Predictors of maternal role adaptation in Iranian women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Numerous factors play a role in maternal identity formation and function. Recognizing the aspects related to adaptation to the mother role can effectively provide a solution to help mothers construct maternal roles. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the predictors of adaptation to the maternal role in Iranian women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 564 women who gave birth within one to four months after delivery with a record in Tabriz-Iran health centers, 2020-21. Participants were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires of socio-demographic and obstetrics characteristics, Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R), Lipz Maternal Self-Confidence Scale (LMSCS), and maternal role adaptation questionnaire. The general linear model was used to estimate the effect of each of the independent variables (socio-demographic and obstetrics characteristics, childbirth satisfaction, and self-confidence) on the dependent variable (maternal role adaptation). RESULTS: The mean (± SD) total scores of adaptation to the maternal role, childbirth satisfaction, and maternal self-confidence were 77.4 (± 15.2) (score range: 33-165), 17.0 (± 5.9) (score range: 0-40), and 65.1 (± 13.5) (score range: 24-144), respectively. Based on the Pearson correlation test, there was a significant direct correlation between the overall score of adaptation to the maternal role with childbirth satisfaction (r = 0.462, P < 0.001) and maternal self-confidence (r = 0.652, P < 0.001). Based on the adjusted general linear model, the variables of maternal self-confidence, childbirth satisfaction, adequacy of household income, and spouse support were predictors of adaptation to the mother role. They explained 50.6% of the variance in the adaptation to the mother role score. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning the study results, adaptation to the maternal role is related to childbirth satisfaction and some socio-demographic variables. Therefore, considering the impact of maternal role on other aspects of women's life and child care, healthcare providers' and policymakers' critical role is to create positive childbirth experiences and strengthen mothers' self-confidence.

Effect of implementing a birth plan on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The birth plan is an approach for pregnant women to offering their expectations of labor and birth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of birth plan on maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial performed on 106 pregnant women, 32-36 weeks of pregnancy, referring to Taleghani educational hospital in Tabriz city-Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to the two groups of birth plan and control using a randomized block method. Participants in the birth plan group received the interventions based on the mother's requested birth plan. The birth plan included items of the mother's preferences in labor, mobility, eating and drinking, monitoring, pain relief, drug options, labor augmentation, pushing, amniotomy, episiotomy, infant care, and caesarean section. The control group received routine hospital care. The primary outcomes were childbirth experience and duration of the active phase of labor and the secondary outcomes were support and control in labor, fear of labor, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), postpartum depression, duration of the second and third phases of labor, frequency of vaginal delivery, frequency of admission of newborn in NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), the mean first and fifth minute Apgar scores. The socio-demographic and obstetrics characteristics questionnaire, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ-versions A), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were completed at the beginning of the study (at the gestational age of 32-36 weeks). The questionnaire of delivery information, neonatal information, and Delivery Fear Scale (DFS) was completed during and after the delivery. Also, a partogram was completed for all participants by the researcher. The participants in both groups followed up until 4-6 weeks post-delivery, whereby the instruments of Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0 (CEQ2.0), Support and Control In Birth (SCIB) scale, EPDS, and PTSD Symptom Scale 1 (PSS-I) were completed by the researcher through an interview. The independent t-test, the chi-square test, and ANCOVA was used to analyze. RESULTS: The mean (SD) of CEQ score was singificnalty higher in in the birth plan group (3.2 ± 0.2) compared to the control (2.1 ± 0.2) (MD = 1.0; 95% CI: 1.1 to 0.9; P˂0.001). Also, the mean (SD) SCIB score in the birth plan group was significantly higher than that of those in the control group (P˂0.001). The mean scores of DFS (P = 0.015), EPDS (P˂0.001), and PTSD (P˂0.001) as well as the frequency of emergency caesarean section (P = 0.007) in the birth plan group were significantly lower than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: This was the first study to assess the implementation of a birth plan in Iran. Based on the findings, a birth plan improves childbirth experiences; increases perceived support and control in labor; reduces fear of delivery; suppresses psychological symptoms of depression and PTSD, and increases the frequency of vaginal delivery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20120718010324N58. Date of registration: 07/07/2020; URL: https://en.irct.ir/trial/47007 ; Date of first registration: 19/07/2020.

