Chemical characterization, nematicidal and antioxidant activities of Thymus linearis Benth.

Thymus linearis and its essential oil (EO) are used to cure a range of diseases in traditional medicine. GC-MS analysis of Thymus linearis EO revealed the presence of sixty-four components. Thymol (50.62%), carvacrol (13.23 %), carvacrol acetate (7.72%), -bisabolene (5.47%) and o-cymene (5.47%) are the only five basic constituents in the oil which accounts for 82.07% of oil. When compared to other compounds, the EO and its primary components thymol and carvacrol had the largest proportion of mortality in Meloidogyne javanica. Carvacrol has also been proven to be helpful in suppressing the hatching of M. javanica eggs. This is the first time T. linearis EO and its constituents, such as borneol and caryophyllene, have been studied for nematicidal action. The antioxidant activity of EO components and active compounds was assessed using the ABTS radical scavenging method. Thymol and carvacrol were found to exhibit high antioxidant activity. The IC50 of thymol and carvacrol are found to be 38.18 g/ml and 49.65 g/ml, respectively and are comparable to the positive control trolox (47.12 g/ml). Results clearly showed high potency for EO and its constituents, thymol and carvacrol as nematicidal and antioxidant agents.

Comparative studies on rabbit plasma lipid profile fed with Silybum marianum oil, sunflower oil and vegetable ghee.

Present work is aimed to compare the physicochemical characterization and biochemical effects of oil extracted from Silybum Marianum and Sunflower oil, collected from Peshawar (Pakistan). To investigate the comparative effects on the body weight, organ weight and lipid profile, the crude oil of Silybum marianum, edible sunflower oil and vegetable ghee were given to three groups of rabbits under study. Percent proximate composition and food consumption of all rabbits were determined which showed no significant statistical variation. There is no data available about Silybum marianum oil on animal model in literature. This study clearly revealed that oil from Silybum marianum significantly reduces plasma cholesterol level in rabbits. A threefold higher Triglyceride levels was observed in vegetable ghee feeding groups compared with the sunflower and Silybum marianum oil feeding groups. The crude oil of Silybum marianum was found to be safe in rabbits compared with sunflower oil and vegetable ghee. The results of these studies revealed most valuable information and also support the refining and purification to convert this non-edible oil to edible oil.

Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Baltis and Shinas in the Kharmang district, Trans-Himalaya India-Pakistan border.

Human communities that inhabit the political borders live a transitional life, which is due to several socio-political and geo-climatic factors. The current cross-cultural ethnomedicinal study was conducted at the highly elevated Pakistan-India borders of the Western Himalayas in order to address the medicinal flora and folk knowledge of Balti and Shina communities. Ethnobotanical field surveys were conducted from May 2021 to September 2022. We used semi-structured interviews in order to collect the ethnomedicinal data. The collected data was analyzed using the relative frequency of the citations, use value, and Venn diagrams. A total of 140 interviews were conducted, which comprised of 90 (64.28%) Baltis and 50 (35.71%) Shinas. The interviews recorded 60 medicinal plant species that belong to 56 genera and 35 families. Asteraceae (5 spp.), Lamiaceae (5 spp.), and Apiaceae (4 spp.) were the families that were the most represented. These medicinally valued plants were being used for 55 health issues that are related to different body systems. Delphinium brunonianum, Thymus linearis, Hymenolaena candollei, Corydalis adiantifolia, and Seriphidium brevifolium were medicinal taxa with maximum RFCs and UV. The Baltis have comparatively more ethnomedicinal knowledge than the Shinas. The Baltis commonly used 22 (36.66%) species, which 34 (56.66%) were exclusive to the Baltis and 4 (6.66%) to the Shinas. Both ethnic groups collectively hold significant ethnobotanical knowledge that demands the preservation of risked folk knowledge, which is due to uncertain border situations, outmigration, and permeating allopathic drugs.

