Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence.

BACKGROUND: Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin present a critical threat to global population health. As accelerating globalisation makes epidemics and pandemics more difficult to contain, there is a need for effective preventive interventions that reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover events. Public policies can play a key role in preventing spillover events. The aim of this review is to identify and describe evaluations of public policies that target the determinants of zoonotic spillover. Our approach is informed by a One Health perspective, acknowledging the inter-connectedness of human, animal and environmental health. METHODS: In this systematic scoping review, we searched Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Global Health in May 2021 using search terms combining animal health and the animal-human interface, public policy, prevention and zoonoses. We screened titles and abstracts, extracted data and reported our process in line with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We also searched relevant organisations' websites for evaluations published in the grey literature. All evaluations of public policies aiming to prevent zoonotic spillover events were eligible for inclusion. We summarised key data from each study, mapping policies along the spillover pathway. RESULTS: Our review found 95 publications evaluating 111 policies. We identified 27 unique policy options including habitat protection; trade regulations; border control and quarantine procedures; farm and market biosecurity measures; public information campaigns; and vaccination programmes, as well as multi-component programmes. These were implemented by many sectors, highlighting the cross-sectoral nature of zoonotic spillover prevention. Reports emphasised the importance of surveillance data in both guiding prevention efforts and enabling policy evaluation, as well as the importance of industry and private sector actors in implementing many of these policies. Thoughtful engagement with stakeholders ranging from subsistence hunters and farmers to industrial animal agriculture operations is key for policy success in this area. CONCLUSION: This review outlines the state of the evaluative evidence around policies to prevent zoonotic spillover in order to guide policy decision-making and focus research efforts. Since we found that most of the existing policy evaluations target 'downstream' determinants, additional research could focus on evaluating policies targeting 'upstream' determinants of zoonotic spillover, such as land use change, and policies impacting infection intensity and pathogen shedding in animal populations, such as those targeting animal welfare.

Use of Telehealth Resources in Primary Care and Its Association with Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Introduction: Use of telehealth (TH) resources increased dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study set out to examine associations between the level of integration of TH resources and the level of Primary Health Care (PHC) structuring to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: This work was a cross-sectional study conducted through the application of a semistructured questionnaire to a sample of 260 PHC Teams working in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from September to December 2020. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and logged under report number 44.294.637. Results: Two variables were created - Level of the PHC structuring to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic and Level of TH structuring. Variables were grouped into five categories (poor to excellent). Associations between variables were examined using the Tukey's test for multiple comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Variables associated with socioeconomic dimensions (human development index and Gini index) and health care were also analyzed. Levels of TH structuring in PHC ranged from poor (43%) to regular (40%) in most cases. Most PHC teams had regular (56%) or good (37%) levels of PHC structuring to deal with the pandemic. The greater the availability and use of TH resources at a given unit, the better the structure to face COVID-19 (0.45 - p < 0.001). Conclusion: PHC was structured to tackle the pandemic. However, there is a lot to be done before TH resources are effectively incorporated into PHC. Whenever incorporated, TH resources contributed to a more robust response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Belo Horizonte Telehealth: Incorporation of Teleconsultations in a Health Primary Care System.

INTRODUCTION: The Belo Horizonte Telehealth program, a pioneer in telemedicine within the Brazilian National Health System (Sistema Único de Sauùde in Portuguese), was implemented by the Belo Horizonte City Health Department (SMSA-BH) in 2004. The purpose of the present study is to analyze opinions on the obstacles, difficulties, and suggestions on the use of teleconsultations. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted among primary healthcare professionals and health managers. Content analysis for the latter was carried out using NVIVO® software to categorize responses. Simple descriptive quantitative aspects were analyzed to verify the use of the system over the years by the primary care unit (PCU) professionals. RESULTS: The difficulties encountered were related to the use of the system, inadequate response to teleconsultation requests, infrastructure problems, lack of practicality for the use of the program, difficulty in incorporating the program into the organizational culture, and lack of managerial support. Changes in management organization over the years have interfered with the use of the teleconsultation system. The most requested specialties were neurology, cardiology, endocrinology, and angiology. DISCUSSION: The main suggestions for increasing the number of teleconsultations requests included dissemination of information and prioritization by the management; improvement of the infrastructure; organization of the time and the agenda of the PCU professional; training the professionals for its use; and preconditioning the referrals to secondary level care to a previous teleconsultation. CONCLUSION: Teleconsultations need to be incorporated in the daily routine of PCUs by both managers and health professionals to assure its usage and improve the quality of care.