Validation of the Iranian version of the ENDOPAIN-4D questionnaire for measurement of painful symptoms of endometriosis.

Endometriosis is one of the leading gynecological disorders in reproductive ages. About two-thirds of women with endometriosis experience chronic pelvic pain. There are different methods for the assessment of pain in endometriosis. One of these questionnaires is endometriosis painful symptoms-4 dimensions (ENDOPAIN-4D) questionnaire, which has not been validated in Iran. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study to determine the psychometric properties of this questionnaire. In this study, we randomly selected 169 women with endometriosis from two educational-medical centres of Al-Zahra and Taleghani in Tabriz, Iran, in 2020. We evaluated the validity of ENDOPAIN-4D in terms of face, content, and structure (through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses). We used internal consistency assessment and test-retest reliability to determine the questionnaire reliability. In this study, the CVI and CVR for the ENDOPAIN-4D instrument were obtained as 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. In the exploratory factor analysis, we extracted a four-factor structure, and the confirmatory factor analysis gave a good fit for the extracted model. We obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.96 and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (at 95% confidence interval) as 0.94 (0.85 to 0.98). The Persian version of ENDOPAIN-4D has acceptable content validity, construct validity and reliability for the evaluation of pelvic pain and gynaecology in Iranian women with endometriosis.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? There are different methods for the assessment of pain in endometriosis. But there is no specific psychometric instrument to determine the painful symptoms of endometriosis in Iran so far.What do the results of this study add? The Persian version of ENDOPAIN-4D is a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation of pelvic pain and gynaecology in Iranian women with endometriosis.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or future research? The validation of the Persian version of the ENDOPAIN-4D questionnaire leads to correct assessment of painful symptoms in Iranian women with endometriosis and will be useful in evaluating the patients' pain intensity and the response to treatment in practice.

Evaluation of the birth plan implementation: a parallel convergent mixed study.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy, birth, and motherhood are among the most important events of every woman's life. Training and participation of mothers in the decision-making process of delivery play an essential role in physical as well as psychosocial preparation of the mother. The healthcare system can improve and enhance the level of care by involving the patient in their self-care process. The aim of the present study is to assess the implementation of the birth plan for the first time in Iran in Tabriz city. METHODS/DESIGN: The present study uses a mixed-method with a parallel convergence approach, including both quantitative and qualitative phases. The quantitative phase is a randomized controlled clinical trial performed on 106 pregnant women, 32-36 weeks of pregnancy, referring to Taleghani educational hospital in Tabriz city. The participants will be assigned into intervention and control groups using a randomized block method. A training session will be held about the items of the birth plan checklist at weeks 32-36 of gestation for the participants in the intervention group, whereby a mother-requested birth plan will be developed. It will then be implemented by the researcher after admitting them to the delivery ward. Also, those in the control group will receive routine care. During and after the delivery, the questionnaire of delivery information, neonatal information, and Delivery Fear Scale (DFS) will be completed. Also, a partogram will be completed for all participants by the researcher. The participants in both groups will be followed up until six weeks post-delivery, whereby the instruments of Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ2.0), Edinburgh's Postpartum Depression Scale and PTSD Symptom Scale 1 (PSS-I) will be completed six weeks 4-6 weeks postpartum by the researcher through an interview with participants in Taleghani educational hospital. The general linear model and multivariate logistic regression model will be used while controlling the possible confounding variables. The qualitative phase will be performed to explore the women's perception of the effect of the birth plan on childbirth experience within 4-6 weeks postpartum. The sampling will be of a purposeful type on the women who would receive the birth plan and will continue until data saturation. In-depth, semi-structured individual interviews would be used for data collection. The data analysis will be done through content analysis with a conventional approach. The results of the quantitative and qualitative phases will be analyzed separately, and then combined in the interpretation stage. DISCUSSION: By investigating the effect of implementing the birth plan on the childbirth experience of women as well as other maternal and neonatal outcomes, an evidence-based insight can be offered using a culturally sensitive approach. The presentation of the results obtained from this study using the mixed method may be effective in improving the quality of care provided for women during labor. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20120718010324N58. Date of registration: July 7, 2020. URL: https://en.irct.ir/user/trial/47007/view.

