Breast stromal fibroblasts from histologically normal surgical margins are pro-carcinogenic.

There is evidence that normal breast stromal fibroblasts (NBFs) suppress tumour growth, while cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tumourigenesis through functional interactions with tumour cells. Little is known about the biology and the carcinogenic potential of stromal fibroblasts present in histologically normal surgical margins (TCFs). Therefore, we first undertook gene expression analysis on five CAF/TCF pairs from breast cancer patients and three NBF samples (derived from mammoplasties). This comparative analysis revealed variation in gene expression between these three categories of cells, with a TCF-specific gene expression profile. This variability was higher in TCFs than in their paired CAFs and also NBFs. Cytokine arrays show that TCFs have a specific secretory cytokine profile. In addition, stromal fibroblasts from surgical margins expressed high levels of α-SMA and SDF-1 and exhibited higher migratory/invasiveness abilities. Indirect co-culture showed that TCF cells enhance the proliferation of non-cancerous mammary epithelial cells and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. Moreover, TCF and CAF cells increased the level of PCNA, MMP-2 and the phosphorylated/activated form of Akt in normal breast luminal fibroblasts in a paracrine manner. Furthermore, TCFs were able to promote the formation and growth of humanized orthotopic breast tumours in nude mice. Interestingly, these TCF phenotypes and the extent of their effects were intermediate between those of NBFs and CAFs. Together, these results indicate that stromal fibroblasts located in non-cancerous tissues exhibit a tumour-promoting phenotype, indicating that their presence post-surgery may play important roles in cancer recurrence.

Impact of Pathologic Complete Response following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ± Trastuzumab in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the relationship between breast cancer molecular subtypes and pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) ± trastuzumab, in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). METHODS: Female patients with LABC (T2-T4, N0-N2, and M0) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy + trastuzumab if HER2+ subtype, followed by surgery and radiotherapy ± hormonal therapy, were identified. The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR) in the breast and axilla (ypT0/ypN0), with final analysis on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Six hundred eighty-one patients with a median age of 44 years, premenopausal: 70%, median tumour size: 7.0 cm (range 4-11 cm), stage II B: 27% and III A/III B: 73%, ER+/HER2-: 40.8%, ER-/HER2-: 23%, ER+/HER2+: 17.7%, and ER-/HER2+: 18.5%. Overall pCR (ypT0/ypN0) was 23%. The pCR rates based on molecular subtypes were ER+/HER2-: 9%; ER+/HER2+: 29%; ER-/HER2-: 31%; and ER-/HER2+: 37%. At median follow-up of 61 months, ER+/HER2+ and ER+/HER2- subtypes had the best 5-year DFS and OS; meanwhile, ER-/HER2+ and ER-/HER2- subtypes had the worst. CONCLUSION: Women with ER+/HER2- disease are the least likely to achieve pCR, with the highest rates in HER2+ and triple-negative subgroups. Degree of response is associated with OS; despite the comparatively higher likelihood of achieving pCR in ER-/HER2+ and triple-negative, these subgroups experience a survival detriment. We are consistent with the published data that patients who attain the pathological complete response defined as ypT0/ypN0 have improved outcomes.

Behavior and Outcomes of Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer

Introduction: Pregnancy Associated Breast cancer (PABC) is associated with poor prognosis and a decreased overall survival. A retrospective review was conducted to review the experience and outcome in a tertiary care hospital, and to compare those seen in a matched group for year of diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively collected breast cancer registry. The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January to Decamber 2014 . Female patients with PABC were identified and matched with similar cohort of non-pregnant breast cancer patients that were diagnosed between 2001-2010. Clinical data including age, tumor biology, clinical stage, follow up and outcomes (disease free survival, DFS) were analyzed and compared between the two groups using SAS 9.3 and R-2.14.1 Results: A total of 110 patients in Group 1 and 114 patients in Group II were analyzed. In both groups, the patient age ranged was between 20 to 45 years; the median follow up was 34 months in PABC and 54 months in non-pregnant cohort. PABC were statistically more likely to be triple negative (p value-0.05) and diagnosed at advanced stage (stage 3 and 4) (p value-0.02). There was no difference in the occurrence of Her-2 positive disease. In pregnant patients there was a 5-year survival rate of 65% compared to non-pregnant cohort of 82% with p value of 0.002 and DFS was also 47.5% versus 65.4% with a p value .002 which is statistically significant. Conclusion: Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) is diagnosed at a more advanced stage and tends to be triple negative and they are associated with a worse DFS and overall survival. Early detection during pregnancy may improve outcome.

