of disease associated to tobacco consumption is high in the health system in Paraguay. An increase in cigarette price through taxes could have significant health benefits and could offset health costs in part.

Evaluación emocional y actitudinal de advertencias sanitarias de tabaco en adultos y jóvenes de Argentina / Emotional and attitudinal evaluation of tobacco health warnings among youngsters and adults in Argentina

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto emocional y las respuestas cognitivas y actitudinales de las advertencias sanitarias, para evitar el consumo del tabaco. Material y métodos Se evaluaron 27 advertencias sanitarias de control del tabaco, procedentes de Argentina y de otros países, en 151 adolescentes y 168 adultos. Se aplicó un instrumento estandarizado para medir valencia y activación emocional y un cuestionario estructurado para la medición cognitivo-actitudinal. Se analizaron las correlaciones según edad y sexo, nivel de instrucción, condición de fumador, etapa de cambio en fumadores y susceptibilidad en adolescentes no fumadores. Resultados Se observó alta correlación entre las valoraciones cognitivo-actitudinales y las emocionales. Las advertencias basadas en imágenes cruentas y de sufrimiento generaron más respuestas actitudinales asociadas con el abandono y la prevención del consumo del tabaco. Conclusiones Se recomienda el uso de advertencias con altos niveles de activación emocional tanto para adultos como para adolescentes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate variables of tobacco health warnings associated with their emotional impact, the perception of smoking risks and the perceived effectiveness to avoid tobacco use. Materials and methods Teenagers (151) and adults (168) evaluated 27 tobacco health warnings selected from the sets used on tobacco packages in Argentina and in other countries. A standardized affective rating-scale system and a structured questionnaire measured respectively the emotional impact (hedonic valence and emotional arousal), and the cognitive-behavioral attributions. The correlation between emotional and cognitive-behavioral evaluations was analyzed by age, sex, education level, smoker status, stage of quitting and susceptibility of non-smokers teenagers. Results Strong significant correlations between cognitive-behavioral and emotional assessments were observed. The warnings depicting graphic images of tobacco-related injuries and suffering were considered more valuable for tobacco control, helping quitting and preventing initiation. Conclusions Using graphic images with high emotional arousal is recommended for both adults and teenagers.

Características de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica por consumo de tabaco en pacientes de servicios de neumología de Lima y Callao / Characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to tobacco consumption in pneumology patients in lima and callao

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), atendidos en los servicios de Neumología de centros especializados de Lima y Callao. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 196 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 69 años, rango intercuartil 63-75 años. El 31,1 % de los pacientes se encontró en el grupo GOLD 1/leve (VEF1 ≥80 %), el 41,8 % en el grupo GOLD 2/moderado (50 %≤VEF1<80 %), el 22,5 % en el grupo GOLD 3/severo (30 %≤VEF1<50 %), y el 4,6 % en el grupo GOLD 4/muy severo (VEF1 <30 %). El 93,9 % usaba algún tipo de medicación para EPOC, la terapia más usada fue la combinación de beta agonistas de acción larga/corticoides inhalados (LABA/ICS) con 31,1 %. Se ha obtenido una primera caracterización de pacientes con EPOC atendidos en estos centros. Es imprescindible complementar lo encontrado con estudios longitudinales.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with COPD receiving treatment at the pneumology units of specialized care centers in Lima and Callao. A cross-sectional study was performed on 196 patients, with a mean age of 69 years, interquartile range of 63-75 years. Of these patients, 31.1% was classified in the GOLD 1/ mild group (FEV1 ≥80%); 41.8% in the GOLD 2/moderate group (50%≤FEV1<80%); 22.5% in the GOLD 3/severe group (30%≤FEV1<50%), and 4.6% in the GOLD 4/very severe group (FEV1 <30%). A 93.9% of patients used some type of medication for COPD. The most-frequently used therapy was the combination of long-acting beta agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) (31.1%). A preliminary characterization has been obtained for COPD patients treated in these centers, but it is essential to complement these findings with longitudinal studies.

Tobacco and cancer: epidemiology and new perspectives of prevention and monitoring in Mexico / Tabaquismo: epidemiología y nuevas perspectivas de prevención y vigilancia en México

Abstract Tobacco smoking is causal risk factor of at least 16 different types of cancer. In Mexico, smoking causes 6 035 premature deaths annually of lung cancer and 5 154 from other types. Additionally, 16 408 new smoking- attributable cases are diagnosed, causing high costs in the Mexican health sector. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is the global strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this risk factor. Four more cost-effective strategies to ensure the population benefit are: i) increase tobacco taxes, ii) create 100% smoke-free environments, iii) warn damage through health warnings with pictograms and iv) total ban of advertising and promotion. Mexico is call upon to implement with determination this comprehensive strategy to reduce cancer mortality and assuring the health population.

Resumen El tabaquismo es factor de riesgo causal de por lo menos 16 diferentes tipos de cáncer. En México, el tabaquismo causa anualmente 6 035 muertes prematuras por cáncer de pulmón y 5 154 por otros tipos de cáncer. Adicionalmente, se diagnostican 16 408 casos nuevos atribuibles a tabaco, provocando altos costos en el sector salud mexicano. El Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT-OMS) es la estrategia global para reducir la morbimortalidad causada por este factor de riesgo. Son cuatro las estrategias más costoefectivas para garantizar el beneficio poblacional: i) incrementar los impuestos al tabaco, ii) crear ambientes 100% libres de humo de tabaco, iii) advertir los daños a través de advertencias sanitarias con pictogramas y iv) prohibición total de la publicidad. México está llamado a implementar, de manera decidida, esta estrategia integral para reducir la mortalidad por cáncer.

Factores de riesgo y complicaciones extraneurológicas de pacientes internados por Accidente Cerebrovascular en el Hospital Nacional de Clínicas de Córdoba / [Risk Factors and extraneurological complications of stroke patients].

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is the third leading cause of death globally , act on modifiable risk factors is now the best prevention strategy. Medical complications are common in patients hospitalized for stroke , the valuation of income NIHSS , is associated with the final result in terms of duration of hospitalization, survival and discharge location. OBJETIVE: Determining risk factors ( RF) in patients hospitalized for stroke in Hospital Nacional de Clinicas de Córdoba (HNC) and characterize neurological complications NIHSS relative to income. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of patients admitted to the Service of Neurology at HNC diagnosed with the first of September , 2010 to December 30, 2012 , we applied the admission NIHSS scale. Were determined cerebrovascular risk factors , we evaluated neurological complications during hospitalization. RESULTS: The total number of patients admitted for stroke was 200 , with 168 ischemic stroke ( 84

) and hemorrhagic stroke 32 (16

) . The FR Hypertension was the most frequent ( 83.5

had 3 or more FR for stroke. Had complications : 32

of patients , the respiratory infection was the most frequent (14.5

). Patients with NIHSS greater than 10 points had a higher rate of complications. CONCLUSION: The multiple RF control is an effective strategy to decrease the incidence of stroke . Prevention of medical complications enable better patient care and reduce morbidity associated with stroke.