Tannin-albumin particles as stable carriers of medicines.

Background: The effectiveness of a drug is dependent on its accumulation at the site of therapeutic action, as well as its time in circulation. The aim of the research was the creation of stable albumin/tannin (punicalagin, punicalin) particles, which might serve for the delivery of medicines. Methods: Numerous chromatographic and analytical methods, docking analyses and in vivo testing were applied and used. Results: Stable tannin-albumin/medicine particles with a diameter of ∼100 nm were obtained. The results of in vivo experiments proved that tannin-albumin particles are more stable than albumin particles. Conclusion: Based on the experiments and docking analyses, these stable particles can carry an extended number of medicines, with diverse chemical structures.

Design of new chemical entities targeting both native and H275Y mutant influenza a virus by deep reinforcement learning.

Influenza virus remains a major public health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality and seasonal surge. Although antiviral drugs against the influenza virus are widely used as a first-line defense, the virus undergoes rapid genetic changes, resulting in the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Thus, new antiviral drugs that can outwit resistant strains are of significant importance. Herein, we used deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to design new chemical entities (NCEs) that are able to bind to the native and H275Y mutant (oseltamivir-resistant) neuraminidases (NAs) of influenza A virus with better binding energy than oseltamivir. We generated more than 66211 NCEs, which were prioritized based on the filtering rules, structural alerts, and synthetic accessibility. Then, 18 NCEs with better MM/PBSA scores than oseltamivir were further analyzed in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations conducted for 100 ns. The MD experiments showed that 8 NCEs formed very stable complexes with the binding pocket of both native and H275Y mutant NAs of H1N1. Furthermore, most NCEs demonstrated much better binding affinity to group 2 (N2, N3, and N9) and influenza B virus NAs than oseltamivir. Although all 8 NCEs have non-sialic acid-like structures, they showed a similar binding mode as oseltamivir, indicating that it is possible to find new scaffolds with better binding and antiviral properties than sialic acid-like inhibitors. In conclusion, we have designed potential compounds as antiviral candidates for further synthesis and testing against wild and mutant influenza virus.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Advanced virtual screening enables the discovery of a host-targeting and broad-spectrum antiviral agent.

We employed an advanced virtual screening (AVS) approach to identify potential inhibitors of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a validated target for development of broad-spectrum antivirals. We screened a library of 495118 compounds and identified 495 compounds that exhibited better binding scores than the reference ligands involved in the screening. From the top 100 compounds, we selected 28 based on their consensus docking scores and structural novelty. Then, we conducted in vitro experiments to investigate the antiviral activity of selected compounds on HSV-1 infection, which is susceptible to DHODH inhibitors. Among the tested compounds, seven displayed statistically significant antiviral effects, with Comp 19 being the most potent inhibitor. We found that Comp 19 exerted its antiviral effect in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 1.1 µM) and exhibited the most significant antiviral effect when added before viral infection. In the biochemical assay, Comp 19 inhibited human DHODH in a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 value of 7.3 µM. Long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations (1000 ns) revealed that Comp 19 formed a very stable complex with human DHODH. Comp 19 also displayed broad-spectrum antiviral activity and suppressed cytokine production in THP-1 cells. Overall, our study provides evidence that AVS could be successfully implemented to discover novel DHODH inhibitors with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.

A Network Pharmacology Analysis of Cytotoxic Triterpenes Isolated from Euphorbia abyssinica Latex Supported by Drug-likeness and ADMET Studies.

Euphorbia plants have been identified as potential sources of antitumor lead compounds. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the main active constituents of Euphorbia abyssinica latex followed by a cytotoxic evaluation. A network pharmacology approach was employed to predict the underlying mechanism. Finally, drug-likeness and ADMET studies were conducted for active compounds. The phytochemical investigation of the latex of E. abyssinica resulted in the isolation of two triterpenes, 3-acetyloxy-(3α)-urs-12-en-28-oic methyl ester (1) and lup-20(29)-en-3α,23-diol (2). The dichloromethane extract displayed potent cytotoxic activity against the MCF7 cell line with an IC50 value of 4.27 ± 0.12 µg/mL but weak activity against HepG2 and HeLa cell lines (IC50 = 20.47 ± 1.17 and 26.73 ± 2.99 µg/mL, respectively) compared to doxorubicin. Compound 1 showed an encouraging cytotoxic effect against MCF7 with IC50 = 4.20 ± 0.20 µg/mL, followed by compound 2 (IC50 = 5.8 ± 0.35 µg/mL). The network analysis revealed that the two isolated compounds are linked to 68 targets of human nature, among which 51 genes are linked to breast carcinomas and 5 targets (AR, CYP19A1, EGFR, PGR, and PTGS2) might be the top therapeutic targets of isolated compounds on breast cancer. Furthermore, the gene-enrichment analysis revealed that E. abyssinica could play a role in the treatment of breast cancer by striking 51 potential targets via mainly three signaling pathways: P13K-AKT, Wnt, and VEGF. Therefore, isolated triterpenes could be considered effective antitumor agents for breast cancer by elucidating their candidate target to alleviate breast cancer and related signaling pathways of the targets.

