In vitro anthelmintic activity of an R-carvone nanoemulsions towards multiresistant Haemonchus contortus.

This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of carvone nanoemulsions on Haemonchus contortus. Three R-carvone nanoemulsions were prepared: uncoated R-carvone nanoemulsions homogenized in a sonicator (UNAlg-son) and homogenized in an ultrahomogenizer (UNAlg-ultra) and sodium alginate-coated R-carvone (CNAlg-ultra). The physicochemical characterizations of the nanoemulsions were carried out. The anthelmintic activity was evaluated using egg hatch test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and adult worm motility test (AWMT). Changes in cuticle induced in adult H. contortus were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were subjected to analysis of variance and compared using the Tukey test (P < 0.05). The effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching and larval development was calculated. The particle sizes were 281.1 nm (UNAlg-son), 152.7 nm (UNAlg-ultra) and 557.8 nm (CNAlg-ultra), and the zeta potentials were −15 mV (UNAlg-son), −10.8 mV (UNAlg-ultra) and −24.2 mV (CNAlg-ultra). The encapsulation efficiency was 99.84 ± 0.01%. SEM of the nanoemulsions showed an increase in size. In EHT, the EC50 values of UNAlg-son, UNAlg-ultra and CNAlg-ultra were 0.19, 0.02 and 0.17 mg mL−1, respectively. In LDT, they were 0.29, 0.31 and 0.95 mg mL−1 for UNAlg-son, UNAlg-ultra and CNAlg-ultra, respectively. The adult motility inhibition was 100% after 12 h of exposure to UNAlg-ultra and CNAlg-ultra, while for UNAlg-son, it was 79.16%. SEM showed changes in the buccal capsule and cuticular damage. It was concluded that R-carvone nanoemulsions showed antiparasitic action demonstrating promise for the control of infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.

Achondroplasia in Latin America: practical recommendations for the multidisciplinary care of pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Achondroplasia is the most common bone dysplasia associated with disproportionate short stature, and other comorbidities, such as foramen magnum stenosis, thoracolumbar kyphosis, lumbar hyperlordosis, genu varum and spinal compression. Additionally, patients affected with this condition have higher frequency of sleep disorders, ear infections, hearing loss and slowed development milestones. Considering these clinical features, we aimed to summarize the regional experts' recommendations for the multidisciplinary management of patients with achondroplasia in Latin America, a vast geographic territory with multicultural characteristics and with socio-economical differences of developing countries. METHODS: Latin American experts (from Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia) particiáted of an Advisory Board meeting (October 2019), and had a structured discussion how patients with achondroplasia are followed in their healthcare centers and punctuated gaps and opportunities for regional improvement in the management of achondroplasia. RESULTS: Practical recommendations have been established for genetic counselling, prenatal diagnosis and planning of delivery in patients with achondroplasia. An outline of strategies was added as follow-up guidelines to specialists according to patient developmental phases, amongst them neurologic, orthopedic, otorhinolaryngologic, nutritional and anthropometric aspects, and related to development milestones. Additionally, the role of physical therapy, physical activity, phonoaudiology and other care related to the quality of life of patients and their families were discussed. Preoperative recommendations to patients with achondroplasia were also included. CONCLUSIONS: This study summarized the main expert recommendations for the health care professionals management of achondroplasia in Latin America, reinforcing that achondroplasia-associated comorbidities are not limited to orthopedic concerns.

Carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum exhibits reduced toxicity in mice and decreases the fecal egg count of sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.

The nanoencapsulation of biocomposites with anthelmintic action has been proposed as an alternative for improving their efficiency. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with biopolymers (nCVA) in the control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum and characterized in terms of its efficacy of encapsulation (EE), yield and zeta potential. The acute toxicity of nCVA was evaluated in mice. For the fecal egg count reduction test, 40 animals were divided into four groups (n = 10) and orally administered the following treatments: G1, 250 mg kg−1 CVA; G2, 250 mg kg−1 nCVA; G3, chitosan/chichá gum (negative control) and G4, 2.5 mg kg−1 monepantel (positive control). Feces were collected on days 0 and 16 posttreatment to determine the eggs per gram of feces (epg). The EE and yield of nCVA were 72.8 and 57.5%, respectively. The nanoparticles showed a size of 764.5 ± 302.5 nm, and the zeta potential at pH 3.2 was +22.0 mV. nCVA presented a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 2609 mg kg−1. By 16 days posttreatment, CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the epg by 52.9.7, 71.5 and 98.7%, respectively, and the epg of sheep treated with nCVA differed from that of the negative control (P > 0.05) but did not differ from that of sheep treated with CVA. In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation of CVA reduced its toxicity, and nCVA showed anthelmintic activity.

