Serum thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels and its relation with pathogenesis and bleeding and prognosis in patients with Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever, which is common in Turkey and globally. The pathogenesis of coagulation disorders, which is seen in viral hemorrhagic fevers remains to be elucidated. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) has a key role in this process In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether TAFI levels contributed to bleeding and whether it is related to prognosis in CCHF patients. Eighty-four patients older than 15 years of age, who were admitted to our hospital who had positive immunoglobulin M (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) and/or polymerase chain reaction test results for CCHF between 2009 and 2010, were included in the study. The control group included 30 healthy adults. The plasma TAFI levels were compared between patients and controls, and also between patients with bleeding and no bleeding, and between patients with mild-moderate and severe disease. The mean TAFI levels were lower in patients (mean: 87.82 ng/ml, median: 61.69 ng/ml (interquartile range [IQR] 30.49-537.95) than controls (mean: 313.5 ng/ml with a median: 338.5 ng/ml (IQR 182-418). However, median TAFI levels were significantly higher in patients with bleeding compared to those without bleeding (78.99 and 50.28 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.032). Median IQR TAFI levels were similar between patients with mild-moderate and severe disease (64.72 (41.37-113.85), and, 58.66 (42.44-118.93) ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.09) and survivors and nonsurvivors (86.14 ± 77.98 and 103.48 ± 69.92, respectively; p = 0.3). Although TAFI levels were lower in the patients with CCHF compared to healthy controls, it does not seem to be a major player in the prognosis.

Multidrug resistance in pathogens of community-acquired urinary tract infections in Turkey: a multicentre prospective observational study

BACKGROUND: To have country-wide information about multidrug resistance (MDR) in isolates from community-acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) of Turkey, in terms of resistance rates and useful options. METHODS: We used a geocode standard, nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS), and a total of 1588 community-acquired isolates of 20 centres from 12 different NUTS regions between March 2019 and March 2020 were analysed. RESULTS: Of the 1588 culture growths, 1269 (79. 9%) were Escherichia coli and 152 (9.6%) were Klebsiella spp. Male sex, advancedage, and having two or more risk factors showed a statistically significant relation with MDR existence (p < 0.001, p: 0.014, p < 0.001, respectively) that increasing number of risk factors or degree of advancing in age directly affects the number of antibiotic groups detected to have resistance by pathogens. In total, MDR isolates corresponded to 36.1% of our CAUTI samples; MDR existence was 35.7% in E. coli isolates and 57.2% in Klebsiella spp. isolates. Our results did not show an association between resistance or MDR occurrence rates and NUTS regions. DISCUSSION: The necessity of urine culture in outpatient clinics should be taken into consideration, at least after evaluating risk factorsfor antibacterial resistance individually. Community-acquired UTIs should be followed up time- and region-dependently. Antibiotic stewardship programmes should be more widely and effectively administrated.

Predicting diabetic foot ulcer infection using the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be used in the early stage risk assessment and follow-up in diabetic foot infection. METHODS: Over a five-year study, NLR values on admission and day 14 of treatment were matched with their laboratory and clinical data in a cohort study. Patients were followed-up or consulted in several clinics or polyclinics (infectious diseases). RESULTS: Admission time NLR was higher, in severe cases as indicated by both Wagner and PEDIS infection scores (severe versus mild Wagner score NLR 6.7 versus 4.2; p=0.04; for PEDIS score NLR 6.3 versus 3.6; p=0.03, respectively). In patients who underwent vascular intervention (12.6 versus 4.6; p=0.02); amputation indicated (9.2 versus 4.1; p=0.005) and healed afterwards (6.9 versus 4.3; p<0,001), when matched with others. NLR was also found to be correlated with duration of both IV antibiotic treatment (r=0.374; p=0.005) and hospitalisation (r=0.337; p=0.02). Day 14 NLR was higher in patients who underwent vascular intervention (5.1 versus 2.9; p=0.007) when matched to others. CONCLUSION: Patients with higher NLR values at admission had more severe diabetic foot infection, higher risk for amputation, need for long-term hospitalisation and aggressive treatment. However, they also have more chance of benefit from treatment.

