Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae and investigation of coinfection with the caprine lentivirus in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

Contagious agalactia is a disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae that leads to a reduction or complete stop of milk production. Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is an infectious disease caused by a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family, member of the small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) group. Although these diseases are caused by distinct pathogens, the clinical presentation is similar. Hence, this study aimed to perform a serological investigation, as well as to assess correlation between both diseases and risk factors associated in two mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for contagious agalactia and western blot for CAE. A total of 538 serum samples were used in this study that were collected from goats and sorted from a blood bank of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in flocks from Rio Grande do Norte was 7.8% (42/538). In both regions that were investigated, 25.9% (14/54) of farms had positive animals. CAE results revealed that 3.9% (21/538) of animals and 42.6% (23/54) of farms had this disease. Concerning risk factors, only sex and animal category presented significant relevance (P < 0.05) for contagious agalactia, in which females presented higher frequency of seropositive individuals (10.1%; 39/387). In the animal category, 4.3% (14/326) and 11.1% (36/323) of female breeders were positive for CAE and contagious agalactia, respectively, and significance was identified only in the latter (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there was no correlation between the investigated diseases, considering that no animal demonstrated antibodies for both pathogens.

Seroepidemiological study of Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep from the Northeast region of Brazil using an indirect ELISA.

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of seropositivity Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep in five states of northeastern Brazil, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). Young and adult sheep of both sexes were used. Blood samples were collected from 2638 sheep from 223 herds across all states. For the i-ELISA, antigens produced from the strain of C. pseudotuberculosis BRM 029971, a bacterial isolate from the Northeast region of Brazil, were used. Sensitivity and specificity indexes were calculated for the validation of the test, using as reference 49 and 134 serum samples from sheep known to be positive and negative, respectively. The i-ELISA presented four false-negative and four false-positive results, showing a specificity of 97.01%, a sensitivity of 91.84%, and an accuracy of 95.63%. These results were calculated based on an optical density (OD) cutoff point = 0.138. Of the 2638 sheep tested, 996 (37.76%, 95% CI = 35.93-39.62%) were seropositive, and of the 223 evaluated herds, 210 (94.17%, 95% CI = 90.28-96.56%) seropositive. The i-ELISA showed adequate sensitivity and specificity, proving to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep. Infection by C. pseudotuberculosis, determined by serology, is disseminated in the sheep herds in the states of Northeast Brazil. Thus, there is a need to implement effective control measures that prevent the spread of infectious agents.

Seroepidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with seroconversion to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in goats from Northeastern Brazil.

Goat breeding in the Northeast region of Brazil plays an important socioeconomic role. However, there are significant losses caused by sanitary deficits and infectious diseases, particularly caseous lymphadenitis (CL). Although CL is considered endemic in Northeastern Brazil, a comprehensive and up-to-date study of this disease in goat herds in this region is necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the farm-level and animal-level seroprevalences for the disease and to identify the possible risk factors that characterize CL in the caprine species of five Northeastern's states (Ceará, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe). A total of 2744 goat serum samples from 230 farms were collected between 2010 and 2012. The diagnosis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection was performed using the indirect ELISA technique. Farm-level and animal-level seroprevalences were 87.8% and 30.3%, respectively, suggesting that C. pseudotuberculosis is widespread in goat herds of the Northeast region. The risk factors were as follows: absence of forage silage (odds ratio = 5.39), not separating animals by sex (odds ratio = 4.16) or by age (odds ratio = 6.30), not replacing old goat breeders (odds ratio = 7.80), and non-treatment of CL lumps prior to spontaneous rupture (odds ratio = 10.34). This study supports the idea that caseous lymphadenitis is widely disseminated in goats from Northeastern Brazil and based on the risk factor analysis attention should be given to the need to establish adequate control measures, such as incision and early drainage of superficial abscesses, quarantine and elimination of affected animals, periodic inspection of the herd, non-introduction of infected animals, and early disposal of animals with recurrent CL.

Risk factors associated with Leptospira sp. seroprevalence in goats in Northeast of Brazil.

Goat farming is of great importance for agriculture in Northeast of Brazil, which owns more than 90 % of the national herd, however, most studies on leptospirosis in goats in this region are local surveys with unplanned sampling. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in goats in Northeast region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 4121 goats from 222 herds, belonging to the states of Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí , Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe. Serological diagnosis was carried out using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In 82.9 % (95 % CI = 77.3-87.2 %) of the herds there was at least one animal seropositive for at least one of the serogroups of Leptospira sp., and 18.73 % (95 % CI = 17.5-19.9 %) of the animals were seropositive. Antibody titers ranged from 100 to 800 and the most frequent serogroups were Autumnalis (23.06 %) and Australis (20.98 %). According to the robust Poisson regression analysis, four factors were associated with seroprevalence: animal sex (female) (P = 0.040), educational level of the farmer (elementary school) (P < 0.001), contacting institution for technical support (P = 0.040) and presence of irrigation area (P = 0.002). There was a high frequency of Leptospira sp. in goats in the states of Northeast region of Brazil, and it's suggested the need for better technological and preventive assistance of herds.