The implementation of a home visits program focused on parenting: an experience report. / A implementação de um programa de visitas domiciliárias com foco na parentalidade: um relato de experiência.

OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of implementing Home Visits as part of the Young Mothers Caregiver Program. METHOD: The program focuses on the mother-child relationship as an object of care for developing parenting using the attachment theory, the self-efficacy theory and the bioecological theory as references. The construction of this program was centered on materials of international visitation programs, based on the translation of the material, elaboration and validation of the theoretical content. RESULTS: The home visits performed by the nurses lasted an average of 1 hour, where issues related to health care, environmental health, life project, parenting, family and social network, in addition to the adolescents' demands were discussed. It was shown that nurses encountered difficulties in implementing the program. CONCLUSION: By adopting Home Visits as a care tool with a focus on parenting, the experience of implementing the program proved to be an innovative technology, with great potential and relevance for promoting adolescent care and child development.

Effect of the Combination of Synthetic Anthelmintics with Carvacryl Acetate in Emulsions with and without a Sodium Alginate Matrix on Haemonchus contortus.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsions using combined synthetic anthelmintics, thiabendazole (TBZ), levamisole (LEV), and ivermectin (IVM), with carvacryl acetate (CA) against Haemonchus contortus, and also tested the presence and absence of alginate (ALG). The anthelmintic effect of the CA/TBZ nanoemulsion was evaluated in the egg hatch test (EHT). The effects of CA/IVM and CA/LEV nanoemulsions were evaluated in the larval development test (LDT). The emulsions CA/TBZ/ALG and CA/TBZ showed a multimodal profile, with most particles on the nanometric scale. The encapsulation efficiency in CA/TBZ/ALG was 80.25%, and that in CA/LEV/ALG was 89.73%. In the EHT, CA/TBZ and CA/TBZ/ALG showed mean combination indices (CIs) of 0.55 and 0.36, respectively, demonstrating synergism in both. In LDT, CA/IVM had an average CI of 0.75, and CA/LEV and CA/LEV/ALG showed CI values of 0.4 and 0.93, respectively. It was concluded that CA/TBZ showed a synergistic interaction, and CA/TBZ/ALG showed an enhanced effect. In addition, the matrix brought stability to the product, encouraging its improvement to obtain higher efficacy.

Synthesis of luminescent chitosan-based carbon dots for Candida albicans bioimaging.

In this work, we used chitosan as a raw material to synthesize carbon dots using fast microwave carbonization. We studied the influence of the synthesis time, doping agent, and the molar ratio between the reactants on the quantum yield of carbon dots. Chitosan-based carbon dots displayed stable blue fluorescence emission with excitation-dependent behavior and quantum yield values ranging from 1.16 to 7.07 %. ANOVA results showed that the interaction factor between the doping agent and the molar ratio of the reactants was a significant combination to produce carbon dots with higher quantum yield. The presence of the doping agent improved the carbon dots optical properties by obtaining higher fluorescence intensity values. Confocal laser microscope images showed that the carbon dots internalized in the Candida albicans cellular membrane, exhibiting blue, green, and red emissions, acting as a promising agent for bioimaging.

Molecular mechanism of glutaminase activation through filamentation and the role of filaments in mitophagy protection.

Glutaminase (GLS), which deaminates glutamine to form glutamate, is a mitochondrial tetrameric protein complex. Although inorganic phosphate (Pi) is known to promote GLS filamentation and activation, the molecular basis of this mechanism is unknown. Here we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of Pi-induced mouse GLS filamentation and its impact on mitochondrial physiology. Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy revealed an allosteric mechanism in which Pi binding at the tetramer interface and the activation loop is coupled to direct nucleophile activation at the active site. The active conformation is prone to enzyme filamentation. Notably, human GLS filaments form inside tubulated mitochondria following glutamine withdrawal, as shown by in situ cryo-electron tomography of cells thinned by cryo-focused ion beam milling. Mitochondria with GLS filaments exhibit increased protection from mitophagy. We reveal roles of filamentous GLS in mitochondrial morphology and recycling.