Impact of Self-Efficacy and Perfectionism on Academic Procrastination among University Students in Pakistan.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-efficacy and perfectionism on academic procrastination among university students and its differences among genders in Pakistan. It was hypothesized that self-efficacy and perfectionism would significantly impact academic procrastination and that there is a significant difference in students' views concerning their gender. The sample comprised 405 university students, 104 male and 301 female. The study used the general self-efficacy scale, the multidimensional perfectionism scale, and the academic procrastination scale to measure the constructs. SmartPLS 4 was applied for the analysis of the data. The results indicated that all three variables-self-efficacy, perfectionism, and academic procrastination-were present among university students. Perfectionism showed a significant effect on academic procrastination. However, self-efficacy showed no significant effect on academic procrastination. Further, no significant difference was found in students' views concerning their gender. The findings provide significant evidence for stakeholders to improve academic procrastination among university students.

Early Childhood between a Rock and a Hard Place: Early Childhood Education and Students' Disruption in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan.

Looking through the lens of ecological system theory, this paper used a mixed-method approach, based on 20 interviews and 208 Early Childhood Education (ECE) teacher questionnaires, to elaborate the position of ECE in Pakistan. The study indicates that ECE is between a rock and a hard place in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The findings further show that ECE is provided by less qualified and inexperienced teachers, who give less attention to the physical and psychological needs of the students. The classrooms are overcrowded and lack relevant teaching-learning materials. Moreover, the single-teacher policy and overcrowded classrooms hinder students' motivation, the delivery of quality education and the development of good behaviors. These challenges are also the main causes of students' dropouts. This paper increases people's understanding of ECE and its challenges in Pakistan. For ECE development, the paper recommends separating ECE from primary schools and giving it a budget to purchase adequate and relevant resources.

Airborne virus transmission under different weather conditions.

The COVID19 infection is known to disseminate through droplets ejected by infected individuals during coughing, sneezing, speaking, and breathing. The spread of the infection and hence its menace depend on how the virus-loaded droplets evolve in space and time with changing environmental conditions. In view of this, we investigate the evolution of the droplets within the purview of the Brownian motion of the evaporating droplets in the air with varying weather conditions under the action of gravity. We track the movement of the droplets until either they gravitationally settle on the ground or evaporate to aerosols of size 2 µm or less. Droplets with radii 2 µm or less may continue to diffuse and remain suspended in the air for a long time. The effects of relative humidity and temperature on the evaporation are found to be significant. We note that under strong flowing conditions, droplets travel large distances. It is found that the bigger droplets fall on the ground due to the dominance of gravity over the diffusive force despite the loss of mass due to evaporation. The smaller evaporating droplets may not settle on the ground but remain suspended in the air due to the dominance of the diffusive force. The fate of the intermediate size droplets depends on the weather conditions and plays crucial roles in the spread of the infection. These environment dependent effects indicate that the maintenance of physical separation to evade the virus is not corroborated, making the use of face masks indispensable.

Roles of retailers in the peer-to-peer electricity market: A single retailer perspective.

Despite extensive research in the past five years and several successfully completed and on-going pilot projects, regulators are still reluctant to implement peer-to-peer trading at a large scale in today's electricity market. The reason could partly be attributed to the perceived disadvantage of current market participants such as retailers due to their exclusion from market participation-a fundamental property of decentralized peer-to-peer trading. As a consequence, recently, there has been growing pressure from energy service providers in favor of retailers' participation in peer-to-peer trading. However, the role of retailers in the peer-to-peer market is yet to be established, as no existing study has challenged this fundamental circumspection of decentralized trading. In this context, this perspective takes the first step to discuss the feasibility of retailers' involvement in the peer-to-peer market. In doing so, we identify key characteristics of retail-based and peer-to-peer electricity markets and discuss our viewpoint on how to incorporate a single retailer in a peer-to-peer market without compromising the fundamental decision-making characteristics of both markets. Finally, we give an example of a hypothetical business model to demonstrate how a retailer can be a part of a peer-to-peer market with a promise of collective benefits for the participants.

Medicinal plants resources of Western Himalayan Palas Valley, Indus Kohistan, Pakistan: Their uses and degrees of risk of extinction.