The urban political ecology of antimicrobial resistance: A critical lens on integrative governance.

The objective of this paper is to integrate Urban Political Ecology (UPE) as a theory for identifying under-exposed urban dimensions of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). A UPE lens allows us to conceptualize urbanization as a ubiquitous socio-ecological process and an interpretive frame that could inform AMR governance strategies across related contexts by: a) situating AMR risks in relation to urbanization processes shaping social and political co-determinants of such systemic threats as climate change; b) aligning UPE scholarship with One Health (OH) approaches that address AMR to reveal the under-exposed link of AMR to environmental threats and broader structural dimensions that influence these threats; and c) identifying shared AMR and environmental governance pathways that inform the rationale for more equitable governance arrangements. We delineate a context in which the speed and scale of human activity in the larger context of urbanization, driven by global market integration strategies, impacts human-animal-environmental health threats such as AMR. We demonstrate how UPE scholarship can be leveraged to offer theoretical depth to approaches considering the interdependencies of AMR and climate change threats. We then propose a strategic approach focused on identifying shared governance pathways and intersectoral accountability frameworks to address upstream structural drivers of AM-Environmental threats. The co-benefits of a UPE-informed framework to human-animal-environmental health that leverages enabling policy environments to foster a more collaborative, equitable and sustainable approach to address systemic global health threats are clarified. Just as the concept of "health in all policies" emphasized taking health implications into account in all public policy development, the integration of UPE in AMR governance arrangements would emphasize the need to take other sectors into account through an intersectoral whole-of-government approach that fosters shared AMR - climate change governance pathways.

Global governance for pandemic prevention and the wildlife trade.

Although ideas about preventive actions for pandemics have been advanced during the COVID-19 crisis, there has been little consideration for how they can be operationalised through governance structures within the context of the wildlife trade for human consumption. To date, pandemic governance has mostly focused on outbreak surveillance, containment, and response rather than on avoiding zoonotic spillovers in the first place. However, given the acceleration of globalisation, a paradigm shift towards prevention of zoonotic spillovers is warranted as containment of outbreaks becomes unfeasible. Here, we consider the current institutional landscape for pandemic prevention in light of ongoing negotiations of a so-called pandemic treaty and how prevention of zoonotic spillovers from the wildlife trade for human consumption could be incorporated. We argue that such an institutional arrangement should be explicit about zoonotic spillover prevention and focus on improving coordination across four policy domains, namely public health, biodiversity conservation, food security, and trade. We posit that this pandemic treaty should include four interacting goals in relation to prevention of zoonotic spillovers from the wildlife trade for human consumption: risk understanding, risk assessment, risk reduction, and enabling funding. Despite the need to keep political attention on addressing the current pandemic, society cannot afford to miss the opportunity of the current crisis to encourage institution building for preventing future pandemics.

Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: protocol for a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing incidence of pathogen transmission from animals to humans (zoonotic spillover events) has been attributed to behavioural practices and ecological and socioeconomic change. As these events sometimes involve pathogens with epidemic or pandemic potential, they pose a serious threat to population health. Public policies may play a key role in preventing these events. The aim of this review is to identify evaluations of public policies that target the determinants of zoonotic spillover, examining approaches taken to evaluation, choice of outcomes measures and evidence of effectiveness. Our approach to identifying and analysing this literature will be informed by a One Health lens, acknowledging the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A systematic scoping review methodology will be used. To identify articles, we will search Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Global Health in May 2021 using search terms combining animal health and the animal-human interface, public policy, prevention and zoonoses. We will screen titles and abstracts and extract data according to published guidelines for scoping reviews. All evaluations of public policies aiming to prevent zoonotic spillover events will be eligible for inclusion. We will summarise key data from each study, mapping policies along the spillover pathway and outlining the range of policies, approaches to evaluation and outcome measures. Review findings will provide a useful reference for researchers and practitioners, outlining the state of the evaluative evidence around policies to prevent zoonotic spillover. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Formal ethical approval is not required, because the study does not involve primary data collection. The findings of this study will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, presentations and summaries for key stakeholders.

The COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy in Brazil-A Case Study.

Brazil is among the countries which have faced two devastating infection waves of COVID-19 in the past year. Despite the fact the country has one of the world's leading immunization programs, Brazil only slowly established a national COVID-19 vaccination strategy and campaign. This case study is based on an integrative review of primary and secondary literature sources. Different search strategies on Medline and Google Scholar were performed for the case presentation, for the management and outcome of the COVID-19 outbreak and for the state of the COVID-19 vaccination program. Official documents from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the website of the World Health Organization and pharmaceutical companies were also reviewed. Searches were limited to English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish. This article describes the Brazilian COVID-19 vaccination campaign and the drivers and barriers to its implementation; and evaluates further investigations needed to have a conclusive overview over the constantly evolving situation. Healthcare inequalities, which were widened during the pandemic, a lack of coordination at the federal level, the absence of federal government support for scientific research and the lack of endorsement and commitment to the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic set the country's COVID-19 vaccination campaign off to a challenging start. However, Brazil had a well-developed primary care system and national vaccination program prior to the pandemic, which are both important facilitators. At the time of writing, six vaccines are currently available in the country, and the program is advancing. The scientific community needs to continue to investigate the country's vaccination strategy and its implementation to make sure that maximum effort is undertaken for the health of the Brazilian population.

The More Doctors Program in remote areas: the experience of the Special Supervision Group in Pará, Brazil / O Programa Mais Médicos em áreas remotas: a experiência do Grupo Especial de Supervisão no Pará, Brasil / El Programa Más Médicos en áreas remotas: la experiencia del Grupo Especial de Supervisión en el estado de Pará, Brasil

The More Doctors Program encompasses an academic supervision carried out by supervisory institutions that have signed an agreement with the Ministry of Education (MEC). Academic supervision is part of the educational offers and implies periodic and regular visits to participant doctors. However, due to the difficulties of some institutions in the North region to fulfill their responsibilities under the Project More Doctors for Brazil, MEC created the Special Supervision Group (GES), which has been operating since 2014 in that region. This article records the GES experience in the state of Pará from January 2015 to May 2017. Its main contribution is to enable the provision of care for the population that inhabits a vast region where there is shortage of doctors, as the supervision of the professionals is mandatory and if it did not occur, the Program would not be allowed in Pará.(AU)

O Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) abrange, no eixo provimento, a supervisão acadêmica, realizada por instituições supervisoras (IS) que firmaram termo de adesão com o Ministério da Educação (MEC). A supervisão é parte das ofertas educacionais e implica visita periódica e regular aos médicos participantes do PMM. Entretanto, devido às dificuldades de algumas IS da região Norte cumprirem o que lhes cabe no âmbito do Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB), o MEC criou o Grupo Especial de Supervisão (GES), que atua desde 2014 nessa região. Este artigo registra a experiência do GES no estado do Pará no período de janeiro de 2015 a maio de 2017. Sua principal contribuição é possibilitar o atendimento à população habitante de uma região vasta e com notória escassez de médicos, uma vez que a supervisão dos profissionais é obrigatória e, caso ausente, inviabilizaria o programa no Pará.(AU)

El Programa Más Médicos (PMM) abarca la supervisión académica realizada por las Instituciones Supervisoras (IS) que hayan firmado documento de adhesión con el Ministerio de la Educación (MEC). La supervisión académica es parte de las ofertas educativas e implica una visita periódica y regular a los médicos del PMM. Sin embargo, debido a las dificultades de algunas IS de la región Norte para cumplir sus responsabilidades en el ámbito del PMMB, el MEC creó el Grupo Especial de Supervisión (GES), que actúa desde 2014 en la región. Este artículo registra la experiencia del GES en el estado de Pará en el período de enero de 2015 a mayo de 2017. Su contribución es hacer posible la asistencia a una población que habita una vasta región con notable escasez de médicos, una vez que la supervisión de los profesionales es obligatoria y si no la hubiera inviabilizaría el Programa en el Estado de Pará.(AU)