Serum sTREM-1 level is quite higher in Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, a viral infection.

Members of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) family are known as immunmodulators in several infectious or noninfectious inflammatory disorders. The information about their role in viral infections is very limited. To enlighten if there is a relation between soluble TREM-1(sTREM-1) and a viral infection, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), we investigated the levels of sTREM-1 in the sera of 39 CCHF patients both at admission and at recovery and compared with 40 healthy controls by using microELISA technique. Statistical analysis was made by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 20 programme. Value of P < 0.05 was accepted as significant for statistical analyses. Median sTREM-1 level was higher in CCHF group when compared to the control group (1,961 vs. 151.1 pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). In CCHF patients, sTREM-1 levels were significantly decreased at recovery compared to initial level measured at hospital admission (1,961 vs. 948 pg/ml, respectively; P = 0.019). ΔsTREM-1 is correlated with ΔCRP, ΔWBC, and ΔPlt. We found that serum levels of sTREM-1 higher than 405.9 pg/ml existed as a cut off point for differentiating CCHF patients and control group with a sensitivity of 94.9% and specifity of 87.5%. It is proved that sTREM-1 is increased and correlates with the clinical and laboratory findings in CCHF, a viral infection characterized by activation of inflammation. This finding may lead new studies to enlighten the pathogenesis of infections developing by activation of inflammatory cascades and high level cytokine releases, especially. J. Med. Virol. 88:1473-1478, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Mortality predictors of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the causes of both community and healthcare-associated bacteremia. The attributable mortality of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) is still higher and predictors for mortality and clinical outcomes of this condition are need to be clarified. In this prospective observational study, we aimed to examine the predictive factors for mortality in patients with SAB in eight Turkish tertiary care hospitals. METHODS: Adult patients with signs and symptoms of bacteremia with positive blood cultures for S. aureus were included. All data for episodes of SAB including demographics, clinical and laboratory findings, antibiotics, and outcome were recorded for a 3-year (2010-2012) period. Cox proportional hazard model with forward selection was used to assess the independent effect of risk factors on mortality. A 28-day mortality was the dependent variable in the Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 255 episodes of SAB were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 59 years. Fifty-five percent of the episodes were considered as primary SAB and vascular catheter was the source of 42.1 %. Healthcare associated SAB was defined in 55.7 %. Blood cultures yielded methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as a cause of SAB in 39.2 %. Initial empirical therapy was inappropriate in 28.2 %. Although overall mortality was observed in 52 (20.4 %), 28-day mortality rate was 15.3 %. Both the numbers of initial inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment and the median hours to start an appropriate antibiotic between the cases of fatal outcome and survivors after fever onset were found to be similar (12/39 vs 60/216 and 6 vs 12 h, respectively; p > 0.05). High Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score (p = 0.002), MRSA (p = 0.017), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p < 0.001) and prior exposure to antibiotics (p = 0.002) all were significantly associated with mortality. The Cox analysis defined age [Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.03; p = 0.023], ICU admission (HR 6.9; p = 0.002), and high CCI score (HR 1.32; p = 0.002) as the independent predictive factors mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this prospective study showed that age, ICU stay and high CCI score of a patient were the independent predictors of mortality and MRSA was also significantly associated with mortality in SAB.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Diabetic Foot Patients: A Shift in the Infectious Agent Profile Toward Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes foot infection is a very important public health problem that causes serious health problems, mortality, and high health expenditures, and is one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus. There are concerns that approaches such as limited personal visits to doctors, avoidance of hospitals, and restrictions on nonemergency surgical procedures during the coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic pose a threat to those with diabetic foot problems, including diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), ischemia, and infection, resulting in increased limb loss and mortality. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 tertiary care hospitals from various regions of Turkey. A total of 1,394 patient records were evaluated, 794 of which were between January 1, 2019, and January 30, 2020 (prepandemic [Pre-P]), and 605 of which were between February 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021 (pandemic period [PP]). RESULTS: During the PP, diabetic foot patient follow-up decreased by 23.8%. In addition, the number of hospitalizations attributable to DFU has decreased significantly during the PP (P = .035). There was no difference between the groups regarding patient demographics, medical history, DFU severity, biochemical and radiologic findings, or comorbidities, but the mean duration of diabetes mellitus years was longer in patients in the Pre-P than in those in the PP (15.1 years versus 13.7 years). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of major complications such as limb loss and mortality, but infection recurrence was higher in the PP than in the Pre-P (12.9% versus 11.4%; P < .05). The prevalence of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria as causative agents in DFU infections increased during the PP. In particular, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas spp. increased statistically during the PP. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid adaptation to the pandemic with the measures and changes developed by the multidisciplinary diabetic foot care committees may be the reasons why there was no increase in complications because of DFU during the pandemic in Turkey.