Cancer Chemopreventive Potential and Chemical Profiling of Euphorbia abyssinica Endowed with Docking Studies.

Chemical profiling of both fruit and aerial part extracts of Euphorbia abyssinica via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) showed them to be a rich source of diverse compounds. A total of 39 compounds in both extracts including flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified as predominant metabolites. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was evaluated using three different in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays). The E. abyssinica fruit extract demonstrated more potent activity compared to the aerial part extract (IC50 of 85.1 ± 1.07 and 562.3 ± 1.01 µg/mL, respectively) in the DPPH assay. Furthermore, using ABTS and FRAP assays, the antioxidant capacities of the fruit extract were 1063.03 ± 37.8 and 1476.5 ± 95.6, respectively, calculated as µM Trolox equivalent/mg extract. One of the existing markers for cancer chemoprevention is the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which plays a vital role in cytoprotection against oxidative damage. The extracts were assessed to test their chemopreventive potential via NQO1 enzyme induction. The methanolic extract of fruits demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in the cancer chemopreventive marker enzyme NQO1 at the protein expression level in a murine hepatoma cell line (Hepa1c1c7). The interaction with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) is an essential transcription factor that controls the expression of the NQO1 enzyme. The demonstrated induction of NQO1 by the fruit extract is consistent with a molecular docking study of the effect of dereplicated compounds on the KEAP1 target. Among the dereplicated compounds, hesperidin, naringin, and rutin have been established as promising inducer compounds for the chemopreventive marker NQO1. Our results highlight the E. abyssinica fruit extract as a future chemopreventive lead.

Combination of ligand and structure based virtual screening approaches for the discovery of potential PARP1 inhibitors.

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has high therapeutic value as biomolecular target for research and development of small molecules with antineoplastic activity, since it is upregulated in many cancers, especially in ovarian and BRCA 1/2 mutated breast cancers. Decades of investigation of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have led to the approval of several drug compounds, however clinical application of PARPi in cancer therapy is limited due to a number of factors, including low selectivity, weak affinity and undesired side effects. Thus, identification of novel drug-like chemical compounds with alternatives to the known PARPi chemical scaffolds, binding modes and interaction patterns with amino acid residues in the active site is of high therapeutic importance. In this study we applied a combination of ligand- and structure-based virtual screening approaches with the goal of identification of novel potential PARPi.

Multitarget in silico studies of Ocimum menthiifolium, family Lamiaceae against SARS-CoV-2 supported by molecular dynamics simulation.

The novel strain of human coronavirus, emerged in December 2019, which has been designated as SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Since then, it has arisen as a serious threat to the world public health. Since no approved vaccines or drugs has been found to efficiently stop the virulent spread of the virus, progressive inquiries targeting these viruses are urgently needed, especially those from plant sources. Metabolic profiling using LC-HR-ESI-MS of the butanol extract of Ocimum menthiifolium (Lamiaceae) aerial parts yielded 10 compounds including flavonoids, iridoids and phenolics. As it has been previously reported that some flavonoids can be used as anti-SARS drugs by targeting SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro, we chose to examine 14 flavonoids (detected by metabolomics and other compounds isolated via several chromatographic techniques). We investigated their potential binding interactions with the 4 main SARS-CoV-2 targets: Mpro, nsp16/nsp10 complex, ACE2-PD and RBD-S-protein via molecular docking. Docking results indicated that the nsp16/nsp10 complex has the best binding affinities where the strongest binding was detected with apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, prunin and acaciin with -9.4, -9.3 and -9.3 kcal/mol binding energy, respectively, compared to the control (SAM) with -8.2 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the stability of these complexes was studied using molecular dynamics of 150 ns, which were then compared to their complexes in the other three targets. MM-PBSA calculations suggested the high stability of acaciin-nsp16 complex with binding energy of -110 kJ/mol. This study sheds light on the structure-based design of natural flavonoids as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting the nsp16/10 complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Combination of consensus and ensemble docking strategies for the discovery of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

The inconsistencies in the performance of the virtual screening (VS) process, depending on the used software and structural conformation of the protein, is a challenging issue in the drug design and discovery field. Varying performance, especially in terms of early recognition of the potential hit compounds, negatively affects the whole process and leads to unnecessary waste of the time and resources. Appropriate application of the ensemble docking and consensus-scoring approaches can significantly increase reliability of the VS results. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. It is considered as a valuable therapeutic target in cancer, autoimmune and viral diseases. Based on the conducted benchmark study and analysis of the effect of different combinations of the applied methods and approaches, here we suggested a structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) workflow that can be used to increase the reliability of VS.

Identification of Novel Potential VEGFR-2 Inhibitors Using a Combination of Computational Methods for Drug Discovery.

