Cannabinoid-mediated retinal rescue correlates with improved circadian parameters in retinal dystrophic rats.

Ocular pathologies and blindness have been linked to circadian disorders. In previous studies, our group has demonstrated that retinitis pigmentosa is associated with degenerative changes in the melanopsin system and weaker circadian patterns. We have also shown that cannabinoids preserve retinal structure and function in dystrophic P23H rats. This study is consequently aimed at examining whether the morphologic and functional rescue of retinal degeneration by cannabinoids is associated with amelioration of circadian parameters. The synthetic cannabinoid HU210 (100 µg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle were administered to transgenic P23H rats three times per week, from postnatal day 24-90. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as a healthy control group. Locomotor activity and scotopic electroretinograms were recorded, and the retinal structure was analyzed at the end of the experiment. The ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes and photoreceptor cell number were more deteriorated in vehicle-administered P23H rats as compared to P23H rats treated with HU210. In cannabinoid-administered P23H rats, the locomotor activity circadian rhythms showed less disturbance than that observed in vehicle-administered P23H rats, the latter showing lower values for mesor, amplitude, acrophase, percentage of variance and non-parametric variables. A positive linear correlation was found between retinal values and circadian parameters of locomotor activity from P23H rats. This study thus provides evidence of a positive correlation between cannabinoid-mediated rescue of retinal structure and function and improvement of circadian rhythmicity.

An update of the KIDMED questionnaire, a Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The KIDMED questionnaire was published in 2004 to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in children and adolescents. In the last 14 years, several respected official dietetics and health organizations have recommended appropriate dietary habits, including eating whole grains and consuming whole fruit rather than fruit juice. We propose an update of the KIDMED questionnaire. DESIGN: Based on the scientific evidence, the present commentary suggests some changes to the KIDMED questionnaire. RESULTS: We suggest deleting 'or fruit juice' from the first question of the questionnaire, rewording the question as 'Takes a fruit every day', and assigning a positive value of +1. We suggest adding 'whole-grain' to the eighth question of the questionnaire, rewording the question as 'Consumes whole-grain pasta or whole-grain rice almost every day (5 or more times per week)', and assigning a positive value of +1. Further, we propose to add 'whole cereals or whole grains' to the ninth question of the questionnaire, reword the question as 'Has whole cereals or whole grains (whole-meal bread, etc.) for breakfast', and assign a positive value of +1. CONCLUSIONS: The present commentary examines some signs of a paradigm shift about fruit juice and whole grains after the development of the KIDMED questionnaire. The changes are of paramount importance in order to make the questionnaire an updated tool to evaluate adherence to the MD.

Circadian and Sex Differences After Acute High-Altitude Exposure: Are Early Acclimation Responses Improved by Blue Light?

OBJECTIVE: The possible effects of blue light during acute hypoxia and the circadian rhythm on several physiological and cognitive parameters were studied. METHODS: Fifty-seven volunteers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: nocturnal (2200-0230 hours) or diurnal (0900-1330 hours) and exposed to acute hypoxia (4000 m simulated altitude) in a hypobaric chamber. The participants were illuminated by blue LEDs or common artificial light on 2 different days. During each session, arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2), blood pressure, heart rate variability, and cognitive parameters were measured at sea level, after reaching the simulated altitude of 4000 m, and after 3 hours at this altitude. RESULTS: The circadian rhythm caused significant differences in blood pressure and heart rate variability. A 4% to 9% decrease in waking nocturnal Spo2 under acute hypoxia was observed. Acute hypoxia also induced a significant reduction (4%-8%) in systolic pressure, slightly more marked (up to 13%) under blue lighting. Women had significantly increased systolic (4%) and diastolic (12%) pressures under acute hypoxia at night compared with daytime pressure; this was not observed in men. Some tendencies toward better cognitive performance (d2 attention test) were seen under blue illumination, although when considered together with physiological parameters and reaction time, there was no conclusive favorable effect of blue light on cognitive fatigue suppression after 3 hours of acute hypobaric hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: It remains to be seen whether longer exposure to blue light under hypobaric hypoxic conditions would induce favorable effects against fatigue.