Being 40 or younger is an independent risk factor for relapse in operable breast cancer patients: the Saudi Arabia experience.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer in young Saudi women is a crucial problem. According to the 2002 annual report of Saudi National Cancer Registry, breast cancers that developed before the age of 40 comprise 26.4% of all female breast cancers comparing to 6.5% in the USA. Breast cancer in young patients is often associated with a poorer prognosis, but there has been a scarcity of published data in the Middle East population. METHODS: Total of 867 breast cancer patients seen at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSH&RC) between 1986 and 2002 were reviewed. Patients were divided in two age groups: < or = 40 years and above 40 years. The clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes were compared between younger and older age groups. RESULTS: Median age at presentation was 45 years. A total of 288 (33.2%) patients were aged < or = 40 years. Hormone receptors were positive in 69% of patients 40 and 78.2% of patients above 40 (p = 0.009). There was a significantly higher incidence of grade III tumor in younger patients compared to older patients (p = 0.0006). Stage, tumor size, lymphatic/vascular invasion, number of nodes and axillary lymph node status, did not differ significantly between the two age groups. Younger patients had a greater probability of recurrence at all time periods (p = 0.035). Young age had a negative impact on survival of patients with positive axillary lymph nodes (p = 0.030) but not on survival of patients with negative lymph nodes (p = 0.695). Stage, tumor size, nodal status and hormonal receptors had negative impact on survival. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 87.9% of younger and 65.6% of older patients (p < 0.0001). In terms of hormone therapy, the proportion of tamoxifen treated patients was significantly lower in young age group (p < 0.0001). No significant difference in radiation therapy between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Young age (< or = 40) is an independent risk factor for relapse in operable Saudi breast cancer patients. The fundamental biology of young age breast cancer patients needs to be elucidated.

Gene expression profiles of the fibroblasts from breast tumors and normal tissue compared with the tumor expression profiles.

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to examine whether the gene expression profiles of fibroblast cell lines, established from the tumor and the normal tissue from the same breast, exhibit any similarities with the profiles of the original tissues. METHODS: Fibroblast cell lines were established from invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and the adjacent normal tissues. Isolated total RNA from the cell lines and tissues were used to prepare labeled cDNA which was hybridized to Becton Dickinson Atlas microarrays for obtaining profiles of expressed genes. The profiles of tumors and cell lines were compared. This study was carried out at King Faisal specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during 2004 and 2005. RESULTS: Alterations of expression of most of the genes in the tissues were not detectable in the cell lines. The expression of a lower number of genes was altered in DCIS compared with that in IDC tumors. CONCLUSION: Although the fibroblasts discharge important functions, their gene expression profiles do not represent the breast tissue to the extent that any prognostic decisions could be made.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically detected ductal carcinoma in situ.