Factors associated with the seroprevalence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep from Northeastern Brazil.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is one of the main infectious diseases in sheep, responsible for great economic losses, mainly in Northeast region of Brazil, which has the largest sheep flock in the country. Thus, the aim of this survey was to determine the factors associated with the seroprevalence of this disease in sheep from Northeastern Brazil using a planned sample of flocks and animals. Samples were collected from 2312 adult and young sheep of both sex from 196 farms, located in 51 municipalities in five Northeastern Brazilian states (Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe). Serological diagnosis was performed using the indirect ELISA technique. Factors associated with seropositivity were identified by variables extracted from epidemiological questionnaires administered to breeders, using univariable and multivariable analyses. Factors associated with prevalence were purebred sheep (Prevalence ratio - PR = 1.189; P = 0.017), ram acquisition from animal expositions (PR = 1.192; P = 0.020), offspring is separated from ewes (PR = 1.132; P = 0.048), water supplied to sheep from ponds (PR = 1.365; P = 0.002), and delayed disposal of infected animals (PR = 1.263; P = 0.027). Flock-level and animal-level prevalences were 93.88 % (95 % CI = 89.60-96.46%) and 37.46 % (95 % CI = 35.51-39.45%), respectively. In view of the high prevalence found here and based on the associated factors, the implementation of an efficient CL control programme in Northeastern Brazil is recommended.

Risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus in sheep farms in Ceará, Brazil

Background: Chlamydia abortus infections (Chlamydiosis) can cause reproductive problems in sheep, such as abortionsand birth defects, leading to farm productivity loss. The symptoms, which are similar to other reproductive diseases, andthe microbial pathogenesis make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Chlamydia abortus is a zoonotic pathogen, making it apublic health issue because it can infect and induce abortions in humans. This study investigated anti-C. abortus antibodylevels and infection risk factors in sheep in the State of Ceará, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-three properties from 10 municipalities in 4 mesoregions in the State of Ceará, Brazil(Sertões, metropolitan Fortaleza, North Ceará and Northwest Ceará) with sheep, goats, cattle, and horses were visited.Five hundred and four serological samples from sheep were collected and tested for anti-C. abortus antibodies using anEnzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) [IDEXX®, Australia] and all procedures were performed in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of EMBRAPA Goats and Sheep (Sobral, Brazil). Individual questionnaires were completed about sheep breeding practices and to identify possible C. abortus risks.Seropositive results were found in 18.45 % (93/504 individuals) of sheep, and 88.37 % (38/43 properties) of the herds hadat least one seropositive animal. The number of seropositive individuals was significantly different between adults andewes [P < 0.01; Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.510; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.306 - 0.850]. Logistic regression modelingidentified a missing health certificate request for newly acquired animals as a chlamydiosis risk factor [P = 0.038; OR =2.672; 95% CI = 1.058 - 6.749].Discussion: The prevalence of anti-C. abortus...

Spatial distribution of serologically reactive sheep to Leptospira spp. in the northeast region of Brazil