Neuroprotective effects of the cannabinoid agonist HU210 on retinal degeneration.

Cannabinoids have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects on different types of neuronal insults. Here we have addressed the therapeutic potential of the synthetic cannabinoid HU210 on photoreceptor degeneration, synaptic connectivity and functional activity of the retina in the transgenic P23H rat, an animal model for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In P23H rats administered with HU210 (100 µg/kg, i.p.) from P24 to P90, ERG recordings showed an amelioration of vision loss, as compared to vehicle-administered animals. Under scotopic conditions, the maximum a-wave amplitudes recorded at P60 and P90 were higher in HU210-treated animals, as compared to the values obtained in untreated animals. The scotopic b-waves were significantly higher in treated animals than in untreated rats at P30, P60 and P90. This attenuation of visual deterioration correlated with a delay in photoreceptor degeneration and the preservation of retinal cytoarchitecture. HU210-treated animals had 40% more photoreceptors than untreated animals. Presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, as well as the synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and bipolar or horizontal cells, were also preserved in HU210-treated P23H rats. These results indicate that HU210 preserves cone and rod structure and function, together with their contacts with postsynaptic neurons, in P23H rats. These data suggest that cannabinoids are potentially useful to delay retinal degeneration in RP patients.

Predefined Diets in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and characterized by the importance of diet in pathological development. This study aims to understand how the use of predefined diets can affect the adult population diagnosed with IBD. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. From the different databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, and WOS), we found 4195 registers. After a review process, only 31 research studies were selected for qualitative synthesis and 10 were selected for meta-analysis. The variables used were Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) for patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) and fecal calprotectin (FC), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and albumin (ALB) for patients with IBD. Predefined diets have been shown to have partial efficacy for the treatment of IBD and are compatible with other medical treatments. CDAI improved but with reasonable doubts due to the high heterogeneity of the data, while no differences were observed for ALB, FC, and CRP. More studies that evaluate the influence of predefined diets on IBD patients are needed due to the great variability in diets and the tools used to measure their effects.

[Spanish update of the Kidmed questionnaire, a mediterranean diet quality index in children and adolescents.] / El índice de calidad de la dieta mediterránea en la infancia y la adolescencia (KIDMED). Propuesta de actualización para países hispano hablantes.

Since 2004 the KIDMED questionnaire has been used to evaluate adherence to the mediterranean diet in children and adolescents. During the last decade, there was a paradigm shift about the daily consumption of fruit juice and whole grains. These changes have led to an update of the KIDMED questionnaire in English. We propose an update of the spanish version of the KIDMED questionnaire. We propose deleting 'or fruit juice' from the first question. In the eighth question we propose adding 'whole-grain' to the daily consumption of pasta and rice. In the ninth question, we propose adding 'whole cereals or whole grains' to the consumption of cereals or grain over breakfast. The twelfth question is reformulated as: "Skips breakfast". We propose some modifications to the spanish version KIDMED questionnaire to provide a tool according to the new recommendations for a healthy diet in children and adolescents.

El cuestionario KIDMED ha sido utilizado desde 2004 para evaluar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de niños y adolescentes. Desde entonces, ha habido un cambio de paradigma en referencia al consumo diario de zumos de fruta y al consumo de cereales integrales. Proponemos una actualización del cuestionario KIDMED en lengua española. En la primera pregunta se propone quitar la expresión "o un zumo natural". En la octava pregunta se añade el término "integral" al consumo diario de pasta y arroz. En la novena pregunta se añade el término "integral" al consumo de cereales y derivados en el desayuno. En la duodécima pregunta se propone la siguiente reformulación: "Salta el desayuno". Con este trabajo se proponen algunas modificaciones al cuestionario KIDMED en lengua española, con el fin de suministrar una herramienta conforme a las nuevas recomendaciones que se han ido implementando en los últimos años para poder considerar si una dieta es correcta en niños y adolescentes.

Immunization Coverage of Inmates in Spanish Prisons.