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Cardanol-Sustained Delivery System.

Cardanol, principal constituent of the technical cashew nut shell liquid, has applications as antioxidant and antibacterial, and these properties may be enhanced through encapsulation. In the present study, we isolated and purified cardanol, and nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by polyelectrolyte complexation using polysaccharide systems with chitosan, sodium alginate, and non-toxic Arabic gum, because they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and stable. We characterized the NPs for morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant activity. The micrographs obtained revealed spherical and nanometric morphology, with 70% of the distribution ranging from 34 to 300 nm, presenting a bimodal distribution. The study of the spectra in the infrared region suggested the existence of physicochemical interactions and cross-links between the biopolymers involved in the encapsulated NPs. Furthermore, the NPs showed better antioxidant potential when compared to pure cardanol. Thus, the encapsulation of cardanol may be an effective method to maintain its properties, promote better protection of the active ingredient, minimize side effects, and can target its activities in specific locations, by inhibiting free radicals in various sectors such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biomedical.

Optimization of the collagen extraction from Nile tilapia skin (Oreochromis niloticus) and its hydrogel with hyaluronic acid.

Nile tilapia skin, an abundant waste from fish processing, can be used for collagen extraction, which has a high aggregated value for biomedical applications. Collagen extraction was conducted under different reaction conditions (time, temperature, and concentration of acetic acid) in order to optimize the yield without compromising the integrity of the collagen. Temperature and time were responsible for increased yield. The extraction at 4 and 20 °C produced the acid-solubilized collagen (ASC) with the intact triple helix and was analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD). The optimized ASC (which used 0.35 mol/L of acetic acid at 20 °C) was consumed to obtain for the first-time fish-based hydrogels with hyaluronic acid (HA) crosslinked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropryl carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The hydrogel was characterized by FT-IR, rheology, swelling, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming that cross-linking was accomplished. It possesses a robust organized network, swells 255 % in PBS and bears interconnected pores with a diameter in the range of 10-100 µm. Until now, col-HA hydrogels crosslinked with EDC/NHS have not been reported in literature with collagen from Nile Tilapia skin. Fish collagen can be a better option than those from land-based animals (cow and pig).

Anthelmintic activity of nanoencapsulated carvacryl acetate against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and its toxicity in rodents.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate (CVA) and nanoencapsulated CVA (nCVA) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/gum arabic and the efficacy of nanoencapsulation (EE), yield, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology and release kinetics at pH 3 and 8 were analyzed. Acute and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in rodents and reduction of egg counts in the faeces (FECRT) of sheep. The sheep were divided into four groups (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg CVA; G2, 250 mg/kg nCVA; G3, polymer matrix and G4: 2.5 mg/kg monepantel. EE and nCVA yield were 65% and 57%, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles was spherical, size (810.6±286.7 nm), zeta potential in pH 3.2 (+18.3 mV) and the 50% release of CVA at pHs 3 and 8 occurred at 200 and 10 h, respectively. nCVA showed LD50 of 2,609 mg/kg. CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) by 57.7%, 51.1% and 97.7%, respectively. The epg of sheep treated with CVA and nCVA did not differ from the negative control (P>0.05). Nanoencapsulation reduced the toxicity of CVA; however, nCVA and CVA presented similar results in the FECRT.

Role of nursing professionals for parenting development in early childhood: a systematic review of scope.

OBJECTIVE: map available evidence regarding the role of nursing professionals in early childhood care through the development of parenting. METHOD: systematic review of scope, with selection of studies about the role of nursing professionals for the development of parenting in the context of early childhood care, using a standardized data extraction tool and qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS: nineteen studies were included, showing the role of nursing professionals covers nine dimensions: promoter of parental role construction; guidance and support for the implementation of physical health care; guidance for promoting safe environment; application of theories, principles and methods of maternal and child programs; development of therapeutic relationships; implementation of maternal and child care management; promotion of access to support network; guidance for the life course of parental figures; and use of scientific evidence to guide practice. CONCLUSION: nursing professionals offer important knowledge and significant practices for the development of parenting in early childhood care. These findings provide the basis for improving the clinical practice of these professionals, showing relevant areas of action and interventions to early childhood.