Considering the importance of leptospirosis in sheep farming and public health and the significance of identifying which serogroups circulate in sheep within each region, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of the most frequent serogroups causing infection by Leptospira sp. in ovine herds in the Northeast region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 4197 sheep from 229 herds in 7 Northeastern States. Sera were analyzed via microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The frequency of seroreactive sheep for Leptospira sp. was 14.06%. The states of Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, located in the Caatinga biome, had the highest frequencies of serologically reactive sheep, and Maranhão, in the Cerrado biome, had the lowest frequency. The most frequent serogroups were Autumnalis (19.49%), Australis (15.76%) and Serjoe (14.41%). In the states of Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, 100% of their municipalities had at least one seroreactive animal. The highest frequencies of seropositive animals were found in the municipalities of União (50%), Passagem (49.06%), Canindé (48.89%), Igaci (28.95%), Gararu (31.2%), Pirapemas (17.5%), and Angicos (16%) located in the states of Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Alagoas, Sergipe, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte, respectively. The animal-level prevalence (14.06%) obtained in the present study is significant, especially considering the rustic nature of the species and the adverse conditions of the region for the infectious agent. In semi-arid conditions, it has been suggested that perhaps sheep do not seroconvert detectable titers on MAT with a cut-off point of 1:100. It is important to highlight that the ovine population in the Northeast region of Brazil is composed of mixed animals, which have been considered more resistant to infection by Leptospira spp. Also, environmental factors hostile to the survival of the infectious agent in the studied region should be taken into consideration, since they may have influenced the seropositive animal-level prevalence. A noteworthy variation was observed in agglutinin titers, which ranged from 100 to 1,600, where 80.2% of the positive samples had titers ≤ 200. It is important to highlight that more elevated titers (≥ 400) were obtained in all seven states, which may suggest an acute infection caused by a non-adapted serovar, indicating that preventive and control measures focused on possible infection sources for sheep should be adopted. Although some states showed the same serogroups as the most frequent, a variety of serogroups was observed in municipalities, which may indicate different sources of infection, whether interspecies, intraspecies, or via alternative routes of transmission in semi-arid conditions, such as venereal. This indicates that even though sheep are more resistant to infection, they become exposed due to the environment or management conditions. As such, identification, isolation, and treatment of the affected animals are alternative measures recommended for prevention and control of leptospirosis in sheep in the semi-arid region. It is evident that despite the lack of rain observed in the last decade in the Northeast region of Brazil, which prevented the formation of favorable environments for the presence of Leptospira, the infectious agent remains among the sheep, as well as other production and wild animals in the region. Some factors may be contributing to this scenario, such as the fact that sheep farming in the region is = characterized mainly by subsistence systems, where veterinary assistance and adequate sanitary management are absent, thus increasing the possibility of contact with Leptospira. (AU)

Risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus in sheep farms in Ceará, Brazil

Background: Chlamydia abortus infections (Chlamydiosis) can cause reproductive problems in sheep, such as abortionsand birth defects, leading to farm productivity loss. The symptoms, which are similar to other reproductive diseases, andthe microbial pathogenesis make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Chlamydia abortus is a zoonotic pathogen, making it apublic health issue because it can infect and induce abortions in humans. This study investigated anti-C. abortus antibodylevels and infection risk factors in sheep in the State of Ceará, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-three properties from 10 municipalities in 4 mesoregions in the State of Ceará, Brazil(Sertões, metropolitan Fortaleza, North Ceará and Northwest Ceará) with sheep, goats, cattle, and horses were visited.Five hundred and four serological samples from sheep were collected and tested for anti-C. abortus antibodies using anEnzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) [IDEXX®, Australia] and all procedures were performed in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of EMBRAPA Goats and Sheep (Sobral, Brazil). Individual questionnaires were completed about sheep breeding practices and to identify possible C. abortus risks.Seropositive results were found in 18.45 % (93/504 individuals) of sheep, and 88.37 % (38/43 properties) of the herds hadat least one seropositive animal. The number of seropositive individuals was significantly different between adults andewes [P < 0.01; Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.510; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.306 - 0.850]. Logistic regression modelingidentified a missing health certificate request for newly acquired animals as a chlamydiosis risk factor [P = 0.038; OR =2.672; 95% CI = 1.058 - 6.749].Discussion: The prevalence of anti-C. abortus...(AU)

Assessment of caseous lymphadenitis in goats in a slaughterhouse in the Brazilian semi-arid region and estimates of economic losses due to carcass condemnation / Avaliação da linfadenite caseosa em caprinos em um abatedouro na região do semiárido brasileiro e estimativas de perdas econômicas por condenação de carcaças

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, results in economic loss in goat farming. Its prevalence in Brazilian herds varies from 5 to 50%, generating expenses with treatment, loss in production, carcass and organ condemnation, and reduced price of the hide. This study aimed to describe the distribution of lesions and quantify the loss associated with CLA in goat breeding due to condemnation in a slaughterhouse located in a semiarid region. The study was conducted at the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Patos, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, where goats from this intermediate geographical region are slaughtered. In 2017, 3,662 animals were slaughtered, an average of 305 per month. During the study period, from March to August 2017, 304 goats of both sexes and different ages of undefined breed were assessed. In the ante-mortem examination, inspection and palpation of the superficial lymph nodes was done; in the post-mortem examination, organ and viscera were assessed. The caseous material collected was sent for microbiological analysis. Of the 304 individuals, 227 [74.67% (95% CI: 69.50-79.23)] did not have any lesions, while 77 [25.33% (95% CI: 20.77-30.50)] showed abscesses suggestive of CLA, which was confirmed in 65 goats [84.41% (95% CI: 76.30-92.50)]. Sex (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.002) were associated with infection. While the sex of the animals affected carcass and viscera weights and carcass yield, their age affected live weight, carcass, organ, and viscera weights; conversely, the incidence of CLA did not affect these variables. The average price in Real (R$) of a kilogram (kg) of goat meat cuts and “offal” was used to calculate the economic loss. Considering the average carcass weight (11,485 kg), organ weight (1,085 kg), and viscera weight (2,013 kg), 4,433.232 kg of meat was produced, resulting in R$ 72,945.43. The condemnations resulted in the loss of 269.894 kg, which is equivalent to R$ 4,540.33. CLA is responsible for a negative impact of 6.09% on production. Implementing control measures for this disease is important to increase the financial return in goat farming.