The correct immunization of the inmate population minimizes the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases in prisons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccine coverage of long-term prisoners in the Spanish penitentiary system through a retrospective longitudinal study. One-thousand and five prisoners were selected, who were imprisoned from 2008 and 2018 in three Spanish prisons. Their degree of immunization was evaluated as related to hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), tetanus, diphtheria, pneumococcus and seasonal flu. The state of vaccination of the prisoners with a serological diagnosis of HBV, hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was also evaluated. The vaccination coverage obtained for hepatitis B was 52.3%, and for tetanus-diphtheria, it was 71.9%. However, for hepatitis A and pneumococcus infection, it was insignificant (<2% of the prisoners). Vaccination against seasonal flu was lower than 16%. The HCV and HIV-positive inmates were not correctly vaccinated either. The insufficient level of immunization obtained reflects the lack of interest and marginalization of this population by the penitentiary system and the health authorities. The lack of reliable records is combined with the lack of planned strategies that promote stable and well-defined programs of active vaccination.

Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and characterized by the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. This study is to understand how the use of parenteral nutrition (PN) can affect the adult population diagnosed with IBD. We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. From the different databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, WOS), we found 119 registers with an accuracy of 16% (19 registers). After a full-text review, only 15 research studies were selected for qualitative synthesis and 10 for meta-analysis and meta-regression. The variables used were Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), albumin, body weight (BW), and postoperative complications (COM). PN has shown to have efficacy for the treatment of IBD and is compatible with other medicines. The CDAI and albumin improve, although the effect of PN is greater after a while. However, the effect on the albumin could be less than the observed value in the meta-analysis due to possible publication bias. The BW does not change after intervention. COM utilizing PN has been observed, although the proportion is low. More studies specifically referring to ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are needed to develop more concrete clinical results.

Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and is characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the possible treatments for this pathology is a change in the type of diet, of which enteral nutrition (EN) is one. This study is to understand how the use of EN can affect the adult population diagnosed with IBD. We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and a meta-regression. On the different databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, WOS), we found 363 registers with an accuracy of 12% (44 registers). After a full-text review, only 30 research studies were selected for qualitative synthesis and 11 for meta-analysis and meta-regression. The variables used were Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). EN has been shown to have efficacy for the treatment of Crohn's disease and is compatible with other medicines. As for the CDAI or rates of remission, there were no differences between enteral and parenteral nutrition. Polymeric formulas have shown better results with respect to the CRP. The long-term treatment could dilute the good CDAI results that are obtained at the start of the EN treatment.

Implementation of the European School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme in Spain (2009-2017).

The School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme (SFVS) implemented by the European Union in 2009/2010 aims to improve the diet of students and to support agricultural markets and environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of the School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme implementation from 2009 to 2017 in Spain and its autonomous communities. A descriptive, longitudinal, observational, and retrospective study was carried out on the basis of document analysis of SFVS reports. We studied the average budget for Spain and its autonomous communities (AC), the number of students enrolled, the cost of the SFVS by student and by day, the duration of the SFVS, the quantity of fruits and vegetables (FV) per student and day (g), the variety of FV, the recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods, and the educational activities (EA). The results were studied by the AC which are territorial entities of Spain. The budget almost doubled during the study, thanks mainly to EU funds. However, the number of students increased only from 18% in 2009 to 20% in 2016. The quantity of FV increased from 2579 to 4000 tons, and the duration of the SFVS increased from 9.8 to 19.6 days. In the AC, there were variations in EA, in the number of enrolled students (7.4% to 45.6%), in the cost per student (from €2.3 to €28), and in the duration in days (5.6 to 70 days). The recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods was implemented in five of the eight years studied. The development and scope of the SFVS in Spain are still insufficient to generate an equitable healthy dietary pattern in the school population. However, the SFVS has generated an economic market for agricultural production due to the amount of FV distributed in each academic course.

Effect of Different Feedback Modalities on Swimming Pace: Which Feedback Modality is Most Effective?