Present study was intended with the aim to document the pre-existence traditional knowledge and ethnomedicinal uses of plant species in the Palas valley. Data were collected during 2015-2016 to explore plants resource, their utilization and documentation of the indigenous knowledge. The current study reported a total of 65 medicinal plant species of 57 genera belonging to 40 families. Among 65 species, the leading parts were leaves (15) followed by fruits (12), stem (6) and berries (1), medicinally significant while, 13 plant species are medicinally important for rhizome, 4 for root, 4 for seed, 4 for bark and 1 each for resin. Similarly, thirteen species were used as a whole while twelve species as partial for medicinal purpose. Further, it is concluded that every part of plants such as bulb, rhizome, roots, barks, leaves, flowers, fruit and seed were used for various ailments. Moreover, among 65 plants species, 09 species are threatened and placed into Endangered (EN) and Least Concern (LC) categories of IUCN. The recorded data are very useful and reflects the significance of the Palas valley as medicinal plants resource area.

Transmission of airborne virus through sneezed and coughed droplets.

The spread of COVID19 through droplets ejected by infected individuals during sneezing and coughing has been considered a matter of key concern. Therefore, a quantitative understanding of the propagation of droplets containing the virus assumes immense importance. Here, we investigate the evolution of droplets in space and time under varying external conditions of temperature, humidity, and wind flow by using laws of statistical and fluid mechanics. The effects of drag, diffusion, and gravity on droplets of different sizes and ejection velocities have been considered during their motion in air. In still air, we found that bigger droplets traverse a larger distance, but smaller droplets remain suspended in air for a longer time. Therefore, in still air, the horizontal distance that a healthy individual should maintain from an infected one is based on the bigger droplets, but the time interval to be maintained is based on the smaller droplets. We show that in places with wind flow, the lighter droplets travel a larger distance and remain suspended in air for a longer time. Therefore, we conclude that both temporal and geometric distance that a healthy individual should maintain from an infected one is based on the smaller droplets under flowing air, which makes the use of a mask mandatory to prevent the virus. Maintenance of only stationary separation between healthy and infected individuals is not substantiated. The quantitative results obtained here will be useful to devise strategies for preventing the spread of other types of droplets containing microorganisms.

Eco-Floristic studies of native plants of the Beer Hills along the Indus River in the districts Haripur and Abbottabad, Pakistan.

The present study was conducted to elaborate vegetation composition structure to analyze role of edaphic and topographic factors on plant species distribution and community formation during 2013-14. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. The size of quadrat for trees shrubs and herbs were 10 × 5, 5 × 2, 1 × 1 meter square respectively. Different phytosociological attribute were measured at each station. Primary results reported 123 plant species belong to 46 families. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were dominant families with 8 species each. PCORD version 5 were used for Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses that initiated 4 plant communities within elevation range of 529-700 m from sea level. Indicator species analyses (ISA) were used to identify indicator species of each community. CANOCO Software (version 4.5) was used to measure the influence of edaphic and topographic variables on species composition, diversity and community formation. Whereas Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to measure the effect of environmental variables which showed elevation and aspect were the stronger environmental variable among topographic and CaCO3 contents, electric conductivity, soil pH were the stronger edaphic factors in determination of vegetation and communities of the Bheer Hills. Grazing pressure was one of the main anthropogenic factors in this regard.

Medicinal plants used by inhabitants of the Shigar Valley, Baltistan region of Karakorum range-Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: The inhabitants of mountainous terrains depend on folk therapies to treat various ailments; however lack of plant based research and geographical constraints set the traditional knowledge in jeopardy. Present study is the first documentation on traditional uses of plant species by the inhabitants of the Shigar Valley, Karakorum Range, Northern Pakistan. METHOD: Ethnobotanical data were collected over a period from July, 2013 to October, 2016 from 84 respondents, using semi structured questionnaire. Quantitative indices such as relative frequency citation (RFCs) and fidelity level (FL) were intended to evaluate the importance of medicinal plant species. RESULTS: In total 84 plant species belonging to 36 families and 72 genera were recorded. Fabaceae was dominant with 7 species, followed by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosacea (6 species each). Leaves, root, flowers, seeds and fruits were the frequently utilized plant parts, whereas among drug formulations, decoction (49%) was ranked first. Majority of the plant species were used to treat abdominal, respiratory and dermal ailments (31, 12 and 12, respectively). RFCs value ranged 0.477 to 0.11 for Tanacetum falconeri and Allium carolinianum, respectively; while Hippophe rhamnoides and Thymus linearis depicted 100% FL. Comparative assessment with previous reports revealed that traditional uses of 26% plant species counting Hedyserum falconeri, Aconitum violoceum var. weileri, Arnebia guttata, Biebersteinia odora, Clematis alpine var. sibirica, Corydalis adiantifolia and Saussurea simpsoniana were reported for the first time. CONCLUSION: The endemic medicinal plant species and traditional knowledge of Balti community living in extremely high mountains area were explored for the first time. A comprehensive survey of this region could be significant to drive the existing knowledge in market circuit with sustainable collection, and to evaluate economic potential of the plant species. Additionally, social livelihood could be reinforced through establishing collection sites, transformation and drying centres for micro and macro marketing of medicinal plant species. Plants and people interaction in the Karakorum Mountains.