The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) is largely recognized as a potent therapeutic molecular target for the development of angiogenesis-related tumor treatment. Tumor growth, metastasis and multidrug resistance highly depends on the angiogenesis and drug discovery of the potential small molecules targeting VEGFR-2, with the potential anti-angiogenic activity being of high interest to anti-cancer research. Multiple small molecule inhibitors of the VEGFR-2 are approved for the treatment of different type of cancers, with one of the most recent, tivozanib, being approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the endogenous and acquired resistance of the protein, toxicity of compounds and wide range of side effects still remain critical issues, which lead to the short-term clinical effects and failure of antiangiogenic drugs. We applied a combination of computational methods and approaches for drug design and discovery with the goal of finding novel, potential and small molecule inhibitors of VEGFR2, as alternatives to the known inhibitors' chemical scaffolds and components. From studying several of these compounds, the derivatives of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one and isoindoline-1,3-dione in particular were identified.

Strawberry and Ginger Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Assisted by In Silico Modeling and Metabolic Profiling.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), a novel coronavirus causing life-threatening pneumonia, caused a pandemic starting in 2019 and caused unprecedented economic and health crises all over the globe. This requires the rapid discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates to overcome this life-threatening pandemic. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) methanolic extracts were used for silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis to explore their SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory potential. Moreover, an in silico study was performed to explore the possible chemical compounds that might be responsible for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential. The characterization of the green synthesized AgNPs was carried out with transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared, spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, and a dynamic light-scattering technique. The metabolic profiling of strawberry and ginger methanolic extract was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The antiviral potential against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated using an MTT assay. Moreover, in silico modeling and the molecular dynamic study were conducted via AutoDock Vina to demonstrate the potential of the dereplicated compounds to bind to some of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The TEM analysis of strawberry and ginger AgNPs showed spherical nanoparticles with mean sizes of 5.89 nm and 5.77 nm for strawberry and ginger, respectively. The UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis showed an absorption peak at λmax of 400 nm for strawberry AgNPs and 405 nm for ginger AgNPs. The Zeta potential values of the AgNPs of the methanolic extract of strawberry was -39.4 mV, while for AgNPs of ginger methanolic extract it was -42.6 mV, which indicates a high stability of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The strawberry methanolic extract and the green synthesized AgNPs of ginger showed the highest antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Dereplication of the secondary metabolites from the crude methanolic extracts of strawberry and ginger resulted in the annotation of different classes of compounds including phenolic, flavonoids, fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, and others. The docking study was able to predict the different patterns of interaction between the different compounds of strawberry and ginger with seven SARS-CoV-2 protein targets including five viral proteins (Mpro, ADP ribose phosphatase, NSP14, NSP16, PLpro) and two humans (AAK1, Cathepsin L). The molecular docking and dynamics simulation study showed that neohesperidin demonstrated the potential to bind to both human AAK1 protein and SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 protein, which makes this compound of special interest as a potential dual inhibitor. Overall, the present study provides promise for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 green synthesized AgNPs, which could be developed in the future into a new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug.

Identification of non-classical hCA XII inhibitors using combination of computational approaches for drug design and discovery.

Human carbonic anhydrase XII (hCA XII) isozyme is of high therapeutic value as a pharmacological target and biomarker for different types of cancer. The hCA XII is one of the crucial effectors that regulates extracellular and intracellular pH and affects cancer cell proliferation, invasion, growth and metastasis. Despite the fact that interaction features of hCAs inhibitors with the catalytic site of the enzyme are well described, lack in the selectivity of the traditional hCA inhibitors based on the sulfonamide group or related motifs is an urgent issue. Moreover, drugs containing sulfanomides can cause sulfa allergies. Thus, identification of novel non-classical inhibitors of hCA XII is of high priority and is currently the subject of a vast field of study. This study was devoted to the identification of novel potential hCA XII inhibitors using comprehensive set of computational approaches for drug design discovery: generation and validation of structure- and ligand-based pharmacophore models, molecular docking, re-scoring of virtual screening results with MMGBSA, molecular dynamics simulations, etc. As the results of the study several compounds with alternative to classical inhibitors chemical scaffolds, in particular one of coumarins derivative, have been identified and are of high interest as potential non-classical hCA XII inhibitors.

In silico study of colchicine resistance molecular mechanisms caused by tubulin structural polymorphism.

Starting from 1972, colchicine is known as the most useful drug for prevention of familial Mediterranean fever attacks. However, some patients do not respond to colchicine treatment, even taken in high doses. Despite the fact, that different hypotheses have been proposed, the molecular mechanisms of colchicine resistance are not completely clear. It is generally known, that colchicine binds ß-tubulin and inhibits microtubules polymerization. The ß-tubulin gene has SNPs, which lead to amino acid substitutions, and some of them are located in colchicine binding site (CBS). We have assumed, that this SNPs can affect tubulin-colchicine interaction and might be the reason for colchicine resistance. With this in mind, we modeled 7 amino acid substitutions in CBS, performed molecular dynamics simulations of tubulin-colchicine complex and calculated binding energies for every amino acid substitution. Thus, our study shows, that two amino acid substitutions in the ß-tubulin, namely A248T and M257V, reduce binding energy for approximately 2-fold. Based on this, we assume, that these amino acid substitutions could be the reason for colchicine resistance. Thus, our study gives a new insight into colchicine resistance mechanism and provides information for designing colchicine alternatives, that could be effective for colchicine resistant patients.