To compare the effect of three different feedback modalities on swimming pace, sixteen male swimmers and triathletes participated in this study. Each participant swam 3 x 400 m, one for each feedback modality, swimming front crawl at 80% of their individual swimming critical speed. Three feedback modalities were examined: self-pacing, real time visual feedback and real time voice feedback. The swimmers adopted a fast start in all feedback modalities. In the real time voice feedback modality, the data recorded during the second lap (200 m) showed a significant improvement of their swimming pace approaching the swimming pace intended (-1.47 s, p < .01, medium effect size 0.79). A significant improvement toward the swimming pace intended was also noticed at the third split time (300 m) (0.05 s, p < .01, large effect size 0.81) and at the fourth split time (400 m) (0.46 s, p < .01, medium effect size 0.76). In self-pacing, the swimmers were not able to swim in line with the swimming pace intended. In real time visual feedback modality, the swimmers did not show a significant improvement approaching the swimming pace intended. The results revealed that communication with the swimmers using the real time voice feedback induced a significant improvement in their swimming pace and could help the athletes to swim with accurate and consistent pace.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, is there any relationship with main indices of central fat in adolescent competitive swimmers? / ¿Existe una relación entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y los principales índices de grasa central en nadadores adolescentes de competición?

Introduction: The relationship between adherence to the mediterranean diet and central fat of adolescent competitiveswimmers is under-studied. The fat component is interesting because of its relationship to the horizontal floatation and speedduring the swimming performance. An accumulation of central fat is considered a negative factor for health and performance.This study aimed to check the degree of adherence to the mediterranean diet and its relationship with some indices of centralfat in competitive adolescent swimmers. Material and method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. 74 adolescent swimmers participated in the study(males n= 34, 14.5 ± 1.3 y.o., females n= 40, 13.6 ± 1.2 y.o.). The swimmers completed the KIDMED questionnaire to assesstheir adherence to the mediterranean diet. A II level ISAK anthropometrist carried out the anthropometric data collection atthe beginning of the evening swimming session. Results: The swimmers showed a medium adherence to the mediterranean diet. Male and female swimmers showed simi-lar KIDMED index score (males 8.09 ± 1.5, females 7.23 ± 2.2). Age seems to be a detrimental factor in the adherence to themediterranean diet during adolescence. Female swimmers showed a significant lower waist/hip ratio compared to males(-0.028; p = 0.01). The adherence to the mediterranean diet was not correlated with the anthropometric measures of central fat.Conclusions: Regardless of the adherence to the mediterranean diet, elevated swimming activity maintains indices of centralfat in healthy values. Despite there was no correlation between adherence to the mediterranean diet and the anthropometricmeasures of central fat, there are reasons related to health to improve healthy eating habits of adolescent competitive swimmers.(AU)

Introducción: La relación entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y la grasa central en nadadores adolescentes está pocoestudiada. La grasa es un componente interesante en natación debido a su relación con la flotabilidad horizontal y la velocidadde nado. Una acumulación de grasa a nivel abdominal se considera un factor negativo para la salud y el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y su relación con los principales índicesde grasa central en nadadores adolescentes de competición.Material y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal. 74 nadadores adolescentes participaron al estudio(chicos n= 34, 14,5 ± 1,3 años, chicas n= 40, 13,6 ± 1,2 años). Se valoró la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de los nadadoresa través del cues-tionario KIDMED. Los nadadores fueron medidos antes de una sesión de entrenamiento vespertina. Losnadadores mostraron una adherencia moderada a la dieta mediterránea. Resultados: Chicos y chicas mostraron puntuaciones similares (chicos 8,09 ± 1,5, chicas 7,23 ± 2,2). Durante la adolescencia,a mayor edad parece empeorar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Las chicas mostraron un índice cintura-cadera más bajoen comparación con los hombres (-0,028; p = 0,01). No se encontró asociación entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea ylos principales índices de grasa central.Conclusiones: Independientemente del grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, la elevada actividad natatoria man-tiene los índices de grasa central en valores saludables en los nadadores adolescentes de competición. A pesar de que noencontramos asociación entre las medidas de grasa central y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, existen razones de saludpara implementar habitos alimenticios saludables en nadadores adolescentes de competición.(AU)

El índice de calidad de la dieta mediterránea en la infancia y la adolescencia (KIDMED). Propuesta de actualización para países hispanohablantes / Spanish update of the KIDMED questionnaire, a mediterranean diet quality index in children and adolescents