Hydrophobization of cashew gum by acetylation mechanism and amphotericin B encapsulation.

Cashew gum (GC) is a polysaccharide whose structural modification has the potential to extend its applications on varied fields such as to the formation of self-organized nanoparticulated systems. In this work, a 23 factorial design was carried out, aiming at evaluation of the influence of the reactional parameters of an acetylation reaction on the final properties of cashew gum. The effects of temperature, reaction time and amount of acetylating agent on the reaction yield and degree of GC acetylation were investigated. Data obtained revealed that the aforementioned parameters influenced both yield and degree of acetylation. Statistical analysis showed that the different derivatives had their variables influenced mainly by temperature and interaction effect between the factors time and quantity of acetylating agent. Acetylated derivatives were obtained with yield higher than 90% and degrees of acetylation above 2.42. Data on the formation of self-organized systems, revealed particle sizes in the range 190-300nm, where smaller particle sizes were obtained for derivatives with acetylation degrees lower than 1.5. Release profiles of Amphotericin-B incorporated in derivative nanoparticles, yielded 70% encapsulation efficiency and long release profiles, corroborating their potential application to delivery of hydrophobic active principles.

[Correlation between the carotid resistance and functional autonomy of old women]. / Correlaçõ entre resistência carotídea e autonomia funcional de mulheres idosas.

This study had as objective to correlate the resistance of the carotid artery and the functional autonomy of old women. The resistance of the carotid artery was evaluated through the method called Doppler and the functional autonomy through tests related to daily activities (Protocol GDLAM). In the description of the data it was used measures of localization and dispersion. The internal right carotid resistance got mean and pattern deviation respectively (0.71 +/- 0.07) and functional autonomy mean and pattern deviation respectively (30.40 +/- 6.31). The coefficient of the correlation of Spearman showed a strong association between the variation of the study (r = 0.998; p = 0.000). The results suggest that the bigger the table of contents of the resistance of the carotid artery is the bigger will be the difficulty of execution of the daily life tasks.

Anthelmintic activity of nanoencapsulated carvacryl acetate against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and its toxicity in rodents / Atividade anti-helmíntica do acetato de carvacrila nanoencapsulado sobre nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos e toxicidade em roedores

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate (CVA) and nanoencapsulated CVA (nCVA) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/gum arabic and the efficacy of nanoencapsulation (EE), yield, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology and release kinetics at pH 3 and 8 were analyzed. Acute and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in rodents and reduction of egg counts in the faeces (FECRT) of sheep. The sheep were divided into four groups (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg CVA; G2, 250 mg/kg nCVA; G3, polymer matrix and G4: 2.5 mg/kg monepantel. EE and nCVA yield were 65% and 57%, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles was spherical, size (810.6±286.7 nm), zeta potential in pH 3.2 (+18.3 mV) and the 50% release of CVA at pHs 3 and 8 occurred at 200 and 10 h, respectively. nCVA showed LD50 of 2,609 mg/kg. CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) by 57.7%, 51.1% and 97.7%, respectively. The epg of sheep treated with CVA and nCVA did not differ from the negative control (P>0.05). Nanoencapsulation reduced the toxicity of CVA; however, nCVA and CVA presented similar results in the FECRT.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de carvacrila (ACV) e do ACV nanoencapsulado (nACV) sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de ovinos. O ACV foi nanoencapsulado com quitosana/goma arábica e foi analisada a eficácia de nanoencapsulamento (EE), o rendimento, potencial zeta, morfologia das nanopartículas e cinética de liberação em pH 3 e 8. Foram avaliadas as toxicidades aguda e subcrônica em roedores e a redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (RCOF) de ovinos. Os ovinos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg ACV; G2, 250 mg/kg de nACV; G3, matriz polimérica e G4: 2,5 mg/kg de monepantel. A EE e o rendimento de nACV foram de 65% e 57%, respectivamente. A morfologia das nanopartículas foi esférica, tamanho (810,6±286,7 nm), potencial zeta no pH 3,2 (+18,3 mV) e a liberação de 50% de CVA nos pHs 3 e 8 ocorreu às 200 e 10 h, respectivamente. nACV apresentou DL50 de 2.609 mg/kg. ACV, nACV e o monepantel reduziram a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) em 57,7%, 51,1% e 97,7%, respectivamente. A contagem de opg de ovelhas tratadas com ACV e nCVA não diferiu do controle negativo (P>0,05). O nanoencapsulamento reduziu a toxicidade do AVC; no entanto, nACV e ACV apresentaram resultados semelhantes na RCOF.(AU)