Investigation of traditional medicinal floral knowledge of Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan.

ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding the uses of indigenous medicinal plants for treating various human infectious diseases is totally in hold of the elder community members. The young generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal practices. AIM OF STUDY: To document, accumulate and widely disseminate the massive indigenous knowledge of century's practiced therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by the local people living in this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 134 local inhabitants (78 male and 56 female) were interviewed through questionnaire method. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed through the use value, fidelity level index and relative frequency citation. Plants specimen were preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets and labeled, cataloged and deposited with voucher numbers in Hazara University Herbarium, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP). RESULTS: 74 plant species belonging to 70 genera and 42 families were documented in the current study. These medicinal plant species are used commonly as an ethno medicine against 56 various diseases such as digestive disorder, cough, pain and skin diseases etc. Herbaceous plant species were the dominant among plants studied which were 57% of the total plants, followed by shrubs (23%) and trees (20%). Asteraceae was the leading family among collected medicinal plant species (10.81%). Maximum medicinal plant species were used for treatment of digestive disorders (9.09%) and cough (7.44%). Most widely part used is leaf (27.9%), followed by fruit (13.5%) and seed (13.5%) for the treatment of different ailments by the traditional healers. The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Berberis lycium (0.91) and Cannabis sativa (0.81). The medicinal plant species with maximum fidelity level were Ziziphus jujuba (100%) and Lonicera caprifolium (92.31%) whereas the medicinal with most relative frequency citation were B. lycium (0.313), Ziziphus nummularia (0.276). The comparative result reveals that 36% of medicinal plant species were reported for the first time from Abbottabad regarding their uses, whereas 26% of plant species were reported with different medicinal uses. Brugmansia suaveolens and Allium griffithianum were recorded for the first time from Pakistan as well as from other countries across the globe for currently reported medicinal uses. CONCLUSION: The current study revealed the importance to document and launch list of all possible plants that are used in ethno medicinal practices in the study area. Future antimicrobial, antivirals, and pharmacological studies are required to ratify the efficacy and safety of the medicinal plants species.

Exploring threatened traditional knowledge; ethnomedicinal studies of rare endemic flora from Lesser Himalayan region of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Himalayas are one among the world biodiversity hotspots harboring many endemic medicinal plants. Despite augmentation in the documentation of ethnopharmacological knowledge of medicinal plant species, information regarding endemic species is still underway. Current paper highlights the traditional medicinal uses of rare endemic and unexplored group of plants having potential for novel chemical constituents with effective pharmacological activities. In total, 142 informants (91 male and 51 female) including seventeen traditional healers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire, personal observations and group discussions. Interviews were taken in field or otherwise photographs were shown for identification. Females were interviewed indirectly through male family members. For data analysis, quantitative analytical approach was adopted using ethnopharmacological indices as Relative frequency of citations and Fidelity Level. In total, 38 endemic plant species belonging to nineteen families were utilized by the local inhabitants. Highest number of endemics was belonging to Ranunculaceae (7), followed by Gentianaceae and Rosaceae (4 each) with respect to number of species. Highest number of endemics was used in fever, wound healing, throat infection and tonic (4 species each). Root was the most widely used part (36.17%) in cure of diseases and the leading mode administered was decoction (25.49%). Highest use reports and RFC values were recorded for Pimpinella stewartii (58 citations, 0.41 RFC), Caltha alba var. alba (52 citations, 0.37 RFC). Endemic plant species considerably contribute toward ethnomedicinal knowledge and despite rarity, the communities prefer their utilization. Conservation of endemics is necessary for future availability to the local communities.