Linfadenite Caseosa (LC) causada pela bactéria patogênica Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis resulta em perda econômica na caprinocultura. No rebanho brasileiro sua prevalência varia de 5 a 50%, gerando gastos com tratamento, queda de produção, condenação de carcaça e órgãos, e desvalorização da pele. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a perda associada à LC na caprinocultura de corte por condenação em abatedouro do semiárido, bem como caracterizar a distribuição das lesões. O trabalho foi realizado no Abatedouro Municipal da cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, onde ocorre abate de caprinos provenientes desta região geográfica intermediária. No ano de 2017 foram abatidos 3.662 animais, uma média de 305 por mês. Durante o período de estudo, março a agosto do mesmo ano, avaliou-se 304 caprinos sem padrão racial definido, ambos os sexos e idades diversas. No exame ante mortem foram submetidos à inspeção e palpação de linfonodos superficiais; post mortem, órgãos e vísceras. O material caseoso coletado foi submetido à análise microbiológica para diagnóstico. Dos 304 indivíduos, 227 [74,67% (IC 95%: 69,50-79,23)] não apresentaram qualquer lesão, enquanto 77 [25,33% (IC 95%: 20,77-30,50)] evidenciaram abscessos sugestivos de LC, com confirmação em 65 [84,41% (IC 95%: 76,30-92,50)]. Constatou-se associação de sexo (P = 0,044) e idade (P = 0,002) à infecção. Foi verificado efeito do sexo dos animais nas variáveis peso de carcaça, peso de vísceras e rendimento de carcaça, bem como houve efeito da idade nas variáveis peso vivo, peso de carcaça, peso de órgãos e peso de vísceras; no entanto, não houve efeito da ocorrência de LC nessas variáveis. Para cálculo de perda econômica adotou-se o preço médio em Real (R$) do quilograma (kg) dos cortes de carne caprina, e “miúdos”. Considerando o peso médio de carcaça (11,485 kg), órgãos (1,085 kg) e vísceras (2,013 kg), houve produção de 4.433,232 kg, resultando em R$ 72.945,43. As condenações subtraíram 269,894 kg, equivalente a R$ 4.540,33. Atribui-se à LC um impacto negativo de 6,09% na produção. Implementar medidas de controle para essa doença é importante para que se amplie o retorno financeiro à atividade.

Assessment of caseous lymphadenitis in goats in a slaughterhouse in the Brazilian semi-arid region and estimates of economic losses due to carcass condemnation / Avaliação da linfadenite caseosa em caprinos em um abatedouro na região do semiárido brasileiro e estimativas de perdas econômicas por condenação de carcaças

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, results in economic loss in goat farming. Its prevalence in Brazilian herds varies from 5 to 50%, generating expenses with treatment, loss in production, carcass and organ condemnation, and reduced price of the hide. This study aimed to describe the distribution of lesions and quantify the loss associated with CLA in goat breeding due to condemnation in a slaughterhouse located in a semiarid region. The study was conducted at the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Patos, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, where goats from this intermediate geographical region are slaughtered. In 2017, 3,662 animals were slaughtered, an average of 305 per month. During the study period, from March to August 2017, 304 goats of both sexes and different ages of undefined breed were assessed. In the ante-mortem examination, inspection and palpation of the superficial lymph nodes was done; in the post-mortem examination, organ and viscera were assessed. The caseous material collected was sent for microbiological analysis. Of the 304 individuals, 227 [74.67% (95% CI: 69.50-79.23)] did not have any lesions, while 77 [25.33% (95% CI: 20.77-30.50)] showed abscesses suggestive of CLA, which was confirmed in 65 goats [84.41% (95% CI: 76.30-92.50)]. Sex (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.002) were associated with infection. While the sex of the animals affected carcass and viscera weights and carcass yield, their age affected live weight, carcass, organ, and viscera weights; conversely, the incidence of CLA did not affect these variables. The average price in Real (R$) of a kilogram (kg) of goat meat cuts and “offal” was used to calculate the economic loss. Considering the average carcass weight (11,485 kg), organ weight (1,085 kg), and viscera weight (2,013 kg), 4,433.232 kg of meat was produced, resulting in R$ 72,945.43. The condemnations resulted in the loss of 269.894 kg, which is equivalent to R$ 4,540.33. CLA is responsible for a negative impact of 6.09% on production. Implementing control measures for this disease is important to increase the financial return in goat farming.(AU)