Anthelmintic activity of nanoencapsulated carvacryl acetate against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and its toxicity in rodents / Atividade anti-helmíntica do acetato de carvacrila nanoencapsulado sobre nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos e toxicidade em roedores

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate (CVA) and nanoencapsulated CVA (nCVA) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/gum arabic and the efficacy of nanoencapsulation (EE), yield, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology and release kinetics at pH 3 and 8 were analyzed. Acute and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in rodents and reduction of egg counts in the faeces (FECRT) of sheep. The sheep were divided into four groups (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg CVA; G2, 250 mg/kg nCVA; G3, polymer matrix and G4: 2.5 mg/kg monepantel. EE and nCVA yield were 65% and 57%, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles was spherical, size (810.6±286.7 nm), zeta potential in pH 3.2 (+18.3 mV) and the 50% release of CVA at pHs 3 and 8 occurred at 200 and 10 h, respectively. nCVA showed LD50 of 2,609 mg/kg. CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) by 57.7%, 51.1% and 97.7%, respectively. The epg of sheep treated with CVA and nCVA did not differ from the negative control (P>0.05). Nanoencapsulation reduced the toxicity of CVA; however, nCVA and CVA presented similar results in the FECRT.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de carvacrila (ACV) e do ACV nanoencapsulado (nACV) sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de ovinos. O ACV foi nanoencapsulado com quitosana/goma arábica e foi analisada a eficácia de nanoencapsulamento (EE), o rendimento, potencial zeta, morfologia das nanopartículas e cinética de liberação em pH 3 e 8. Foram avaliadas as toxicidades aguda e subcrônica em roedores e a redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (RCOF) de ovinos. Os ovinos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg ACV; G2, 250 mg/kg de nACV; G3, matriz polimérica e G4: 2,5 mg/kg de monepantel. A EE e o rendimento de nACV foram de 65% e 57%, respectivamente. A morfologia das nanopartículas foi esférica, tamanho (810,6±286,7 nm), potencial zeta no pH 3,2 (+18,3 mV) e a liberação de 50% de CVA nos pHs 3 e 8 ocorreu às 200 e 10 h, respectivamente. nACV apresentou DL50 de 2.609 mg/kg. ACV, nACV e o monepantel reduziram a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) em 57,7%, 51,1% e 97,7%, respectivamente. A contagem de opg de ovelhas tratadas com ACV e nCVA não diferiu do controle negativo (P>0,05). O nanoencapsulamento reduziu a toxicidade do AVC; no entanto, nACV e ACV apresentaram resultados semelhantes na RCOF.

Carboximetilquitosana como agente ioadsorvente de íons Cd(II) / Carboxymethylchitosan as bioadhesive agent of Cd(II)

Biopolímeros são uma alternativa viável para a adsorção de metais tóxicos devido ao baixo custo de obtenção e elevada eficiência. Modificações estruturais nestes podem ser feitas para aumentar seu potencial como material adsorvente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a modificação de quitosana via carboximetilação para realizar um estudo de adsorção de íons Cd(II) em diferentes valores de pH. O potencial de adsorção foi feito a partir de estudos cinéticos que demonstrou um baixo tempo de equilíbrio e que a amostra obedece a uma cinética de pseudosegunda ordem, caracterizando uma quimissorção, além de elevada remoção de Cd(II) que aumentou à medida que o pH do meio foi elevado. Com isso conclui-se que a carboximetilquitosana é um ótimo material adsorvente de íons Cd(II).

