A comprehensive review on phenolic compounds from edible mushrooms: Occurrence, biological activity, application and future prospective.

Phenolic compounds are minor metabolites usually present in mushroom species. Because of their potential advantages for human health, such as antioxidant and other biological activities, these bioactive components have been gaining more interest as functional foods, nutraceutical agents for providing better health conditions. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the recent advances in mushroom phenolic compounds, including new sources, structural characteristics, biological activities, potential uses and its industrial applications as well as the future perspectives. Phenolic acids as well as flavonoids are considered the most common phenolics occurring in mushroom species. These are responsible for its bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antihyperglycaemic, antiosteoporotic, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial activities. Several edible mushroom species with good phenolic content and show higher biological activity were highlighted, in a way for its futuristic applications. Trends on mushroom research highlighting new research areas, such as nanoformulation were discussed. Furthermore, the use of phenolic compounds as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical agents as well as the future perspectives and recommendations were made.

Role of exogenous melatonin in table grapes: First evidence on contribution to the phenolics-oriented response.

Melatonin (MLT) has gained increasing attention due to its pleiotropic effects. In present study, 'Kyoho' grapes were immersed in 200 µM of MLT to investigate the role of exogenous melatonin in postharvest metabolism response. Results indicated that berry abscission and rotten index was reduced by 37.50% and 58.37%, respectively, by exogenous MLT treatment, while the amino acid accumulation was greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the endogenous MLT biosynthesis was activated, where the transcript expression of genes, encoding tryptophan decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase and N-acetyltransferae were upregulated significantly (p < 0.05), in accordance with the increase of endogenous MLT. Phenolic biosynthesis related genes were upregulated significantly, accompanied with the significantly higher phenolics content (p < 0.05). On day 15, the expression level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in MLT-treated group was twice of that in control. Therefore, this study provides the first evidence pertinent to the contribution of exogenous melatonin to the phenolics metabolism in postharvest table grape.