Persistent poverty and incidence-based melanoma mortality in Texas.

PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that individuals living in areas with persistent poverty (PP) experience worse cancer outcomes compared to those living in areas with transient or no persistent poverty (nPP). The association between PP and melanoma outcomes remains unexplored. We hypothesized that melanoma patients living in PP counties (defined as counties with ≥ 20% of residents living at or below the federal poverty level for the past two decennial censuses) would exhibit higher rates of incidence-based melanoma mortality (IMM). METHODS: We used Texas Cancer Registry data to identify the patients diagnosed with invasive melanoma or melanoma in situ (stages 0 through 4) between 2000 and 2018 (n = 82,458). Each patient's PP status was determined by their county of residence at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: After adjusting for demographic variables, logistic regression analyses revealed that melanoma patients in PP counties had statistically significant higher IMM compared to those in nPP counties (17.4% versus 11.3%) with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.35 (95% CI 1.25-1.47). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the relationship between persistent poverty and incidence-based melanoma mortality rates, revealing that melanoma patients residing in counties with persistent poverty have higher melanoma-specific mortality compared to those residing in counties with transient or no poverty. This study further emphasizes the importance of considering area-specific socioeconomic characteristics when implementing place-based interventions to facilitate early melanoma diagnosis and improve melanoma treatment outcomes.

The Economic Impact of Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects over 30 million people in the United States. Given the large and growing prevalence of AD, the associated economic burden is significant. It has been estimated that AD costs over $5 billion dollars annually. These costs include both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include prescription medicines, visits to health-care providers, hospitalizations, and transportation. Indirect costs include missed days or lost productivity at work or school, career modification, and reduced quality of life. Understanding and measuring these costs can be accomplished through rigorous economic evaluation, which is the organized process of considering inputs and outcomes of various activities. Economic evaluation has been used to contextualize the burden of AD in society. It has also been used to inform patients, providers, and other stakeholders on how to deliver the most evidence-based, efficient way possible. Understanding the economic impact of atopic dermatitis is an important aspect of delivering high-quality care.

Association of Receipt of Systemic Treatment for Melanoma With Insurance Type in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of hospital-based patients with metastatic melanoma suggest sociodemographic factors, including insurance type, may be associated with the receipt of systemic treatments. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether insurance type is associated with the receipt of systemic treatment among patients with melanoma in a broad cohort of patients in North Carolina. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study between 2011 and 2017 of patients with stages III-IV melanoma using data from the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry linked to Medicare, Medicaid, and private health insurance claims across the state. The primary outcome was the receipt of any systemic treatment, and the secondary outcome was the receipt of immunotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 372 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 68 years old (interquartile range: 56-76) and 61% were male. Within the cohort 48% had Medicare only, 29% had private insurance, 12% had both Medicare and Medicaid, and 11% had Medicaid only. A total of 186 (50%) patients received systemic treatment for melanoma, 125 (67%) of whom received immunotherapy. The use of systemic therapy, including immunotherapy, increased significantly over time. Having Medicaid-only insurance was independently associated with a 45% lower likelihood of receiving any systemic treatment [0.55 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.85)] and a 43% lower likelihood of receipt of immunotherapy [0.57 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.95)] compared with private insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Stage III-IV melanoma patients with Medicaid-only insurance were less likely to receive systemic therapy or immunotherapy than patients with private insurance or Medicare insurance. This finding raises concerns about insurance-based disparities in treatment access.

Reframing racial and ethnic disparities in atopic dermatitis in Black and Latinx populations.

Black people in the United States experience greater atopic dermatitis (AD) prevalence, severity, and persistence when compared with White people. Although very little published literature describes AD in the Latinx population, additional differences in severity, persistence, and age of onset exist in contrast to White people. Thus far, genetic polymorphisms associated with increased risk and/or severity of AD are less common among Black people, so should confer reduced, rather than the observed increased, AD risk among Black people. Little is known regarding genetic risk factors in Latinx people. In contrast, there is consistent evidence that socioeconomic, environmental, and health care factors influence AD prevalence, severity, and/or persistence, and these same risk factors are more common among racial and ethnic minority populations as a result of racism. Researchers too often pursue genetic explanations for racial and ethnic AD disparities when the evidence points to the importance of contextual, rather than genetic, causes of these disparities. Reframing the prevailing view that innate differences among racial and ethnic groups are responsible for these disparities by emphasizing the role of racism and its downstream effects on contextual factors will be a critical first step toward shrinking these disparities.