Linfadenite Caseosa (LC) causada pela bactéria patogênica Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis resulta em perda econômica na caprinocultura. No rebanho brasileiro sua prevalência varia de 5 a 50%, gerando gastos com tratamento, queda de produção, condenação de carcaça e órgãos, e desvalorização da pele. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a perda associada à LC na caprinocultura de corte por condenação em abatedouro do semiárido, bem como caracterizar a distribuição das lesões. O trabalho foi realizado no Abatedouro Municipal da cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, onde ocorre abate de caprinos provenientes desta região geográfica intermediária. No ano de 2017 foram abatidos 3.662 animais, uma média de 305 por mês. Durante o período de estudo, março a agosto do mesmo ano, avaliou-se 304 caprinos sem padrão racial definido, ambos os sexos e idades diversas. No exame ante mortem foram submetidos à inspeção e palpação de linfonodos superficiais; post mortem, órgãos e vísceras. O material caseoso coletado foi submetido à análise microbiológica para diagnóstico. Dos 304 indivíduos, 227 [74,67% (IC 95%: 69,50-79,23)] não apresentaram qualquer lesão, enquanto 77 [25,33% (IC 95%: 20,77-30,50)] evidenciaram abscessos sugestivos de LC, com confirmação em 65 [84,41% (IC 95%: 76,30-92,50)]. Constatou-se associação de sexo (P = 0,044) e idade (P = 0,002) à infecção. Foi verificado efeito do sexo dos animais nas variáveis peso de carcaça, peso de vísceras e rendimento de carcaça, bem como houve efeito da idade nas variáveis peso vivo, peso de carcaça, peso de órgãos e peso de vísceras; no entanto, não houve efeito da ocorrência de LC nessas variáveis. Para cálculo de perda econômica adotou-se o preço médio em Real (R$) do quilograma (kg) dos cortes de carne caprina, e “miúdos”. Considerando o peso médio de carcaça (11,485 kg), órgãos (1,085 kg) e vísceras (2,013 kg), houve produção de 4.433,232 kg, resultando em R$ 72.945,43. As condenações subtraíram 269,894 kg, equivalente a R$ 4.540,33. Atribui-se à LC um impacto negativo de 6,09% na produção. Implementar medidas de controle para essa doença é importante para que se amplie o retorno financeiro à atividade.(AU)

Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with Brucella ovis infection in sheep from the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe / Caracterização epidemiológica e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Brucella ovis em ovinos dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ovine brucellosis in the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe. A seroepidemiological survey was carried out in 121 properties under 23 municipalities between 2011 and 2012. The 1,034 serological samples collected from the sheep were subjected to the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test using kits produced by the Paraná Institute of Technology (TECPAR). Anti-Brucella ovis antibodies were observed in 5.37% (70/1,304) of the animals evaluated, and the difference in the incidence of brucellosis between the adults and young animals of both sexes, and between the males and females was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The prevalence of brucellosis in Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and was Sergipe 7.66% (36/470), 5.40% (13/241) and 3.54% (21/593), respectively. Of the municipalities visited, 91.30% (21/23) harbored herds with positive serology, and 42.15% (51/121) of the properties had at least one seropositive animal. The lack of training among the workers (p ? 0.05) (odds ratio = 3.68; 95% CI = 1.08-12.60; p = 0.038) was identified as a risk factor. The results obtained in this study indicate that the sheep from Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe are infected by B. ovis, thus necessitating the adoption of proper sanitary measures for preventing the spread of the disease in the herds.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência da Brucelose Ovina nos Estados do Rio Grandedo Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe. Foi realizado o levantamento soroepidemiológico em 121 propriedadesde 23 municípios durante os anos de 2011 e 2012. As 1.034 amostras sorológicas de ovinos foramsubmetidas à técnica de Imunodifusão em Gel de Ágar (IDGA), utilizando o kit produzido pelo Institutode Tecnologia do Paraná (TECPAR). Anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis foram observados em 5,37%(70/1.304) dos animais testados, havendo diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) para adultos ejovens de ambos os sexos, e entre machos e fêmeas. A prevalência encontrada no Estado do Rio Grandedo Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe foi de 7,66% (36/470), 5,40% (13/241) e 3,54% (21/593), respectivamente.Dos municípios visitados, 91,30% (21/23) eram compostos por rebanhos com sorologia positiva e42,15% (51/121) das propriedades possuíam pelo menos um animal soropositivo. A falta de capacitaçãode trabalhadores (p ≤ 0,05) (odds ratio = 3,68; IC 95% = 1,08-12,60; p = 0, 038) foi identificada comofator de risco. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a infecção por B. ovis encontra-sepresente nos ovinos dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe, sendo necessária a adoçãode medidas sanitárias para evitar a propagação da doença nos rebanhos.(AU)