Frequency of causes of mechanical bowel obstruction

Objective: To find out the frequency of different causes of mechanical bowel obstruction

Study Design: Observational / descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out the Surgical B Unit of MTI, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from March 2015 to December 2015 Patients and Methods: All the patients presented with signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction were included in the study while those with non mechanical bowel obstruction like paralytic ileus and peritonitis were excluded from the study. Patient's demographic features and all the data were recorded

Results: Total 50 patients were included in the study. The age range of the patient was 15-80 years with mean age was 42,98 +/- 17.60 years. Thirty seven 74% patients were male and 13 [26%] were female constituting male to female ratio of 2.84:1. Out of 50 patients operated for mechanical bowel obstruction, commonest cause of bowel obstruction was post operative adhesions which accounted for 17 [34%] followed by sigmoid volulus in 10 [20%] cases and intestinal tuberculosis in 8 [16%] patients

Conclusion: Adhesions and sigmoid volvulus were the common causes of intestinal obstruction

Although patients presenting with sub acute intestinal obstruction can be treated conservatively initially, should they develop signs and symptoms of gut ischemia, when conservative treatment fails or in most cases of acute intestinal obstruction immediate surgical exploration is still required

Ileostomies and colostomies; common reasons and complications of construction: one year study

Background: An intestinal stoma is an opening of intestine on the anterior abdominal wall made surgically. The commonly performed procedures include colostomy and ileostomy. The purpose of the present study was to identify indications for commonly performed intestinal stomas and to study complications related to it

Objective: To identify indications for commonly performed intestinal stomas and to study complications related to it

Study Design: Observational study

Setting: Department of General Surgery, Unit- B, Lady reading Hospital, Peshawar

Period: 1[st] Jan 2013, to 31[st] Dec 2013

Subjects and Method: A total of 106 patients who underwent surgery and ended up in intestinal stomas, ileostomy or colostomy, were included in the study. Indications, immediate and late complications of stomas were recorded

Results: A break up of 106 patients of different intestinal stomas. Majority [61.32%] of patients were males. There were 49 ileostomies and 57 cases of colostomy making a total of 106 patients. Main indications of Ileostomy were enteric perforation [55.10%], and intestinal tuberculosis [20.40%]. Main indications of colostomy were penetrating injuries [50.88%], and intestinal obstruction. In a total of 106 stomas local complications appeared in 23 [21.69%]. Skin excoriation, ulceration, lap and wound infection were the most common respectively. Seventy eight stomas including 36 ileostomies and 42 colostomies were closed on an average of 3 months after primary operation. There were 7 cases of wound infection, 2 anastamotic leak-ages and one mortality [1.3%] in the stoma reversal group

Conclusion: Common indications for intestinal stomas were abdominal penetrating trauma, enteric perforation, intestinal obstruction and intestinal tuberculosis. Main complications included local skin problems, wound infection and retraction

Frequency and causes of conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy into open cholecystectomy

To determine the frequency and causes of conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy into open cholecystectomy. Cross-sectional [descriptive] study. This study was carried out at Surgical Unit of Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar for 14 months, from 1-11-2010 to 31-12-2011. A total of 126 patients of symptomatic gallstones disease fulfilling the inclusion criteria were subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were followed through out the procedure to see for any conversion and its cause. The mean age of patients was 40.65 +/- 10.35 with range of 20-65 years. The total no of cases converted to open cholecystectomy were 11 out of 126. Thus frequency of conversion was 11 equal to 8.7%, with commonest cause being adhesions 9 out of 11 converted cases followed by hemorrhage 2 out of 11 conversions. Moreover conversion was more in male patients. 20.8% as compared to 5.9% in females. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment modality in the management of symptomatic gallstones disease. Its one disadvantage is the conversion into open procedure. But conversion should not be considered as complication of the procedure rather it is mature decision by the surgeons to avoid unnecessary lengthening the duration of surgery once they encounter any difficulty or interoperative complication

Frequency of diaphragmatic trauma in fire-arm injury of abdominal cases and outcome of its management