Programa Mais Médicos no Brasil: estratégias de análise categórica em um estudo qualitativo / More Doctors Program in Brazil: categorical analysis strategies in a qualitative study

Objetivo: Identificar inovações e práticas trazidas pelos profissionais estrangeiros vinculados ao Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB) em Minas Gerais. Métodos: Versa sobre a estratégia utilizada para a categorização das entrevistas e análise de conteúdo por meio do software Nvivo 10. Três sets distintos foram preparados como forma de sistematizar e cruzar: a) informações descritivas, como o funcionamento e a estruturação de uma unidade de saúde; b) as percepções de entrevistados a partir de eventuais elogios, críticas, menções a problemas, alusões a mudanças e atribuições de desencadeamentos de processos a atores específicos); e c) os assuntos tratados (as categorias analíticas em si). Conclusão: O estudo se beneficiou da matriz de nós permitindo a comparação dos dados.(AU)

Objective: Identify innovations and practices brought by foreign professionals linked to the "More Doctor for Brazil" program in Minas Gerais state. Methods: It explains the strategy used to categorize interviews and analyse content through software Nvivo 10. Three distinct sets were prepared as a way of systematizing and crossing: a) descriptive information, such as the operation and structuring of a health unit; b) the perceptions of interviewees based on compliments, criticisms, reported problems, allusions to changes and triggering processes led by stakeholders in the Primary Care teams); and c) themes identified during the interviews (analytical categories). Conclusion: The study benefited from the matrix of nodes allowing the comparison of the data.(AU)

Renovação de Prescrição Médica na atenção primária: uma análise crítica / Prescription refill in primary health care: a critical analysis

A renovação de receita é uma prática comum nos serviços de atenção básica no Brasil, ainda que pouco discutida. Embora exista um número expressivo de artigos em língua inglesa sobre o assunto, pouco se encontra a respeito na literatura brasileira. A renovação de medicamentos de uso contínuo traz consigo riscos e potenciais danos à saúde do usuário quando praticada sem protocolos bem definidos e sem a correta avaliação clínica das pessoas acompanhadas. Dessa forma, a renovação de receita pode perpetuar o uso de medicações com indicação duvidosa, efeitos colaterais significativos, interações medicamentosas importantes, medicamentos contraindicados e/ou que não são mais necessários. Além disso, pode transmitir a sensação de que a população está sendo bem assistida apenas pelo fato de as pessoas conseguirem receber medicamentos, ainda que sem uma avaliação periódica. Por outro lado, caso realizada de forma ideal, poderia favorecer aumento da adesão ao tratamento, bem como a avaliação de interações medicamentosas, o cumprimento da terapêutica e a necessidade de exames complementares. O presente artigo realizará uma discussão crítica sobre os riscos e benefícios da renovação de receita da maneira como é feita no Brasil, incluindo seus aspectos legais e pontos passíveis de melhorias segundo a literatura internacional. (AU)

Repeat prescribing is a common practice at primary health care in Brazil which is poorly discussed. Despite the large number of articles in English, the Brazilian literature barely discuss this subject. The renewal of continuous-use medication may lead to risks and potential harms to patient health when used without defined protocols or adequate clinical evaluation. This practice may perpetuate the use of medication with arguable indication, significant side effects, significant drug interactions, contraindicated drugs or that are no longer needed. It also may leads to a misperception of being well attended, although it is a mere transcription of medical receipts. However, if performed in an adequate way, it might be associated with increased adherence to treatment. It also might allow assessment of drug interactions, compliance with therapy and checking out the need for complementary tests. This article will critically discuss the risks and benefits of prescription renewal in the way it is done in Brazil, including its legal aspects and possible points for improvement according to the international literature. (AU)

Analysis of the expansion of supply and demand of Speech-Language Pathology/Audiology courses in Brazil between 1994 and 2014 / Análise da expansão de oferta e demanda dos cursos de Fonoaudiologia no Brasil entre os anos 1994 e 2014