An epidemiological study of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in breeder goats from Northeastern Brazil / Estudo epidemiológico da Artrite Encefalite Caprina á vírus (CAEV) com ênfase em reprodutores de rebanhos do Nordeste do Brasil

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a retrovirus that infects goats. This study evaluated the prevalence of CAEV in breeder goats from the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba. We collected a total of 531 serum samples from 251 properties. On average, two male breeder goats were examined from each farm. Results from western blotting demonstrated that the prevalence of CAEV was 6.2% (32/513). In each state, the following prevalence values were found: Piauí, 5.9% (7/119); Maranhão, 2.0% (01/48); Sergipe, 7.1% (03/42); Alagoas, 17.6% (03/17); Rio Grande do Norte, 4.7% (05/105); Paraíba, 2.1% (02/94); and Ceará, 12.5% (11/34). We also conducted a univariate analysis to determine the risk factors that are associated with CAEV. This analysis revealed that breeding season, records of herd data, criteria adopted for the first mating of females, castration of male goats, origin of breeders, and identification of the animal were associated with CAEV. Adopting control measures to identify CAEV-positive animals and avoid virus transmission to females, especially during breeding seasons, is crucial since, males carrying CAEV can be sources of infection for the entire herd.

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a prevalência da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE) em reprodutores dos estados do Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Para tanto, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada através do Western Blotting foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,9% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Na análise univariável para os fatores de risco, as variáveis associadas (p ≤ 0,20) a frequência de positividade nos reprodutores foi: estação de monta, anotações em relação ao rebanho, critério adotado para a primeira cobertura das fêmeas, castração dos caprinos machos, origem dos reprodutores e identificação dos animais. Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, não foram encontrados fatores de risco para a infecção em estudo.

An epidemiological study of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in breeder goats from Northeastern Brazil / Estudo epidemiológico da Artrite Encefalite Caprina á vírus (CAEV) com ênfase em reprodutores de rebanhos do Nordeste do Brasil

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a retrovirus that infects goats. This study evaluated the prevalence of CAEV in breeder goats from the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba. We collected a total of 531 serum samples from 251 properties. On average, two male breeder goats were examined from each farm. Results from western blotting demonstrated that the prevalence of CAEV was 6.2% (32/513). In each state, the following prevalence values were found: Piauí, 5.9% (7/119); Maranhão, 2.0% (01/48); Sergipe, 7.1% (03/42); Alagoas, 17.6% (03/17); Rio Grande do Norte, 4.7% (05/105); Paraíba, 2.1% (02/94); and Ceará, 12.5% (11/34). We also conducted a univariate analysis to determine the risk factors that are associated with CAEV. This analysis revealed that breeding season, records of herd data, criteria adopted for the first mating of females, castration of male goats, origin of breeders, and identification of the animal were associated with CAEV. Adopting control measures to identify CAEV-positive animals and avoid virus transmission to females, especially during breeding seasons, is crucial since, males carrying CAEV can be sources of infection for the entire herd.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a prevalência da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE) em reprodutores dos estados do Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Para tanto, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada através do Western Blotting foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,9% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Na análise univariável para os fatores de risco, as variáveis associadas (p ≤ 0,20) a frequência de positividade nos reprodutores foi: estação de monta, anotações em relação ao rebanho, critério adotado para a primeira cobertura das fêmeas, castração dos caprinos machos, origem dos reprodutores e identificação dos animais. Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, não foram encontrados fatores de risco para a infecção em estudo.(AU)

Soroprevalência e fatores de risco da infecção por Chlamydophila abortus em caprinos do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydophila abortus infection in goats of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Background: Chlamydophilosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila abortus, responsible for reproductive damage in small ruminants, and economic losses to animal production. In addition, it is classified as a zoonosis once it presents symptoms similar to numerous bacterial and viral infections of the reproductive system, making clinical diagnosis difficult. The objective of this work was to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-C. abortus antibodies in goats and to identify the risk factors for the disease in two mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: This research was carried out in two mesoregions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Central Potiguar - CP and West Potiguar - WP) located in the Northeast of Brazil. These mesoregions together represent 83% of the regional herd. A total of 54 properties were studied. Those are distributed in seven municipalities: Afonso Bezerra, Angicos, Lages and Pedro Avelino, in the CP mesoregion; and Apodi, Caraúbas, and Mossoró, in the OP mesoregion. We used 540 animals from herds characterized as non-defined breed (NDB) and native breed, regardless of their productive functions, being frequent the consortium of caprine and ovine species. Blood samples were collected through jugular venipuncture by vacuum system with 5 mL tubes without anticoagulant. After collection, the tubes were centrifuged at 1500 g for 15 min. Detection of anti-Chlamydophila sp. antibodies was performed by the Complement Fixation Test. In parallel with the collection, a questionnaire was applied addressing general property and producer characteristics. Seroprevalence of chlamydophilosis in the CP mesoregion was 3.04% (7/230) for the animals and 26.1% (6/23) for the properties, whereas, in the WP mesoregion, the values were 4.2% (13/310) and 35.5% (11/31), respectively.[...](AU)

