Impact of sleep duration during pregnancy on the risk of gestational diabetes in the Japan environmental and Children's study (JECS).

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has serious effects on both mother and child. Like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, it is increasing in prevalence world-wide. In addition to obesity, sleep duration has been named an important risk factor. Using a large cohort study, including data from 48,787 participants of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), we examined the association between sleep duration and both random blood glucose levels and GDM rates during pregnancy. METHODS: Random blood glucose levels were measured during pregnancy. GDM diagnosis was based on the results of 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Additional anthropometric data was collected from questionnaires for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared to mothers averaging 7 to < 10 h sleep (reference group), women receiving < 5 h or ≥ 10 h sleep exhibited significantly elevated random blood glucose levels. This was associated with an elevated risk for positive GDM screening (< 5 h sleep: OR 1.17 (0.96-1.44) p = 0.126; ≥10 h sleep: OR 1.13 (1.03-1.25) p = 0.006). Calculating the risk for GDM, women sleeping < 5 h or ≥ 10 h exhibited elevated risks of 1.31-fold and 1.21 respectively. However, this trend was not found to be significant. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep is a critical factor in glucose metabolism, with both abnormally long and short sleep duration increasing random blood glucose levels in pregnant women. Moreover, the risk for positive GDM screening increases significantly with elevated sleep, ≥10 h per night. These findings are promising because they support the idea that sleep duration is a modifiable risk factor, and can be focused upon to improve health and pregnancy outcome.

Associations between metal concentrations in whole blood and placenta previa and placenta accreta: the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS).

BACKGROUND: Placenta previa and placenta accreta associate with high morbidity and mortality for both mothers and fetus. Metal exposure may have relationships with placenta previa and placenta accreta. This study analyzed the associations between maternal metal (cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], mercury [Hg], selenium [Se], and manganese [Mn]) concentrations and placenta previa and placenta accreta. METHODS: We recruited 17,414 women with singleton pregnancies. Data from a self-administered questionnaire regarding the first trimester and medical records after delivery were analyzed. Maternal blood samples were collected to measure metal concentrations. The subjects were classified into four quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) according to metal concentrations. RESULTS: The odds ratio for placenta previa was significantly higher among subjects with Q4 Cd than those with Q1 Cd. The odds ratio for placenta previa was significantly higher for subjects with Q2 Pb than those with Q1 Pb. CONCLUSION: Participants with placenta previa had higher Cd concentrations. However, this study was cross-sectional and lacked important information related to Cd concentration, such as detailed smoking habits and sources of Cd intake. In addition, the subjects in this study comprised ordinary pregnant Japanese women, and it was impossible to observe the relationship between a wide range of Cd exposure and placenta previa. Therefore, epidemiological and experimental studies are warranted to verify the relationship between Cd exposure and pregnancy abnormalities.

Differential levels of amino acid transporters System L and ASCT2, and the mTOR protein in placenta of preeclampsia and IUGR.

BACKGROUND: Sufficient amino acid transport activity (AAT) is indispensable for appropriate fetal growth. Studies suggest that placental nutrient uptake activity is responsive to both maternal and fetal nutrient demands. We hypothesize that under conditions of limited nutrient availability to the fetus, as often present in preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and insufficient weight-gain during pregnancy, a general adaptive response aimed to increase amino acid transport activity may be observed in the placenta. METHOD: A total of 40 placentas from full-term (n = 10) and pre-term (average gestational period = 34.8 weeks, n = 10) normal pregnancies, IUGR (n = 10), and preeclampsia (n = 10) associated pregnancies were looked at by immunohistochemistry followed by relative qualitative scoring to compare expression levels and localization of System L, ASCT2, and mTOR proteins. RESULT: Microvillous syncytiotrophoblast (ST) in placenta of pregnancies complicated by IUGR or preeclampsia (PE) showed significant increases in the levels of System L amino acid transport proteins 4F2hc and LAT1 compared to both full-term control and pre-term (early gestation control) pregnancies seperately (p < 0.05). Elevated mTOR protein was uniquely higher in IUGR placentas compared to full-term controls (P = 0.0026). Total cellular ASCT2 transporter protein levels were similar in all groups, however, levels of ASCT2 protein localized to the ST microvillous membrane (MVM) were significantly lower in IUGR compared to both full-term and pre-term pregnancies (P = 0.0006, 0.03, respectively). Additionally, ASCT2 and mTOR protein levels were positively associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (P = 0.046, 0.048, respectively). CONCLUSION: There are three important findings based upon the present study. First, in conditions of limited nutrient availability, such as PE or IUGR, there is an overall increase in the level of System L and mTOR protein expression in the ST, suggestive of an adaptive response. Second, a decrease in ASCT2 protein at the ST MVM suggests a post-translational event that may decrease AAT activity in IUGR placentas. Third, a physiological link between transporter expression and pre-pregnancy BMI is suggested based upon a positive association observed with ASCT2 and mTOR expression values.