Biopolymers are a viable alternative for the adsorption of toxic metals due to the low cost of obtaining and high efficiency. Structural modifications in these can be made to increase their potential as adsorbent material. This work aims to modify chitosan via carboxymethylation to perform an adsorption study of Cd (II) ions at different pH values. The potential of adsorption was made from kinetic studies that demonstrated a low equilibrium time and that the sample obeys a second order kinetics, characterizing a chemisorption, in addition to high Cd (II) removal that increased as the pH of the medium was raised. With this it is concluded that carboxymethylchitosan is an excellent adsorbent material of Cd (II) ions.

Carboximetilquitosana como agente ioadsorvente de íons Cd(II) / Carboxymethylchitosan as bioadhesive agent of Cd(II)

Biopolímeros são uma alternativa viável para a adsorção de metais tóxicos devido ao baixo custo de obtenção e elevada eficiência. Modificações estruturais nestes podem ser feitas para aumentar seu potencial como material adsorvente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a modificação de quitosana via carboximetilação para realizar um estudo de adsorção de íons Cd(II) em diferentes valores de pH. O potencial de adsorção foi feito a partir de estudos cinéticos que demonstrou um baixo tempo de equilíbrio e que a amostra obedece a uma cinética de pseudosegunda ordem, caracterizando uma quimissorção, além de elevada remoção de Cd(II) que aumentou à medida que o pH do meio foi elevado. Com isso conclui-se que a carboximetilquitosana é um ótimo material adsorvente de íons Cd(II).(AU)

Biopolymers are a viable alternative for the adsorption of toxic metals due to the low cost of obtaining and high efficiency. Structural modifications in these can be made to increase their potential as adsorbent material. This work aims to modify chitosan via carboxymethylation to perform an adsorption study of Cd (II) ions at different pH values. The potential of adsorption was made from kinetic studies that demonstrated a low equilibrium time and that the sample obeys a second order kinetics, characterizing a chemisorption, in addition to high Cd (II) removal that increased as the pH of the medium was raised. With this it is concluded that carboxymethylchitosan is an excellent adsorbent material of Cd (II) ions.(AU)

Estratégias de avaliação da visita domiciliar: uma revisão de escopo / Estrategias de evaluación de visitas domiciliarias: una revisión del alcance / Home visit assessment strategies: a scope review

Resumo Objetivo Explorar a literatura relacionada às estratégias de avaliação da visita domiciliar nos programas de visitação para a primeira infância. Métodos Revisão de escopo baseada na metodologia proposta pelo Instituto Joanna Briggs. Foram analisadas as seguintes bases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde e acrescentados estudos de outras fontes. Após revisão por dois revisores independente quanto aos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 19 estudos para compor a amostra. Resultados Os programas de visita domiciliar para a primeira infância utilizam a análise dos cadernos de anotação do visitador, a entrevista com participantes e a aplicação de instrumentos de medida como estratégias para avaliar a visita. Conclusão A revisão trouxe uma gama de abordagens que podem ser adotadas segundo o objetivo de cada programa e a disponibilidade de recursos. Carecem de estratégias efetividade comprovadas, além de instrumentos e métodos validados.

Resumen Objetivo investigar la literatura relacionada con las estrategias de evaluación de visitas domiciliarias en los programas de visitas en la primera infancia. Métodos revisión del alcance basada en la metodología propuesta por el Instituto Joanna Briggs. Se analizaron las siguientes bases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde y estudios de otras fuentes. Luego de la revisión realizada por dos revisores independientes sobre los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 19 estudios para componer la muestra. Resultados los programas de visitas domiciliarias en la primera infancia utilizan un análisis de las notas del visitador, la entrevista con participantes y la aplicación de instrumentos de medida como estrategias para evaluar las visitas. Conclusión la revisión trajo una gama de enfoques que pueden ser adoptados según el objetivo de cada programa y la disponibilidad de recursos. Carecen de estrategias de efectividad comprobadas, además de instrumentos y métodos validados.

Abstract Objective To explore the literature related to home visit assessment strategies in early childhood visiting programs. Methods A scope review based on the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, which used PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, Virtual Health Library for search. There was addition of studies from other sources. After review by two independent reviewers of the inclusion criteria, 19 studies were selected to compose the sample. Results Home visiting programs for early childhood use analysis of visitor notebooks, interview with participants, and application of measurement tools as strategies to assess the visit. Conclusion The review has brought a range of approaches that can be adopted according to the purpose of each program and availability of resources. They lack proven effectiveness strategies, as well as validated tools and methods.