The childbirth experiences of Iranian women with birth plans.

Background: Childbirth constitutes a significant milestone in a woman's life, influencing both her physical and mental well-being as well as her relationship with the child. Employing a birth plan (BP) can contribute positively to obstetric outcomes, enhancing the overall birthing experience for women. BPs are not universally embraced in many countries, and there is limited research on women's experiences with BP in Iran. This study seeks to explore and understand the perspectives of women who have utilized a BP during their delivery. Methods: This qualitative study included 14 women who had BP and experienced delivery. Data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured individual interviews. The sample selection followed a purposive approach, and data analysis utilized content analysis with a conventional approach facilitated by MAXQDA software version 2020. Results: The examination of pertinent data concerning women's experiences identified five key themes: preparation, participation, support, emotional well-being, and unmet expectations. Conclusions: This study's findings indicate that BPs enhance the overall birthing experience, suggesting their potential utility in improving the quality of obstetric care. Nevertheless, additional studies are essential to validate these results on a broader scale and facilitate the nationwide implementation of BPs.

The relationship of childbirth experience with postpartum depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The childbirth experience is a personal life event that is influenced by physiologic and mental-psychological processes. Due to the prevalence of psychiatric problems after childbirth, it is important to recognize the factors affecting women's emotional reactions. This study was conducted to define the relationship of childbirth experience with postpartum anxiety and depression. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 399 women from 1 to 4 months after their childbirth who were referred to health centers in Tabriz-Iran from January 2021 to September 2021. Socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire, Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ 2.0), Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) were used to collect the data. The general linear modeling was used along with adjustment of socio-demographic characteristics to determine the relationship between the childbirth experience with depression and anxiety. RESULTS: The mean (SD) of the overall score for childbirth experience, anxiety, and depression were 2.9 (0.2) (score range: 1 to 4), 91.6 (4.8) (score range: 0 to153), and 9.4 (0.7) (score range: 0 to 30), respectively. There was a significant inverse correlation between the overall score of childbirth experiences, the depression score (r= -0.36, p < 0.001), and the anxiety score (r= -0.12, p = 0.028) based on the Pearson correlation test. According to the general linear modeling and with adjustment of socio-demographic characteristics, with the increasing score of the childbirth experience, the depression score decreased (B= -0.2; 95%CI: -0.3 to -0.1). Moreover, the variable of control during pregnancy was a predictor for postpartum depression and anxiety, so in women with the control during pregnancy, the mean score of postpartum depression (B= -1.8; CI 95%: -3.0 to -0.5; P = 0.004) and anxiety (B=-6.0; CI 95%: -10.1 to -1.6; P = 0.007) was less. CONCLUSION: Based on the study results, postpartum depression and anxiety are related to childbirth experiences, therefore considering the effects of mothers' mental health on other aspects of a woman and her family's life, the core role of health care providers and policymakers in creating positive childbirth experiences is determined.

Family and Spousal Support Are Associated with Higher Levels of Maternal Functioning in a Study of Iranian Postpartum Women.

Postpartum maternal functioning is a multidimensional concept defined as how a woman manages her daily activities and emotional health after giving birth. This study aimed to determine the predictors of postpartum maternal functioning. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 564 women within one to four months after giving birth (with registered medical records in health centers of Tabriz, Iran) from 2020-2021. The participants were selected based on the cluster sampling method, and data were collected using a standard questionnaire inclusive of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, obstetric history, and Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning (BIMF). The adjusted general linear model was employed to estimate the effect of each independent variable (sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics) on the dependent variable (maternal functioning). The mean total score of maternal functioning was 93.1 (±SD = 14.8) out of 120. Based on the adjusted generalized linear model (GLM), "spouse support" and "family support" were strong predictors of maternal functioning. The total score of maternal functioning in women with moderate (B: -4.44; 95% CI: -7.71 to -1.17; p < 0.001) and low (B: -4.77; 95% CI: -8.90 to -1.47; p < 0.001) spousal support was significantly lower compared to women who received a high level of spousal support. Additionally, this score in women with moderate (B: -5.22; 95% CI: -8.56 to -1.87; p < 0.001) and low (B: -3.90; 95% CI: -7.31 to -0.48; p < 0.001) family support was significantly lower compared to women who received a high level of family support. Study results suggest that receiving support from both a spouse and family members can improve maternal functioning.