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the offer of courses, vacancies, number of first year and final year students in Speech-Language Pathology/Audiology in Brazil between 1994 and 2014, as well as the number of applicants per vacancy and the ratio of final year students to million inhabitants. Methods: search on the platform of the Sistema de Indicadores das Graduações em Saúde (SIGRAS - Health Under-graduation Indicator System) to obtain the number of courses, vacancies and first and final year students. From these data, the ratios of applicants to vacancy and of final-year students to million inhabitants were calculated, considering the demographic census. The data were analyzed according to the region of Brazil and to the legal nature of the institution. Results: the number of courses, vacancies, first and final year students was higher in the Southeast region and in private institutions in all historical series. Since 2008, there has been a decrease in the number of courses and vacancies in the Southeast and a progressive increase in the Northeast and in the South of the country. The Northeast presented the largest ratio of applicants to vacancy in the historical series. There was an increase in the number of final year students per million inhabitants in the first decade analyzed, followed by a decrease. Conclusion: regional inequality in the distribution of Speech-Language Pathology/Audiology courses in Brazil, greater participation of the private sector and a progressive increase of the public sector are verified.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a oferta de cursos, vagas, número de ingressantes e concluintes em Fonoaudiologia no Brasil entre 1994 e 2014, bem como o número de candidatos por vaga e a relação de concluintes por milhão de habitantes. Métodos: busca na plataforma do Sistema de Indicadores das Graduações em Saúde para obtenção do número de cursos, vagas, ingressantes e concluintes. A partir destes dados foram calculadas a relação de candidatos por vaga e de concluintes por milhão de habitantes, considerando os censos demográficos. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a região do Brasil e a natureza jurídica da instituição. Resultados: o número de cursos, vagas, ingressantes e concluintes foi maior na região Sudeste e nas instituições privadas em toda série histórica. Desde 2008, observa-se um decréscimo do número de cursos e vagas no Sudeste e aumento progressivo no Nordeste e no Sul do país. O Nordeste apresentou a maior relação de candidatos por vagas na série histórica. Houve aumento do número de concluintes por milhão de habitantes na primeira década analisada seguido por decaimento. Conclusão: observa-se desigualdade regional na distribuição dos cursos de Fonoaudiologia no Brasil, maior participação do setor privado e crescimento progressivo do setor público.

[The implementation of undergraduate courses in public health: the viewpoint of the coordinators]. / Implantação do curso de graduação em saúde coletiva: a visão dos coordenadores.

Undergraduate courses in Public Health are now a reality in Brazil. The main goal of this article is to present the viewpoints of the coordinators of these courses on the process of their creation and implementation, emphasizing their contextual and procedural elements. Ten actors working in eight different institutions were interviewed and the interviews were submitted to content analysis as proposed by Bardin. The results showed that the creation of such courses resulted from a long process of discussion on the field of Public Health, and was hastened by some important decisions in Brazilian education, including the Program to Support Restructuring and Expansion Plans of Federal Universities. The testimonies of the coordinators enabled the researchers to understand the context prior to the proposal and the way it was developed by each university, making it possible to establish not only the aspects common to each institution, but also their specificities. Currently, these courses have the purpose of training professionals focused on the different areas of health services, especially those related to the Unified Health System (SUS), representing an irreversible advance in the field of Public Health.

[Undergraduate students in Public Health: a socio-demographic profile and motivations]. / Estudantes de graduação em saúde coletiva: perfil sociodemográfico e motivações.

Undergraduate Courses in Public Health (UCPH) feature a new way of teaching in the Public Health field that aims to educate professionals focused on the main health needs of the Brazilian population and on the Unified Health System. Thus, it is relevant to know the students' socio-demographic profile including their interests in relation to education and professional development. Adopting a quantitative approach with these objectives, a survey was conducted with 304 UCPH students who filled out a semi-structured questionnaire in 2010 in the following federal universities: Acre, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte. The overwhelming majority was female, around 26 years of age, single, living with their parents, mostly attended public school, came from lower classes with lower educational background, approved night classes, worked, and contributed to their family incomes. They aspired to work in public sector - preferably in the state capitals - and they saw UCPH as an opportunity to work in the public health field. This profile reveals challenges and advances in the intended education, reinforcing the need to monitor the UCPH development process.