Screening for Melanoma in Men: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Systematic screening skin examination has been proposed to reduce melanoma-related mortality. OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential effectiveness of screening, in a demographic at high risk of melanoma mortality. DESIGN: A cohort Markov state-transition model was developed comparing systematic screening versus usual care (no systematic screening). In the base case, we evaluated a sensitivity and specificity of 20% and 85%, respectively, for usual care (incidental detection) and 50% sensitivity and 85% specificity from systematic screening. We examined a wide range of values in sensitivity analyses. PARTICIPANTS: Potential screening strategies applied to a hypothetical population of 10,000 white men from ages 50-75. MAIN MEASURES: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, measured in cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY). KEY RESULTS: Using base case assumptions, screening every 2 years beginning at age 60 reduced melanoma mortality by 20% with a cost-utility of $26,503 per QALY gained. Screening every 2 years beginning at age 50 reduced mortality by 30% with an incremental cost-utility of $67,970 per QALY. Results were sensitive to differences in accuracy of systematic screening versus usual care, and costs of screening, but were generally insensitive to costs of biopsy or treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming moderate differences in accuracy with systematic screening versus usual care, screening for melanoma every 2 years starting at age 50 or 60 may be cost-effective in white men. Results are sensitive to degree of difference in sensitivity with screening compared to usual care. Better studies of the accuracy of systematic screening exams compared with usual care are required to determine whether a trial of screening should be undertaken.

Cutaneous toxicity associated with enfortumab vedotin treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

Enfortumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting nectin-4 and is being studied in the treatment of various epithelial carcinomas including urothelial carcinoma; early data suggests efficacy and tolerability. Rash has been described as an adverse event associated with treatment with enfortumab vedotin, but has not been characterized to date. We report a patient with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with enfortumab vedotin who developed erythematous, scaly papules and plaques on his torso and extremities with corresponding histologic features of vacuolar interface dermatitis and maturation disarray of keratinocytes. He was successfully treated with topical corticosteroids. Cutaneous toxicity appears to be a common adverse reaction in this growing class of antibody-drug conjugates.

Distance to pharmacy and risk of medication primary nonadherence.

Primary nonadherence, a form of prescription nonadherence, is defined as failure to fill and pick up a prescription medication. Little is known about the relationship between distance to pharmacy and primary nonadherence in dermatology. In this study, we investigated the association between primary nonadherence and distance between a patient's home and pharmacy. We focused on a low-income patient population within the dermatology clinic of a large, urban county hospital system in which patients were enrolled in a pharmacy benefit within a closed-system. Among 678 patients who were prescribed a total of 1156 prescription medications for dermatologic conditions, 11.7% did not pick up any of their prescriptions. After adjusting for patient demographics of race/ethnicity, sex, age, language, and relationship status, there was no association between primary nonadherence and distance traveled between a patient's home and pharmacy. Results of this study are consistent with other studies in non-dermatologic patients and suggtableest that distance from a pharmacy may not be strongly associated with primary nonadherence for dermatologic medications.

The Economics Burden of Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects over 30 million people in the United States of America. Given the large and growing prevalence of AD, the associated economic burden is significant. It has been estimated that AD costs over $5 billion dollars annually. These costs include both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include prescription medicines, visits to health care providers, hospitalizations, and transportation. Indirect costs include missed days or lost productivity at work or school, career modification, and reduced quality of life. Understanding and measuring these costs can be accomplished through rigorous economic evaluation, which is the organized process of considering inputs and outcomes of various activities. Economic evaluation has been used to contextualize the burden of AD in society. It has also been used to inform patients, providers, and other stakeholders on how to deliver the most evidence-based, efficient care possible. Understanding the economic impact of atopic dermatitis is an important aspect of delivering high quality care.

Ecological study estimating melanoma overdiagnosis in the USA using the lifetime risk method.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the proportion of melanoma diagnoses (invasive and in situ) in the USA that might be overdiagnosed. DESIGN: In this ecological study, incidence and mortality data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 9 registries database. DevCan software was used to calculate the cumulative lifetime risk of being diagnosed with melanoma between 1975 and 2018, with adjustments made for changes in longevity and risk factors over the study period. SETTING: USA. PARTICIPANTS: White American men and women (1975-2018). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was excess lifetime risk of melanoma diagnosis between 1976 and 2018 (adjusted for year 2018 competing mortality and changes in risk factors), which was inferred as likely overdiagnosis. The secondary outcome was an excess lifetime risk of melanoma diagnosis in each year between 1976 and 2018 (adjusted and unadjusted). RESULTS: Between 1975 and 2018 the adjusted lifetime risk of being diagnosed with melanoma (invasive and in situ) increased from 3.2% (1 in 31) to 6.4% (1 in 16) among white men, and from 1.6% (1 in 63) to 4.5% (1 in 22) among white women. Over the same period, the adjusted lifetime risk of being diagnosed with melanoma in situ increased from 0.17% (1 in 588) to 2.7% (1 in 37) in white men and 0.08% (1 in 1250) to 2.0% (1 in 50) in white women. An estimated 49.7% of melanomas diagnosed in white men and 64.6% in white women were overdiagnosed in 2018. Among people diagnosed with melanomas in situ, 89.4% of white men and 85.4% of white women were likely overdiagnosed in 2018. CONCLUSIONS: Melanoma overdiagnosis among white Americans is significant and increasing over time with an estimated 44 000 overdiagnosed in men and 39 000 in women in 2018. A large proportion of overdiagnosed melanomas are in situ cancers, pointing to a potential focus for intervention.