The Effects of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Compatibility of Initial Antibiotic Treatment on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Diabetic Foot Infection.

We aimed to determine pathogen microorganisms, their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the effect of initial treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic foot infection (DFI). Patients with DFI from 5 centers were included in this multicenter observational prospective study between June 2018 and June 2019. Multivariate analysis was performed for the predictors of reinfection/death and major amputation. A total of 284 patients were recorded. Of whom, 193 (68%) were male and the median age was 59.9 ± 11.3 years. One hundred nineteen (41.9%) patients had amputations, as the minor (n = 83, 29.2%) or major (n = 36, 12.7%). The mortality rate was 1.7% with 4 deaths. A total of 247 microorganisms were isolated from 200 patients. The most common microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (n = 36, 14.6%) and Escherichia coli (n = 32, 13.0%). Methicillin resistance rates were 19.4% and 69.6% in S aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., respectively. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 4 of 22 (18.2%) isolates. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria were detected in 20 (38.5%) isolates of E coli (14 of 32) and Klebsiella spp. (6 of 20). When the initial treatment was inappropriate, Klebsiella spp. related reinfection within 1 to 3 months was observed more frequently. Polymicrobial infection (p = .043) and vancomycin treatment (p = .007) were independent predictors of reinfection/death. Multivariate analysis revealed vascular insufficiency (p = .004), hospital readmission (p = .009), C-reactive protein > 130 mg/dL (p = .007), and receiving carbapenems (p = .005) as independent predictors of major amputation. Our results justify the importance of using appropriate narrow-spectrum empirical antimicrobials because higher rates of reinfection and major amputation were found even in the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

The evaluation of pancreas ß-cell autoantibodies in non-diabetic COVID-19 patients.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate potential pancreas endocrine damage due to SARS-CoV-2 by measuring ß-cell autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients. Subjects and methods: Between June and July 2020, 95 inpatients with a positive COVID-19 test result after polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in our study. Laboratory parameters that belong to glucose metabolism and ß-cell autoantibodies, including anti-islet, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase, and anti-insulin autoantibodies, were measured. ß-cell autoantibodies levels of the patients were measured during COVID-19 diagnosis. Positive results were reevaluated in the 3rd month of control. Results: In the initial evaluation, 4 (4.2%) patients were positive for anti-islet autoantibody. Only one (1.1%) patient was positive for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. No patient had positive results for anti-insulin autoantibody. FPG, HbA1c, and C-peptide levels were similar in patients who were split into groups regarding the initial positive or negative status of anti-islet and anti-GAD autoantibodies (p>0.05). In the 3rd month after the initial measurements, anti-islet autoantibody positivity of 2 (50%) of 4 patients and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase positivity of 1 (100%) patient were persistent. Finally, 3 (3.1%) patients in the whole group were positive for anti-islet autoantibody in the 3rd month of control. No difference was determined between the initial and the 3rd month of parameters of glucose metabolism. Conclusion: Following an ongoing autoantibody positivity in the present study brings the mind that SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for the diabetogenic effect. Clinicians should be aware of autoantibody-positive DM as a potential autoimmune complication in patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Renal injury due to hepatic hydatid disease.