El cuestionario KIDMED ha sido utilizado desde 2004 para evaluar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de niños y adolescentes. Desde entonces, ha habido un cambio de paradigma en referencia al consumo diario de zumos de fruta y al consumo de cereales integrales. Proponemos una actualización del cuestionario KIDMED en lengua española. En la primera pregunta se propone quitar la expresión "o un zumo natural". En la octava pregunta se añade el término "integral" al consumo diario de pasta y arroz. En la novena pregunta se añade el término "integral" al consumo de cereales y derivados en el desayuno. En la duodécima pregunta se propone la siguiente reformulación: "Salta el desayuno". Con este trabajo se proponen algunas modificaciones al cuestionario KIDMED en lengua española, con el fin de suministrar una herramienta conforme a las nuevas recomendaciones que se han ido implementando en los últimos años para poder considerar si una dieta es correcta en niños y adolescentes

Since 2004 the KIDMED questionnaire has been used to evaluate adherence to the mediterranean diet in children and adolescents. During the last decade, there was a paradigm shift about the daily consumption of fruit juice and whole grains. These changes have led to an update of the KIDMED questionnaire in English. We propose an update of the spanish version of the KIDMED questionnaire. We propose deleting 'or fruit juice' from the first question. In the eighth question we propose adding 'whole-grain' to the daily consumption of pasta and rice. In the ninth question, we propose adding 'whole cereals or whole grains' to the consumption of cereals or grain over breakfast. The twelfth question is reformulated as: "Skips breakfast". We propose some modifications to the spanish version KIDMED questionnaire to provide a tool according to the new recommendations for a healthy diet in children and adolescents

Comparisons of summer break effect on anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype between adolescent swimmers and less active adolescents / Comparación del efecto de las vacaciones de verano en el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y el somatotipo entre nadadores adolescentes y adolescentes menos activos

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare changes in anthropometric profile, body composition, and somatotype of adolescent swimmers and less active adolescents. METHOD: We selected 16 swimmers and 8 less active adolescents. The swimmers were divided based on the amount of swimming activity performed per week. A longitudinal study with repeated measures was carried out. The anthropometric profile, body composition, and somatotype were assessed before and after the summer break from swimming activity. RESULTS: Both groups of swimmers showed more changes in anthropometric profile, body composition, and somatotype than the less active adolescents. The very active swimmers showed a higher increase in the sum of the two central skinfolds than peripheral ones (p = 0.018). Both groups of swimmers had a great increase of the percent change in the sum of the two central skinfolds (medium active swimmers: p = 0.006, medium effect size = 0.72; very active swimmers: p = 0.001, medium effect size = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: The fat component seems to be more variable than the muscular and bone component during 55 - 65 days of summer break from swimming activity. The two groups of swimmers showed a preferential accumulation of central fat after the summer break compared to the less active adolescents. The suprailiac and abdominal skinfolds could be used as early predictive measurements to assess changes in body fat

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los cambios en el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y el somatotipo entre nadadores adolescentes y adolescentes sedentarios. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal con medidas repetidas. Se analizó el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y el somatotipo antes y después del verano. Se seleccionaron 24 adolescentes: 16 nadadores y 8 sedentarios. Los nadadores se dividieron en dos grupos según los minutos de entrenamiento realizado por semana: actividad intensa = 960 minutos, actividad media = 480 minutos. RESULTADOS: Los nadadores mostraron mayores cambios en el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y el somatotipo respecto a los adolescentes sedentarios tras el verano. Ambos grupos de nadadores tuvieron un aumento en la suma de los dos pliegues centrales (nadadores de actividad media: p = 0.006, tamaño de efecto medio = 0.72; nadadores de actividad intensa: p = 0.001, tamaño de efecto medio = 0.64). Los nadadores de actividad intensa mostraron un aumento en la suma de los dos pliegues centrales frente a los periféricos (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONES: En nadadores adolescentes, la grasa corporal parece ser más variable frente al componente muscular y óseo después del verano. Ambos grupos de nadadores mostraron una acumulación preferencial de grasa central después del verano frente a los adolescentes sedentarios. Los pliegues centrales podrían usarse como medidas predictivas tempranas para evaluar los cambios en la grasa corporal