[Autonomy as a central criterion in the concept of health promotion]. / Autonomia como categoria central no conceito de promoção de saúde.

This article presents the central concepts of the multiple case study "Health Promotion in Primary Care" conducted by Nescon-UFMG in 2005. Teams of the Family Health Program developed twelve health promotion experiences in different Brazilian regions. After a conceptual revision and field research, health promotion was defined as the process of improving the health of people independently of any previous disease or injury, helping them to increase control over their health. We also concluded that an increased autonomy, understood as the capacity and possibility of the persons to choose, is the central category and criterion for defining health promotion practices.

Implantação do curso de graduação em saúde coletiva: a visão dos coordenadores / The implementation of undergraduate courses in public health: the viewpoint of the coordinators

INTRODUÇÃO: Os Cursos de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva são hoje uma realidade. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a visão dos coordenadores desses cursos sobre o processo de criação e de implementação dos mesmos, com destaque para seus elementos contextuais e processuais. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados dez atores integrantes de oito instituições de ensino superior, e estas entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que a criação dos cursos advém de longo processo de discussão no campo da Saúde Coletiva e foi impulsionada por alguns marcos na educação brasileira, entre eles o Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais. Os depoimentos dos coordenadores permitiram resgatar os antecedentes da proposta e seu percurso nas diferentes instituições de ensino, além de estabelecer os pontos comuns e os específicos de cada processo. Atualmente, esses cursos, implantados e em andamento, se propõem a formar profissionais voltados para os diferentes níveis do sistema de saúde, em especial para aqueles integrantes do Sistema Único de Saúde, constituindo-se como um processo irreversível no campo da Saúde Coletiva.

INTRODUCTION: Undergraduate courses in Public Health are now a reality in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this article is to present the viewpoints of the coordinators of these courses on the process of their creation and implementation, emphasizing their contextual and procedural elements. METHODS: Ten actors working in eight different institutions were interviewed and the interviews were submitted to content analysis as proposed by Bardin. RESULTS: The results showed that the creation of such courses resulted from a long process of discussion on the field of Public Health, and was hastened by some important decisions in Brazilian education, including the Program to Support Restructuring and Expansion Plans of Federal Universities. The testimonies of the coordinators enabled the researchers to understand the context prior to the proposal and the way it was developed by each university, making it possible to establish not only the aspects common to each institution, but also their specificities. Currently, these courses have the purpose of training professionals focused on the different areas of health services, especially those related to the Unified Health System (SUS), representing an irreversible advance in the field of Public Health.

Estudantes de graduação em saúde coletiva: perfil sociodemográfico e motivações / Undergraduate students in Public Health: a socio-demographic profile and motivations

Introdução: Os Cursos de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (CGSC) consistem em uma nova modalidade formativa no campo da Saúde Coletiva que visa formar profissionais focados nas principais necessidades em saúde da população brasileira e no Sistema Único de Saúde. Objetivos: Assim, torna-se relevante traçar o perfil sociodemográfico de seus alunos e conhecer seus interesses quanto à formação e atuação profissional. Materiais e métodos: Com esses objetivos, em 2010, adotando uma abordagem quantitativa ao tema, realizamos um inquérito, através da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado aos alunos dos CGSC de universidades federais dos estados do Acre, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Norte. Resultados: Entre os 304 respondentes, encontramos uma população majoritariamente feminina, com 26 anos de idade, composta por indivíduos solteiros que moram com os pais, cursaram principalmente o ensino público, pertencem a famílias com baixa renda e escolaridade, aprovam o estudo noturno, trabalham e contribuem com a renda familiar, desejam trabalhar no setor público, preferencialmente em capitais e identificam no CGSC uma oportunidade para trabalhar na área da saúde. Conclusão: Esse perfil aponta para desafios e avanços presentes na formação pretendida, reforçando a necessidade de monitoramento do processo de implementação dos CGSC.