A implementação de um programa de visitas domiciliárias com foco na parentalidade: um relato de experiência / La implantación de un programa de visitas domiciliarias con enfoque en la parentalidad: un relato de experiencia / The implementation of a home visits program focused on parenting: an experience report

RESUMO Objetivo Relatar a experiência de implementação do Programa de visita domiciliar Jovens Mães Cuidadoras. Método O programa enfoca a relação mãe-criança como objeto do cuidado com vistas ao desenvolvimento da parentalidade e adota a teoria do apego, a teoria da autoeficácia e a teoria bioecológica como referenciais. A construção desse programa ocorreu a partir de materiais de programas de visitação internacionais, por meio da tradução do material, elaboração e validação do conteúdo teórico. Resultados As visitas realizadas pelas enfermeiras tiveram duração média de 1 hora, nas quais foram abordados junto às adolescentes assuntos referentes aos cuidados com saúde, saúde ambiental, projeto de vida, parentalidade, família e rede social, além das demandas das adolescentes. Evidenciou-se que as enfermeiras encontraram dificuldades na implementação do programa. Conclusão Ao adotar a visita domiciliar como ferramenta de cuidado com foco na parentalidade, a experiência de implementação do programa demonstrou ser uma tecnologia inovadora, com grande potencial e relevância para a promoção do cuidado à adolescente e ao desenvolvimento infantil.

RESUMEN Objetivo Relatar la experiencia de implantación del Programa de visita domiciliaria Jóvenes Madres Cuidadoras. Método El programa enfoca la relación madre-niño como objeto del cuidado con vistas al desarrollo de la parentalidad y adopta la teoría del apego, la teoría de la autoeficacia y la teoría bioecológica como marcos de referencia. La construcción de ese programa ocurrió a partir de materiales de programas de visitación internacionales, mediante la traducción del material, la elaboración y la validación del contenido teórico. Resultados Las visitas realizadas por las enfermeras tuvieron duración media de una hora, en las que fueron abordados con las adolescentes temas referentes a los cuidados con la salud, salud ambiental, proyecto de vida, parentalidad, familia y red social, además de las demandas de las adolescentes. Se evidenció que las enfermeras encontraron dificultades en la implantación del programa. Conclusión Al adoptar la visita domiciliaria como herramienta de cuidado con foco en la parentalidad, la experiencia de implantación del programa demostró ser una tecnología innovadora, con gran potencial y relevancia para la promoción del cuidado a la adolescente y al desarrollo infantil.

ABSTRACT Objective To report the experience of implementing Home Visits as part of the Young Mothers Caregiver Program. Method The program focuses on the mother-child relationship as an object of care for developing parenting using the attachment theory, the self-efficacy theory and the bioecological theory as references. The construction of this program was centered on materials of international visitation programs, based on the translation of the material, elaboration and validation of the theoretical content. Results The home visits performed by the nurses lasted an average of 1 hour, where issues related to health care, environmental health, life project, parenting, family and social network, in addition to the adolescents' demands were discussed. It was shown that nurses encountered difficulties in implementing the program. Conclusion By adopting Home Visits as a care tool with a focus on parenting, the experience of implementing the program proved to be an innovative technology, with great potential and relevance for promoting adolescent care and child development.

Chitosan/cashew gum nanogels for essential oil encapsulation.

Nanogels based on chitosan and cashew gum were prepared and loaded with Lippia sidoides oil. Several parameters such as cashew gum concentration and relative oil content in the matrix had their influence on nanogel properties investigated. Nanogels were characterized regarding their morphologies, particle size distributions, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and essential oil contents. The release profile was investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy and its efficacy was determined through bioassays. Results showed that samples designed using relative ratios matrix:oil 10:2, gum:chitosan 1:1 and 5% gum concentration showed high loading (11.8%) and encapsulation efficiency (70%). Nanogels were found to exhibit average sizes in the range 335-558 nm. In vitro release profiles showed that nanoparticles presented slower and sustained release. Bioassays showed that larval mortality was related mainly to oil loading, with samples presenting more effective larvicide efficacies than the pure L. sidoides oil.