Pre-Cerclage cervical length predicts long-term pregnancy sustenance: A case-control study.

Background: This study aimed to assess a predictor of long-term pregnancy sustenance post cervical cerclage in women with or without a medical history of cervical insufficiency. Materials and methods: We included pregnant women who underwent cerclage at 12-25 weeks gestation in four perinatal medical centers between January 2009 and December 2010. We classified the cerclage modality as ultrasound-indicated cervical cerclage if the pre-cerclage CL was <25 mm because the prophylactic and therapeutic cerclage definitions varied among institutions. The procedure was deemed successful if the pregnancy continued for more than 13 weeks post cerclage. We compared the outcomes of women who underwent successful and unsuccessful cerclage and investigated whether the pre-cerclage CL could predict pregnancy outcomes in women who underwent successful cerclage using receiver-operating characteristic curves. Results: We screened 114 pregnant women; 91 met the inclusion criteria. Pre-cerclage CL was a moderately accurate predictor of long-term pregnancy sustenance in the successful group (optimal cut-off value: 17 mm; area under the curve: 0.76; P = 0.0016). Approximately 87% of patients with a pre-cerclage CL ≥ 17 mm sustained their pregnancies for more than 13 weeks post cerclage; however, 64% of patients with a pre-cerclage CL < 17 mm did not. Conclusion: We speculate that the use of other treatment options in addition to cerclage in women with a pre-cerclage CL < 17 mm may result in a successful pregnancy.

Prenatal spontaneous disruption of the dividing membrane in monochorionic diamniotic twins detected at the time of fetoscopic laser photocoagulation.

Spontaneous antepartum rupture of the dividing membrane occurring in monochorionic diamniotic twins (MD twin) is an extremely rare complication and difficult to diagnose prenatally. We present a case of pseudo-monoamniotic twins derived from an MD twin gestation, which was suspected by ultrasound and was confirmed by antepartum fetoscopy. A 28-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1 at 24 weeks of gestation was referred because of suspected polyhydroamnios in an MD twin. Ultrasound suggested twin-twin transfusion syndrome stage III, spontaneous rupture of the dividing membranes and cord entanglement. Fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP) was performed using the Nd:YAG laser on 12 placental vascular connections. Fetoscopy revealed the spontaneous rupture of the dividing membrane and cord entanglement. The remainder of the pregnancy was managed as a monoamniotic twin gestation. Elective cesarean section was performed at 32 weeks of gestation following antenatal steroids and concordantly grown healthy male infants were delivered.

Successful Management of Pregnancy in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a high risk. We successfully managed a pregnancy in a patient with SLE-PAH. A 31-year-old pregnant woman with SLE-PAH had worsening PAH and SLE flare-up during pregnancy and a sudden increase in pulmonary arterial pressure after delivery. SLE-PAH was controlled by continuous intravenous epoprostenol and inhaled nitric oxide therapy combined with high-dose corticosteroids under close hemodynamic monitoring. Women with SLE-PAH should avoid pregnancy. However, in case of a similar event, we recommend our case as a good reference for improving the outcome of pregnancy with SLE-PAH.