Forced sex and its predictors among students attending university: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Forced sex is associated with negative psychological health outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of forced sex and its predictors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 800 students of a university in USA using a random sampling method. Reproductive health electronic questionnaire was used for data collection. Due to the sensitive nature of the questionnaires and for anonymity, Qualtrics software was used. To estimate the extent of the effect of each of the independent variables (knowledge, attitude, as well as socio-demographic characteristics) on the dependent variable (forced sex), multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: About one-fifth of students (16.9%) had experienced forced sex. The variables of gender, knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and sexual attitude were among the predictors of forced sex. This kind of sexual relationship was more likely to occur in girls than in boys (OR = 2.94, 95%CI: 1.20 to 1.71). Further, the chance of forced sex significantly increased with growing knowledge of STD (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.61 to 1.71), and sexual attitude (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.04 to 1.21). CONCLUSION: Considering the impact of gender, knowledge about STD, and sexual attitude on forced sex, educational interventions among the youth especially girls are required to provide complete and proper information about sexual and reproductive health and rights and correct the sexual attitudes of the youth.

Use of the peanut ball during labour: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: This study aimed to determine effectiveness of peanut ball on the duration of the stages of labour and frequency of caesarean section. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHOD: A comprehensive electronic search was carried out with no time limit until December 2020. Collected data were analysed using software RevMan- version 5.3. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 , T2 , and 2 . GRADE approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: The meta-analysis on six clinical trials with 645 participants showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in caesarean surgery rate (RR = 0.82) and length of the first (MD = -15.64). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, further clinical trials with stronger evidence should be carried out to assess the effectiveness of peanut ball on caesarean surgery rate and length of first and second stages of labour.

Breast Cancer Risk Based on the Gail Model and its Predictors in Iranian Women.

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to examine breast cancer risk and its fertility predictors in women aged ≥35. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 560 healthy women referred to health centers of Tabriz-Iran, 2013-2014. Five-year and lifetime risk of developing breast cancer were determined using the Gail model. General linear modeling was applied to determine breast cancer predictors. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 42.7 (SD: 7.7) years. Mean 5-year and lifetime risks of developing breast cancer were determined to be 0.6% (SD: 0.2%) and 8.9% (SD: 2.5%), respectively. Variables of family history of breast cancer, age, age at menarche, parity, age at rst childbirth, breastfeeding history, frequency of breastfeeding, method of contraception, marital status and education were all found to be predictors of breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, screening programs based on the Gail model should be implemented for Iranian people who have a high risk for breast cancer in order to facilitate early detection and better plan for possible malignancies.

Effects of Vitex agnus and Flaxseed on cyclic mastalgia: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence on the effect of Vitex agnus and Flaxseed on cyclical mastalgia is not enough. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of V. agnus and Flaxseed on cyclical mastalgia. DESIGN AND SETTING: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 159 women referred to health centers of Tabriz, Iran. Subjects were allocated into three groups (n=53 per group) using block randomization. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Group I received 25g daily Flaxseed powder and placebo of V. agnus; group II received daily 3.2-4.8mg V. agnus tablet and placebo of Flaxseed and control group received both placebo. Nominal day breast pain was applied at baseline, first, and second month after the intervention. Data was analyzed using general linear model. RESULTS: There was no statistical significant difference between the three groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and baseline values. The breast pain improved significantly in both intervention groups during the first and second month after intervention. Mean NDBP score was significantly lower than that in the control group at the first month after the intervention in the Flaxseed [adjusted mean difference: -3.1 (95% CI: -4.2 to -2.0)] and V. agnus groups [-3.3 (-4.3 to -2.2)] and the second month after the intervention in Flaxseed [-7.0 (-8.1 to -5.9)] and V. agnus groups [-6.4 (-7.5 to -5.3)]. CONCLUSION: Flaxseed and V. agnus are effective in short-term period in decreasing cyclical mastalgia. However, further studies are needed to examine the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of the effects after stopping the treatment in order to decide whether these alternative treatments are suitable to treat mastalgia or not.