Introduction: Undergraduate Courses in Public Health (UCPH) feature a new way of teaching in the Public Health field that aims to educate professionals focused on the main health needs of the Brazilian population and on the Unified Health System. Objectives: Thus, it is relevant to know the students' socio-demographic profile including their interests in relation to education and professional development. Materials and methods: Adopting a quantitative approach with these objectives, a survey was conducted with 304 UCPH students who filled out a semi-structured questionnaire in 2010 in the following federal universities: Acre, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte. Results: The overwhelming majority was female, around 26 years of age, single, living with their parents, mostly attended public school, came from lower classes with lower educational background, approved night classes, worked, and contributed to their family incomes. They aspired to work in public sector - preferably in the state capitals - and they saw UCPH as an opportunity to work in the public health field. Conclusion: This profile reveals challenges and advances in the intended education, reinforcing the need to monitor the UCPH development process.

Implantação do curso de graduação em saúde coletiva: a visão dos coordenadores / /The implementation of undergraduate courses in public health: the viewpoint of the coordinators

Os Cursos de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva são hoje uma realidade. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a visão dos coordenadores desses cursos sobre o processo de criação e de implementação dos mesmos, com destaque para seus elementos contextuais e processuais. Foram entrevistados dez atores integrantes de oito instituições de ensino superior, e estas entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Os resultados demonstraram que a criação dos cursos advém de longo processo de discussão no campo da Saúde Coletiva e foi impulsionada por alguns marcos na educação brasileira, entre eles o Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais. Os depoimentos dos coordenadores permitiram resgatar os antecedentes da proposta e seu percurso nas diferentes instituições de ensino, além de estabelecer os pontos comuns e os específicos de cada processo. Atualmente, esses cursos, implantados e em andamento, se propõem a formar profissionais voltados para os diferentes níveis do sistema de saúde, em especial para aqueles integrantes do Sistema Único de Saúde, constituindo-se como um processo irreversível no campo da Saúde Coletiva.(AU)

Undergraduate courses in Public Health are now a reality in Brazil. The main goal of this article is to present the viewpoints of the coordinators of these courses on the process of their creation and implementation, emphasizing their contextual and procedural elements. Ten actors working in eight different institutions were interviewed and the interviews were submitted to content analysis as proposed by Bardin. The results showed that the creation of such courses resulted from a long process of discussion on the field of Public Health, and was hastened by some important decisions in Brazilian education, including the Program to Support Restructuring and Expansion Plans of Federal Universities. The testimonies of the coordinators enabled the researchers to understand the context prior to the proposal and the way it was developed by each university, making it possible to establish not only the aspects common to each institution, but also their specificities. Currently, these courses have the purpose of training professionals focused on the different areas of health services, especially those related to the Unified Health System (SUS), representing an irreversible advance in the field of Public Health.(AU)

Estudantes de graduação em saúde coletiva: perfil sociodemográfico e motivações / /Undergraduate students in Public Health: a socio-demographic profile and motivations

Os Cursos de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (CGSC) consistem em uma nova modalidade formativa no campo da Saúde Coletiva que visa formar profissionais focados nas principais necessidades em saúde da população brasileira e no Sistema Único de Saúde. Assim, torna-se relevante traçar o perfil sociodemográfico de seus alunos e conhecer seus interesses quanto à formação e atuação profissional. Com esses objetivos, em 2010, adotando uma abordagem quantitativa ao tema, realizamos um inquérito, através da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado aos alunos dos CGSC de universidades federais dos estados do Acre, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Norte. Entre os 304 respondentes, encontramos uma população majoritariamente feminina, com 26 anos de idade, composta por indivíduos solteiros que moram com os pais, cursaram principalmente o ensino público, pertencem a famílias com baixa renda e escolaridade, aprovam o estudo noturno, trabalham e contribuem com a renda familiar, desejam trabalhar no setor público, preferencialmente em capitais e identificam no CGSC uma oportunidade para trabalhar na área da saúde. Esse perfil aponta para desafios e avanços presentes na formação pretendida, reforçando a necessidade de monitoramento do processo de implementação dos CGSC.(AU)