BACKGROUND: Many studies on renal hydatid disease have been reported in the literature, and the disease process appears to be well defined. However, renal injury without direct renal invasion remains poorly understood. The present study aims to define the frequency and the property of the renal involvement in hydatid disease. METHODS: Eighty patients older than 18 years and diagnosed with liver echinococcosis were included in the study. The echinococcosis was diagnosed by the haemagglutination test and abdominal ultrasonography. Twenty-four-hour protein excretion was measured for patients who had elevated serum creatinine levels or whose urinalyses were positive for haematuria or proteinuria. Subsequently, renal biopsy was performed, and the specimens were examined by light microscopy and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Haematuria was detected in 11 patients (13.75%), and proteinuria was detected in nine patients (11.25%). Percutaneous renal biopsy was applied to nine patients who gave signed consents to undergo the test. We detected four immunoglobulin A nephritis (together with tubulointerstitial nephritis in one patient), one membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, one immunoglobulin M nephritis together with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, one membranous glomerulonephritis, one amyloidosis and one tubulointerstitial nephritis. Renal hydatid cyst was detected only in four patients (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Hydatid disease, which affects the kidney, is not rare, and we suggest that urinalysis and, if indicated, renal biopsy should be performed for hepatic hydatid disease diagnosis.

Evaluation of Post-operative Meningitis: Comparison of Meningitis Caused by Acinetobacter spp. and Other Possible Causes.

AIM: To analyse postoperative meningitis (POM) after craniotomy, and to compare the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes and mortality rates of POM that were caused by Acinetobacter spp. or other possible causes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, POM cases in our hospital between 2008 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were divided into three groups; Acinetobacter spp. meningitis (case group), non-Acinetobacter bacterial meningitis (control group 1) and culture negative meningitis (control group 2). Demographic, clinical, laboratory features, treatment modalities and mortality rates were compared between case and control groups. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients with POM were included in the study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture results were negative in 50 (44.6%) patients; bacteria were isolated from CSF of 62 (55.3%) patients. Acinetobacter spp. was isolated from 28 (45%) patients, while bacteria other than Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 34 (55%) patients. No significant differences were observed between case and control groups in terms of age, gender, comorbidity and operation type. For the case group, change of treatment according to culture result was significantly different from control groups (p < 0.001). Mortality was 55.6% in the case group, 24.2% in control group 1 (p=0.013), and 24% in control group 2 (p=0.006). In multivariate analysis, isolation of Acinetobacter spp. from CSF culture [OR < sub > adj < /sub > 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.2-22.0, p=0.026] and inappropriate treatment (OR < sub > adj < /sub > 15.7, 95%CI:3.6-68.9, p < 0.001) were determined to be independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Postoperative meningitis, especially caused by Acinetobacter spp., and its inappropriate empirical treatment are associated with high mortality.

Is West Nile Virus infection associated with myasthenia gravis?

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease which is characterised by disruption of signal transmission at neuromuscular junction. We aimed to search about a newly reported association between MG and West Nile Virus (WNV) infection. METHODS: We searched WNV IgG by ELISA in serum samples of 50 available MG patients and 38 controls. RESULTS: None of the samples gave positive results for past WNV infection. CONCLUSION: No evidence of past WNV infection was found in our study population of MG patients. This may have been because MG has been showed to be related with neuroinvasive WNV, which none of our study subjects seem to have had based on their stories. New multicentre studies focusing on immunological mechanisms and held with larger groups or especially neuroinvasive disease patients can cast light onto the answer of this question.

The evaluation of pancreas β-cell autoantibodies in non-diabetic COVID-19 patients

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to evaluate potential pancreas endocrine damage due to SARS-CoV-2 by measuring β-cell autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients. Subjects and methods: Between June and July 2020, 95 inpatients with a positive COVID-19 test result after polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in our study. Laboratory parameters that belong to glucose metabolism and β-cell autoantibodies, including anti-islet, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase, and anti-insulin autoantibodies, were measured. β-cell autoantibodies levels of the patients were measured during COVID-19 diagnosis. Positive results were reevaluated in the 3rd month of control. Results: In the initial evaluation, 4 (4.2%) patients were positive for anti-islet autoantibody. Only one (1.1%) patient was positive for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. No patient had positive results for anti-insulin autoantibody. FPG, HbA1c, and C-peptide levels were similar in patients who were split into groups regarding the initial positive or negative status of anti-islet and anti-GAD autoantibodies (p>0.05). In the 3rd month after the initial measurements, anti-islet autoantibody positivity of 2 (50%) of 4 patients and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase positivity of 1 (100%) patient were persistent. Finally, 3 (3.1%) patients in the whole group were positive for anti-islet autoantibody in the 3rd month of control. No difference was determined between the initial and the 3rd month of parameters of glucose metabolism. Conclusion: Following an ongoing autoantibody positivity in the present study brings the mind that SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for the diabetogenic effect. Clinicians should be aware of autoantibody-positive DM as a potential autoimmune complication in patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Antibiotic consumption in Turkish hospitals; a multi-centre point prevalence study.