To determine frequency of diaphragmatic trauma in fire-arm injuries of abdomen and to determine outcome of its management. Retrospective study. This study was conducted at Department of Surgery, Unit B, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar over a period of one year from January 2014 to January 2015. Record of all fire-arm injury cases, who presented during study period, was analyzed. Data were collected on pre-designed proforma from admitted patient record [patients charts] and operation theatre notes register. Demographic data, site and frequency of injury to diaphragm, operative findings, and outcome were the variables of study. Out of total 83 patients of fire-arm injuries, 14 [16.8%] patients had diaphragmatic trauma. Mean age of patient was 27.14 years. Male to female ratio was 4.9:1. Left dome of diaphragm was injured in 9 [64.28%] and right dome was involved in 4 [28.57%] of cases and in one patient [7.14%] patients central tendon of diaphragm was injured together with injury to pericardium that got expired. Diaphragmatic injury though not as common in abdominal fire-arm injury. There should be however very low threshold for suspicion in cases of fire-arm injury of abdomen, where bullet trajectory or mechanism of injury is suggestive, because missing such injury is not devoid of complications. The patient should be thoroughly examined and investigated for exclusion of diaphragmatic injury

Surgical site infection; frequency after open cholecystectomy using Southampton wound scoring system in surgical unit Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar

To assess the post operative wound complication after open cholecystectomy for uncomplicated Cholelithiasis. Cross sectional descriptive. Surgical unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan. 223 patients underwent elective open cholecystectomy January 2011 to July 2012. 90% patients had normal healing [grade 0 or I] ,7.5% had minor complications [grade II or III], 2.5% patients had major complication [grade IV or V] recorded during hospital stay. On follow-up in out-patient department 81%patients found to have normal healing [grade 0 or I], 15% patients had minor complications [grade II or III] and 4% patients had major complications [grade IV or V]. There was an increase noted in wound grades during follow up for surgical site infections as compared to their record during hospital stay. Southampton wound scoring system is a useful tool for detection of surgical site infection and standardization. Auditing of surgical site infection by Southampton wound scoring will help the patient, surgical team and sterilization protocol to be improved

Post laproscopic cholecystectomy drain placement: a controversial issue

Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of routine abdominal drainage after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Study design: A prospective observational study

Place and duration: Department of surgery at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from 1[st] Feb. 2009 to 30[th] April 2012

Methodology: The data of 300 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy was analyzed. The patients were divided in two groups each of 150 patients. Group -A, included patients without drain and Group -B, included patients with drain. Operative and Post operative results of both groups were compared with regard to signs, symptoms, early and late complications and hospital stay using univariate analysis

Results: Among total of 300 patients the male; female ratio was 1:3.The post op nausea [32%, n=48] and vomiting [18.6%, n=28] was less in patients without drain [group A]. Whereas abdominal pain [22.6%, n=34] and shoulder tip pain [15.3% n=23] was less in patients with drainage tube [group B]. Port site wound infection [11.3%, n=17] was more in group B. The hospital stay was less in the non drain group

Conclusion: Prophylactic drainage after a borderline case of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has found to be of no benefit rather it increases hospital stay and renders the patient prone to infections but it still remains a matter of individual preference

First degree hemorrhoids; efficacy of injection sclerotherapy experience in surgical department

Traditionally the treatment of Ist, 2nd and 3rd degree haemorrhoids is conservative management with fibre rich diet and better defecation discipline. If symptoms prevail then there are a wide range of treatment modalities. To evaluate the efficacy of injection Sclerotherapy for First degree haemorrhoids using 5% Phenol in Almond oil. This case series study was conducted on 83 patients with first degree piles in Surgical-C unit, Department of Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from 01/09/2010 till 01/03/2011. After Informed consent, injection Sclerotherapy with 1-2ml of 5% Phenol in Almond oil was injected in the sub mucosal plane of each pile case above the dentate line. Patients were reviewed at 3 weeks interval for bleeding per rectum for effectiveness of the procedure. A total of 83 patients with first degree haemorrhoids included in the study out of which 62 [74.7%] were male and 21 [25.03%] were female with M: F=2.99:1. Average age 41.1 years+0.1 SD with range 20-60 years. Efficacy was observed in 68 [81.83%] patients where 15 [18.07%] patients showed no results. Injection sclerotherapy is simple, convenient and effective outdoor procedure for first degree haemorrhoids