Undergraduate Courses in Public Health (UCPH) feature a new way of teaching in the Public Health field that aims to educate professionals focused on the main health needs of the Brazilian population and on the Unified Health System. Thus, it is relevant to know the students' socio-demographic profile including their interests in relation to education and professional development. Adopting a quantitative approach with these objectives, a survey was conducted with 304 UCPH students who filled out a semi-structured questionnaire in 2010 in the following federal universities: Acre, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Norte. The overwhelming majority was female, around 26 years of age, single, living with their parents, mostly attended public school, came from lower classes with lower educational background, approved night classes, worked, and contributed to their family incomes. They aspired to work in public sector - preferably in the state capitals - and they saw UCPH as an opportunity to work in the public health field. This profile reveals challenges and advances in the intended education, reinforcing the need to monitor the UCPH development process.(AU)

Autonomia como categoria central no conceito de promoção de saúde / Autonomy as a central criterion in the concept of health promotion

Este artigo expõe os conceitos centrais do estudo de múltiplos casos: "Promoção de Saúde na Atenção Básica". O estudo foi conduzido pelo Nescon-UFMG em 2005 em doze experiências de promoção da saúde realizadas por equipes do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) em diversas regiões do Brasil. Após revisão teórica e pesquisa de campo, a definição de promoção da saúde adotada foi a atuação para a melhoria da saúde, anterior e independente a qualquer patologia ou agravo, ampliando-se o controle das pessoas sobre a própria saúde. Também concluímos que a ampliação da autonomia, vista como ampliação das capacidades e possibilidades de escolha das pessoas, é a categoria central e o critério definidor da atuação em promoção de saúde.

This article presents the central concepts of the multiple case study "Health Promotion in Primary Care" conducted by Nescon-UFMG in 2005. Teams of the Family Health Program developed twelve health promotion experiences in different Brazilian regions. After a conceptual revision and field research, health promotion was defined as the process of improving the health of people independently of any previous disease or injury, helping them to increase control over their health. We also concluded that an increased autonomy, understood as the capacity and possibility of the persons to choose, is the central category and criterion for defining health promotion practices.

A especialização em MFC e o desafio da qualificação médica para a Estratégia Saúde da Família: proposta de especialização, em larga escala, via educação à distância / Specialization in FCM and the challenge of medical qualification for the Family Health Strategy: a proposal for large-scale specialization through distance education

A necessidade de um processo de especialização em larga escala em Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) para os médicos da Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil (ESF) é identificada nesse documento. Os programas de residência médica (PRMs) seguem como padrão-ouro de especialização, mas não são suficientes para atingir o objetivo acima. Estimula-se que o processo seja acreditado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (SBMFC) e que seus concluintes sejam certificados por meio do concurso de titulação TEMFC. Modalidades à distância com momentos presenciais são as mais adequadas, observando-se propiciar acesso a profissionais já inseridos em serviço, valorizar sua continuidade nos mesmos, orientar o aprendizado para uma integralidade inteligente e coordenar diferentes recursos para viabilizar o ensino-aprendizagem. As competências buscadas são as definidas pela WONCA, adaptadas à realidade nacional. Aprender a aprender como um MFC é o principal objetivo visado. Casos complexos,construídos de acordo com uma matriz de agravos e problemas diversos, atendidas às realidades regionais, são a principal ferramenta do processo. A SBMFC propõe-se a impulsionar tal estratégia

This document identifies the need for large-scale specialization in Family and Community Medicine (FCM) for the physicians of the Brazilian Family Health Program (FHP). The medical residency programs (MRP) continue the golden-standard for graduate education, but they are not enough to fill that gap. It is suggested that the Brazilian Society of Family and Community Medicine (SBMFC) shall be in charge of certifying the process. E-learning with some presential moments is considered the most suitable modality for propitiating access to health professionals already in service; valuing their continuity in the services; directing the teaching-learning process towards comprehensive intelligence and for coordinating different learning resources. The competences are those defined by the WONCA, adapted to the Brazilian reality. .Learn to learn. as a Family Doctor is the main goal. Complex cases constructed according to a framework of different clinical problems adapted to regional realities are the main tool for this process and the SBMFC offers itself to encourage such strategy.