This multi-centre study aimed to determine the antibiotic consumption in Turkish hospitals by point prevalence. Antibiotic consumption of 14 centres was determined using the DDD method. Among hospitalized patients, 44.8% were using antibiotics and the total antibiotic consumption was 674.5 DDD/1000 patient-days (DPD). 189.6 (28%) DPD of the antibiotic consumption was restricted while 484.9 (72%) DPD was unrestricted. Carbapenems (24%) and beta lactam/beta lactamase inhibitors (ampicillin-sulbactam or amoxicillin-clavulanate; 22%) were the most commonly used restricted and unrestricted antibiotics. Antibiotics were most commonly used in intensive care units (1307.7 DPD). Almost half of the hospitalized patients in our hospitals were using at least one antibiotic. Moreover, among these antibiotics, the most commonly used ones were carbapenems, quinolones and cephalosporins, which are known to cause collateral damage. We think that antibiotic resistance, which is seen at considerably high rates in our hospitals, is associated with this level of consumption.

A case of bilateral psoas abscesses and lumbar osteomyelitis due to recurrent salmonella infection.

Psoas abscess and lumbar osteomyelitis due to salmonella infection is very rare, although it is frequently seen all over the world. These two complications have severe clinical progress, poor prognosis and high mortality. Here, we report a case of salmonellosis presenting with bilateral multiple psoas abscesses and lumbar osteomyelitis, which resolved completely following medical treatment and percutoneous drainage of abscess.

Subacute thyroiditis following seasonal influenza vaccination.

A peritoneal dialysis patient who experienced a repeating attack after a vaccination for influenza while she was being followed and treated succesfully for subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is presented. This case shows SAT as a rare condition following vaccination.. Thus, SAT should be considered as a possible outcome following influenza vaccination and flu-like syndrome.

Does education effect the rates of prophylactic vaccination in elderly diabetics?

AIMS: This study is performed for inspecting vaccination rates in geriatric patients, negatory effects leading to unvaccination and changes occurring in vaccination rates by patient education. METHODS: This study is planned in a combination of two formats: retrospectively for determining last 5years' vaccination rates of patients and prospectively for determining the change in vaccination rates after patient education. Totally 579 diabetic patients, 206 patients of 65years and over (group 1) and 373 patients under 65years (group 2) were admitted to the study. RESULTS: Among preeducational reasons of avoiding vaccination, not to need vaccination was more frequently seen in group 2 when compared to group 1 (98.1% vs 91.7%, p<0.001). Pneumococ, influenzae and hepatitis vaccination rates all increased after education in the whole study population. (1.4% vs 12.4%, 12.1% vs 36.6%, 0.5% vs 3.8%, respectively; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It is seen that giving detailed information to geriatric patients about necessary vaccines and removing suspicions and anxiety about vaccination (about adverse events, for example) makes the vaccination rates raise. Primarily health professionals should be educated for this aim and they shouldn't withhold the effort to give sufficient education to patients on time.

Impact of antimicrobial drug restrictions on doctors' behaviors.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Broad-spectrum antibiotics have become available for use only with the approval of infectious disease specialists (IDSs) since 2003 in Turkey. This study aimed to analyze the tendencies of doctors who are not disease specialists (non-IDSs) towards the restriction of antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire form was prepared, which included a total of 22 questions about the impact of antibiotic restriction (AR) policy, the role of IDSs in the restriction, and the perception of this change in antibiotic consumption. The questionnaire was completed by each participating physician. RESULTS: A total of 1906 specialists from 20 cities in Turkey participated in the study. Of those who participated, 1271 (67.5%) had ≤5 years of occupational experience (junior specialists = JSs) and 942 (49.4%) of them were physicians. Specialists having >5 years of occupational experience in their branch expressed that they followed the antibiotic guidelines more strictly than the JSs (P < 0.05) and 755 of physicians (88%) and 720 of surgeons (84.6%) thought that the AR policy was necessary and useful (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that the AR policy was supported by most of the specialists. Physicians supported this restriction policy more so than surgeons did.