AIM: To study the indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in clinically-detected ductal carcinoma in situ (CD-DCIS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 20 patients with an initial diagnosis of pure DCIS by an image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) between June 2006 and June 2012 was conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital. The accuracy of performing SLNB in CD-DCIS, the rate of sentinel and non-sentinel nodal metastasis, and the histologic underestimation rate of invasive cancer at initial diagnosis were analyzed. The inclusion criteria were a preoperative diagnosis of pure DCIS with no evidence of invasion. We excluded any patient with evidence of microinvasion or invasion. There were two cases of mammographically detected DCIS and 18 cases of CD-DCIS. All our patients were diagnosed by an image-guided CNB except two patients who were diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA). All patients underwent breast surgery, SLNB, and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) if the SLN was positive. RESULTS: Twenty patients with an initial diagnosis of pure DCIS underwent SLNB, 2 of whom had an ALND. The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years (range, 35-70). Twelve patients (60%) were premenopausal and 8 (40%) were postmenopausal. CNB was the diagnostic procedure for 18 patients, and 2 who were diagnosed by FNA were excluded from the calculation of the underestimation rate. Two out of 20 had a positive SLNB and underwent an ALND and neither had additional non sentinel lymph node metastasis. Both the sentinel visualization rate and the intraoperative sentinel identification rate were 100%. The false negative rate was 0%. Only 2 patients had a positive SLNB (10%) and neither had additional metastasis following an ALND. After definitive surgery, 3 patients were upstaged to invasive ductal carcinoma (3/18 = 16.6%) and 3 other patients were upstaged to DCIS with microinvasion (3/18 = 16.6%). Therefore the histologic underestimation rate of invasive disease was 33%. CONCLUSION: SLNB in CD-DCIS is technically feasible and highly accurate. We recommend limiting SLNB to patients undergoing a mastectomy.

Decreased axillary lymph node retrieval in patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess our clinical impression that fewer lymph nodes are retrieved after level I and II axillary dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and whether there is a positive correlation between the total number of lymph nodes retrieved and the number of diseased lymph nodes. METHODS: Patients included those with stage IIB, IIIA, and IIIB breast cancer of whom 77 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 58 had initial surgery only. All had modified radical mastectomy with in continuity level I and II axillary dissection. RESULTS: Patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had 14.3 +/- 6.7 lymph nodes detected versus 16.9 +/- 8.8 (mean +/- SD; P <0.057) for those with initial surgery only. The number of positive nodes were 3.7 +/- 4.7 versus 6.6 +/- 8.7 (mean +/- SD; P <0.033) respectively and the number of negative nodes were 10.6 +/- 7.5 versus 10.4 +/- 8 (mean +/- SD; P <0.9). The correlation between the number of positive lymph nodes and the total number of lymph nodes was r = 0.58; P <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that fewer lymph nodes are retrieved after level I and II axillary dissection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The total number of lymph nodes retrieved increases directly with the number of positive lymph nodes in patients not treated with chemotherapy.

Prospective phase II study of neoadjuvant doxorubicin followed by cisplatin/docetaxel in locally advanced breast cancer.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of the doxorubicin followed by cisplatin/docetaxel as primary chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). For this evaluation, 59 patients with LABC (T2-T4, N0-N2, M0) received three cycles of doxorubicin, followed by three cycles of cisplatin/docetaxel and followed by definitive surgery and locoregional radiotherapy with or without tamoxifen. The primary end point was pathologic complete response (pCR) in breast and axilla. Fifty-nine patients were evaluable for analysis: median age: 41 years, premenopausal: 68%, median tumor size: 6.0 cm (4-10), Stage IIB: 32% and IIIA/IIIB: 68%, both ER/PR positive: 53%, Her2/neu (3+) by IHC staining: 29%. Clinical complete response was seen in 44%, and clinical partial response was seen in 56%. Breast conserving surgery was performed in 44%, and MRM in 56%. pCR in the breast was 30.5%, in axilla was 37%, and pCR in both breast and axilla was 24%. Overall at follow-up of 60 months, the disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 70 and 82%, respectively. The DFS and OS of patients who achieved complete pathologic response in breast and axilla were 78 and 100%, respectively, while 14 patients relapsed of which 46% were Her2 positive. Sequential combination of doxorubicin followed by docetaxel/cisplatin is a safe, feasible, and active combination, which offers the possibility of conservative surgery and is associated with high clinical and pathologic response rates, with promising and encouraging survival outcomes.

Nodular fasciitis of the breast: a case report.

Nodular fasciitis is a soft tissue lesion that in rare instances occurs in the breast. It can clinically and radiologically mimic malignant tumor. We describe a case of nodular fasciitis of the breast in a young woman that was misdiagnosed as phyllodes tumor. The histologic features and a review of the literature are presented. Awareness of such an entity in the breast obviates the need for unnecessary surgical intervention.