Prevalencia y asociación de la calcificación valvular aórtica con factores de riesgo y aterosclerosis coronaria en población mexicana / Aortic valve calcification prevalence and association with coronary risk factors and atherosclerosis in Mexican population

Resumen: Objetivo: La prevalencia de calcificación valvular aórtica (CVA) tiene influencia importante de la etnia y se desconoce en población mexicana. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia de CVA y sus asociaciones con factores de riesgo cardiovascular y calcificación arterial coronaria (CAC). Método: En 1,267 sujetos (53% mujeres) sin enfermedad coronaria conocida y con edad de 35 a 75 años, la CVA y la CAC se evaluaron mediante tomografía computada multidetector, utilizando el método de Agatston. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se documentaron en todos los participantes. Las asociaciones de CVA con CAC y factores de riesgo se estimaron usando el análisis de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: La prevalencia global de CVA y CAC fue del 19.89% y del 26.5%, respectivamente. Ambas condiciones aumentaron con la edad y se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en hombres (25.5 y 37.1%, respectivamente) que en mujeres (14.9 y 13%, respectivamente). La CVA se observó en únicamente el 8.5% de los sujetos sin CAC, mientras que en aquellos con CAC 1-99, 100-399 y > 400 unidades Agatston, las prevalencias fueron del 36.8, 56.8 y 84%, respectivamente. El análisis de regresión logística múltiple ajustado por edad, género, obesidad, inactividad física, hipertensión, dislipidemia y valores altos de insulina, mostró que la presencia de CAC (RM [IC95%]: 3.23 [2.26-4.60]), obesidad (1.94 [1.35-2.79]), género masculino (1.44 [1.01-2.05]) y edad (1.08 [1.03-1.10]), fueron predictores independientes y significativos de la CVA. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de CVA es alta y se asocia significativamente con factores de riesgo aterosclerótico y CAC en población mexicana.

Abstract: Objetive: The prevalence of aortic valve calcification (AVC), strongly influenced by ethnicity, is unknown in Mexican population. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AVC and its associations with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcification (CAC), in Mexican subjects. Methods: In 1,267 subjects (53% women) without known coronary heart disease, aged 35 to 75 years, AVC and CAC were assessed by multidetector-computed tomography using the Agatston score. Cardiovascular risk factors were documented in all participants. The associations of AVC with CAC and risk factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: The overall prevalence of AVC and CAC was 19.89% and 26.5%, respectively. AVC and CAC increased with age and were found more frequently in men (25.5% and 37.1%, respectively) than in women (14.9% and 13.0%, respectively). AVC was observed in only 8.5% of subjects wit-hout CAC, while those with CAC 1-99, 100-399, and > 400 Agatston units had AVC prevalences of 36.8%, 56.8%, and 84.0%, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, gender, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and high insulin levels, showed that the presence of CAC (OR [CI95%]: 3.23 [2.26-4.60]), obesity (1.94 [1.35-2.79]), male gender (1.44 [1.01-2.05]) and age (1.08 [1.03-1.10]), were significant independent predictors of AVC. Conclusion: Prevalence of AVC is high and significantly associated with atherosclerotic risk factors and CAC in this Mexican population.

Endocardite aórtica e tricúspide em pacientes de hemodiálise com embolia sistêmica e pulmonar / Aortic and tricuspid endocarditis in hemodialysis patient with systemic and pulmonary embolism

RESUMO Este artigo relata o caso de um homem caucasiano de 43 anos de idade com nefropatia terminal em tratamento com hemodiálise e apresentando endocardite infecciosa das válvulas aórtica e tricúspide. O quadro clínico foi dominado pelo comprometimento neurológico, devido à embolia cerebral e a componentes hemorrágicos. Uma tomografia computadorizada tóraco-abdominal revelou um êmbolo séptico pulmonar. O paciente foi submetido à antibioticoterapia empírica utilizando ceftriaxona, gentamicina e vancomicina, sendo o tratamento modificado para flucloxacilina e gentamicina após o isolamento de S. aureus nas hemoculturas. A equipe multidisciplinar determinou que o paciente deveria ser submetido à substituição de válvulas após estabilização da hemorragia intracraniana; contudo, no oitavo dia após a hospitalização, o paciente entrou em parada cardíaca causada por embolia séptica pulmonar maciça, vindo a falecer. Apesar do risco de agravamento da lesão hemorrágica cerebral, em pacientes de alto risco deveria ser considerado realizar precocemente uma intervenção cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.

Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and aortic valve sclerosis / Asociación de hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa y esclerosis valvular aórtica

The principal objective of this investigation was to analyze the association between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and the presence of aortic valve sclerosis (AVS). For this study we used results from 1000 consecutive outpatients (473 males), older than 50 years of age (average 67.6 years), that had been examined with Doppler echocardiogram and anterior and lateral chest radiographs. Overall, 195 patients (19.5%) were diagnosed with DISH and 283 (28.3%) with AVS. DISH was more prevalent than AVS in males (66.7% vs. 42.6%, p< 0.0001) and in older patients (73.6 ± 9 years vs. 66.1 ± 9 years, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, 55.4% of patients with dorsal DISH presented aortic sclerosis calcification vs. 21.7% of patients free of DISH (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 3.22-6.21). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated by sex and age resulting in 3.04 (95% CI = 2.12-4.36; p < .0001). A statistically significant association was found between DISH and AVS in accordance to age and sex. The biological plausibility of this association is based on similar risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms and vascular complications.

El objetivo principal fue analizar la asociación entre la hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa (DISH) y la presencia de esclerosis valvular aórtica (AVS). Se evaluaron los resultados de 1000 pacientes ambulatorios consecutivos (473 varones), mayores de 50 años (promedio, 67.6 años), que habían sido examinados con un ecocardiograma Doppler y radiología torácica anterior y lateral. Globalmente, 195 pacientes (19.5%) tuvieron diagnóstico de DISH y 283 (28.3%) de AVS. DISH fue más prevalente que AVS en varones (66.7% vs. 42.6%, p < 0.0001) y en pacientes de mayor edad (73.6 ± 9 años vs. 66.1 ± 9 años, p < 0.0001). Además, 55.4% de los pacientes con DISH dorsal presentaron AVS vs. 21.7% de los pacientes sin DISH (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 3.22-6.21). El odds ratio (OR) ajustado por sexo y edad fue 3.04 (95% CI = 2.12-4.36; p < 0.0001). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre DISH y AVS, que se mantuvo después de ajustar por sexo y edad. La plausibilidad biológica de esta asociación se basa en los factores de riesgo, mecanismos patogénicos y complicaciones vasculares compartidos.

Clinical predictors of prosthesis-patient mismatch after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis

OBJECTIVE: We sought to ascertain predictors of Patient Prosthesis Mismatch, an independent predictor of mortality, in patients with aortic stenosis using bioprosthetic valves. METHOD: We analyzed 2,107 sequential surgeries. Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was calculated using the effective orifice area of the prosthesis divided by the patient's body surface area. We defined nonsignificant, moderate, and severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch as effective orifice area indexes of .0.85 cm²/m, 0.85-0.66 cm²/m², and <0.65 cm²/m², respectively. RESULTS: A total of 311 bioprosthetic patients were identified. The incidence of nonsignificant, moderate, and severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was 41 percent, 42, and 16 percent, respectively. Severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was significantly more prevalent in females (82 percent). In severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch, the perfusion and the crossclamp times were considerably lower when compared with nonsignificant Patient Prosthesis Mismatch and moderate Patient Prosthesis Mismatch. Patients with severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch had a significantly higher likelihood of spending time in the intensive care unit and a significantly longer length of stay in the hospital. Body surface area was not different in severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch when compared with nonsignificant Patient Prosthesis Mismatch. In-hospital mortality in patients with nonsignificant, moderate, and severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch was 2.3 percent, 6.1 percent, and 8 percent, respectively. Minimally invasive surgery was significantly associated with moderate Patient Prosthesis Mismatch in 49 percent of the patients, but not with severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch. CONCLUSION: Severe Patient Prosthesis Mismatch is more common in females, but not in those with minimal available body surface area. Though operative times were shorter in these patients, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were longer. Surgeons and cardiologists should be cognizant of these clinical predictors and complications prior to valve surgery.

Fibroelastoma valvular aórtico como causa de accidente cerebrovascular embólico: reporte de un caso / Aortic valve fibroelastoma as a cause of an embolic cerebrovascular accident: a case report

Los tumores cardíacos son una causa rara de accidente cerebrovascular embólico. Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de 65 años quien debuta su historia con un accidente cerebrovascular. El estudio de fuente embólica con ecocardiografía transesofágica demostró un fibroelastoma de la válvula aórtica en el borde libre del velo no coronariano. El tumor fue extraído mediante circulación extracorpórea. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico y la paciente se encuentra en capacidad funcional I y sin síntomas neurológicos a 19 meses de seguimiento.

Background: Cardiac tumors are an infrequent cause of an embolic source and aortic fibroelastoma is even more rare as causative of a stroke. We report a 65 year old female with no particular clinical history admitted to the hospital with an embolic cerebrovascular accident whose embolic source study with a transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a fibroelastoma in the free edge of the non coronarian leaflet of the aortic valve. The patient was subjected to surgery by means of extracorporeal circulation and the tumor was excised. The pathological study confirmed the diagnosis. Post operative recovery was uneventful with no neurological damage and after 19 months of follow up she is in functional class I.