Causative pathogens and antibiotic resistance in diabetic foot infections: A prospective multi-center study.

AIM: Clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic foot infections developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) are commonly used worldwide. The issue of whether or not these guidelines need to be adjusted for local circumstances, however, has seldom been assessed in large prospective trials. METHODS: The Turk-DAY trial was a prospective, multi-center study in which infectious disease specialists from centers across Turkey were invited to participate (NCT02026830). RESULTS: A total of 35 centers throughout Turkey enrolled patients in the trial. Overall, investigators collected a total of 522 specimens from infected diabetic foot wounds for culture from 447 individual patients. Among all isolates, 36.4% were gram-positive organisms, with Staphylococcus aureus the most common among these (11.4%). Gram-negative organisms constituted 60.2% of all the isolates, and the most commonly isolated gram-negative was Escherichia coli (15%). The sensitivity rates of the isolated species were remarkably low for several antimicrobials used in the mild infection group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, several of the antimicrobials frequently used for empirical treatment, including some also recommended in the IDSA guidelines, would not be optimal for treating diabetic foot infections in Turkey. Although the IDSA guideline recommendations may be helpful to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy of DFIs, they should be adjusted to local conditions.

Evaluation of Prognostic Values of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Patients.

BACKGROUND: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread disease in Turkey, and was responsible for many deaths in endemic regions during the last decade. The pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood yet. OBJECTIVES: In this study we aimed to determine the levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as predictors of prognosis in CCHF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who were diagnosed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM positivity in the reference laboratory were included in this study. Tissue Plasminogen activator and PAI-1 levels were measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial kit (human t-PA ELISA and human PAL-1 ELISA; BioVendor research and diagnostic products, BioVendor-Laboratorni medicina a.s., Brno, Czech Republic). RESULTS: A total of 46 patients participated in this study. The significant differences between recovering patients and the patients who died, regarding Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Prothrombin Time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin time (aPTT), and thrombocyte and fibrinogen levels, were consistent with many clinical studies in the literature. The fatal cases were found to have higher tPA and PAI-1 levels in contrast to the patients who completely recovered. CONCLUSIONS: We think that these findings may help the progress of understanding of CCHF pathogenesis.

Comparison of colistin monotherapy and non-colistin combinations in the treatment of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp. bloodstream infections: a multicenter retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of colistin (COL) monotherapy versus non-COL based combinations in the treatment of bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to multidrug resistant Acinetobacter spp.(MDR-A). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data of 107 MDR-A BSI cases from 27 tertiary centers in Turkey were included. PRIMARY END-POINT: 14-day mortality. SECONDARY END-POINTS: Microbial eradication and clinical improvement. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients in the COL monotherapy (CM) group and 71 in the non-COL based combinations (NCC) group were included in the study. Mean age was 59.98 ± 20 years (range: 18-89) and 50.5% were male. Median duration of follow-up was 40 days (range: 9-297). The 14-day survival rates were 52.8% in CM and 47.23% in NCC group (P = 0.36). Microbiological eradication was achieved in 69% of CM and 83% of NCC group (P = 0.13). Treatment failure was detected in 22.9% of cases in both CM and NCC groups. Univariate analysis revealed that mean age (P = 0.001), Charlson comorbidity index (P = 0.03), duration of hospital stay before MDR-A BSI (P = 0.04), Pitt bacteremia score (P = 0.043) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = 0.05) were significant in terms of 14-day mortality. Advanced age (P = 0.01) and duration of hospital stay before MDR-A BSI (P = 0.04) were independently associated with 14-day mortality in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was detected between CM and non-COL based combinations in the treatment of MDR-A BSIs in terms of efficacy and 14-day mortality.