Soroprevalência e fatores de risco da infecção por Chlamydophila abortus em caprinos do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydophila abortus infection in goats of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Background: Chlamydophilosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila abortus, responsible for reproductive damage in small ruminants, and economic losses to animal production. In addition, it is classified as a zoonosis once it presents symptoms similar to numerous bacterial and viral infections of the reproductive system, making clinical diagnosis difficult. The objective of this work was to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-C. abortus antibodies in goats and to identify the risk factors for the disease in two mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: This research was carried out in two mesoregions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Central Potiguar - CP and West Potiguar - WP) located in the Northeast of Brazil. These mesoregions together represent 83% of the regional herd. A total of 54 properties were studied. Those are distributed in seven municipalities: Afonso Bezerra, Angicos, Lages and Pedro Avelino, in the CP mesoregion; and Apodi, Caraúbas, and Mossoró, in the OP mesoregion. We used 540 animals from herds characterized as non-defined breed (NDB) and native breed, regardless of their productive functions, being frequent the consortium of caprine and ovine species. Blood samples were collected through jugular venipuncture by vacuum system with 5 mL tubes without anticoagulant. After collection, the tubes were centrifuged at 1500 g for 15 min. Detection of anti-Chlamydophila sp. antibodies was performed by the Complement Fixation Test. In parallel with the collection, a questionnaire was applied addressing general property and producer characteristics. Seroprevalence of chlamydophilosis in the CP mesoregion was 3.04% (7/230) for the animals and 26.1% (6/23) for the properties, whereas, in the WP mesoregion, the values were 4.2% (13/310) and 35.5% (11/31), respectively.[...]

Seroprevalence of caseous lymphadenitis in goats sold in an animal fair in the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil / Soroprevalência da linfadenite caseosa em caprinos comercializados em feira de animais no Semiárido nordestino

Goat farming in the northeastern regions of Brazil plays an important role in the socio-economic functions of the country. However, high rates of morbidity and mortality occur in the animals, caused primarily by infectious diseases like caseous lymphadenitis, which is widespread in goat herds; this causes serious economic losses to the farming business. Although events such as animal fairs are common in the region, wherein most of the goats and sheep are sold, the risk of disease transmission remains, since the health condition of the animal is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibodies present in the goats sold at the animal fair of Tabira - PE, Northeastern semi-arid. Serum samples from 233 goats were collected from the period of November 2014 to June 2015. The diagnosis of infection by C. pseudotuberculosis was made using the indirect ELISA technique. The number of goats seropositive for C. pseudotuberculosis was identified as 87 (37.34%; 95% CI = 31.38 - 43.71%). Of the nine flocks evaluated, five (55.55%) were positive. Thus, it is suggested that infection by C. pseudotuberculosis is widespread in the goats sold at the animal fairs in the semi-arid Northeastern, reinforcing the need for disease diagnosis in goat herds in the region for the possible implementation of disease control programs.(AU)

A caprinocultura se destaca na região Nordeste do Brasil por desempenhar importante função socioeconômica. Contudo altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade ocorrem nas propriedades causadas principalmente por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a linfadenite caseosa, que se encontra amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Eventos do tipo feira de animais são comuns na região, onde é comercializada grande parte da produção de caprinos e ovinos, porém existe um risco de transmissão de doenças nesses locais quando a condição sanitáriados animais é desconhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em caprinos comercializados na feira de animais do município de Tabira-PE, Semiárido nordestino. Foram coletadas amostras de soro de 233 caprinos no período de novembro de 2014 a junho de 2015. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Foram identificados 87 (37,34%; IC 95% = 31,38 - 43,71%) caprinos soropositivos para C. pseudotuberculosis. Dos nove rebanhos avaliados, cinco (55,55%) resultaram positivos. Sugere-se que a infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis encontra-se disseminada nos caprinos comercializados em feiras de animais do Semiárido nordestino, reforçando a necessidade do diagnóstico da enfermidade em rebanhos caprinos da região para possível implementação de programas de controle da doença.(AU)

Seroepidemiological study of maedi-visna in sheep in Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe States / Estudo soroepidemiológico da maedi-visna em ovinos nos estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe

The production performance of a livestock herd can be compromised by various diseases. In sheep, maedi-visna (MV) infections, which have a chronic nature, are caused by a virus (maedi-visna virus (MVV)) belonging to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. The infection can cause significant economic losses and has considerable health impacts on sheep breeding in production systems. Due to the importance of this disease in sheep flocks, the objective was to conduct a serosurvey of MVV in the states of Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB), and Sergipe (SE). A total of, 3332 serum samples were collected in the four states, 1011 in CE, 931 in RN, 459 in PB, and 931 in SE, with the number of samples proportional to the actual herd size of each state. The samples were analyzed using the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test (AGID). Reproducers were revaluated using western blotting (WB). In addition to this serological survey, we administered an investigative questionnaire to identify possible risk factors that facilitate the introduction and spread of diseases (location, category, sex, breed type, creation system, production, herd size, and association with goats). After analysis of the sera using the AGID test, there was zero prevalence. Revaluating breeders by WB revealed a 5.5% prevalence of MV in the four states studied, with prevalences for the states of CE, RN, Paraiba, and SE of 2.3% (2/88), 10.4% (8/77), 3.6% (1/28), and 4.7% (2/42), respectively, corresponding to 13 breeders containing antibodies to the virus. These findings emphasized that the choice of diagnostic tests is extremely important for the early detection of seropositive animals and thus the prevention of the spread of the virus among herds in the region.(AU)

O desempenho produtivo de um rebanho pode ser comprometido por diversas enfermidades. Em relação aos ovinos, à ocorrência da Maedi - Visna (MV) doença infecciosa, de caráter crônico, causada por um vírus (Maedi-Visna Vírus MVV) pertencente ao gênero Lentivirus da família Retroviridae. A infecção pode causar importantes perdas econômicas e elevados impactos sanitários nos sistemas de produção da ovinocultura. Em virtude da importância desta enfermidade nos rebanhos ovinos, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento soroepidemiológico do vírus da Maedi - Visna (MVV) nos estados do Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB) e Sergipe (SE). Para tanto, foram coletadas 3332 amostras de sangue nos quatro estados, sendo 1011 do CE, 931 do RN, 459 da PB e 931 de SE, sendo este número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada estado. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando o teste de microimunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Os reprodutores foram reavaliados pela técnica de Western Blot (WB). Associado a esse levantamento sorológico foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para identificar possíveis fatores de risco que podem facilitar a introdução e disseminação de enfermidades (localização, categoria, sexo, tipo racial, sistema de criação, produção, tamanho de rebanho e associação com caprinos). Após análise dos soros pelo teste de IDGA foi verificada uma soroprevalência nula nos rebanhos estudados. Os reprodutores reavaliados pelo WB apresentaram uma prevalência geral de 5,5% da MV nos quatro estados estudados, sendo que os estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe apresentaram, 2,3% (2/88), 10,4% (8/77), 3,6% (1/28) e 4,7% (2/42) respectivamente, correspondendo a 13 reprodutores que apresentaram presença de anticorpos. Diante desses resultados, ressalta-se que a escolha dos testes diagnósticos é de extrema importância para que haja uma detecção precoce de animais soropositivos, e assim evitar a...(AU)

Mycoplasma agalactiae em rebanhos leiteiros no estado do Ceará em associação com o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina / Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goat flocks bred in state of Ceará in association with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of FortalezaMRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB.[...]

Mycoplasma agalactiae em rebanhos leiteiros no estado do Ceará em associação com o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina / Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goat flocks bred in state of Ceará in association with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of FortalezaMRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB.[...](AU)

Characterization and typology of sheep and goat production systems in the State of Paraíba, a semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil / Caracterização dos sistemas de produção de ovinos e caprinos no Estado da Paraíba, Semiárido do Nordeste, Brasil

Breeding of goats and sheep is an important activity in northeast Brazil, contributing to economic and social development of this region. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize goat and sheep rearing and breeding in the central-western region of the State of Paraíba, northeast Brazil. The study area included Borborema and mesoregions of the backlands of the state, represented by 127 municipalities in an area of 38.293 km2, with density of goats and sheep at 12.9 and 8.27 head/km2, respectively. A total of 62 farms belonging to five municipalities of the Borborema mesoregion and four municipalities of the Sertão mesoregion were surveyed. Epidemiological surveys were conducted in the farms, and questionnaires sought information on the economic, productive, and social aspects of the farm owners and the farms. The results allowed the classification of goat and sheep production systems in the semi-arid Paraíba as a family system and of subsistence, for farmers own consumption and for local trade, with low technology use and herds with up to 100 animals. The farmers level of education was low, and the investments and technical assistance for the development of breeding activity in the region were insufficient and/or inadequate. Thus, it was essential to conduct an economic study on the farms to assess the actual economic and financial status of breeding activity and the subsequent returns.It is suggested that these aspects be taken into account when planning livestock development policies,especially in terms of finance and technical assistance, as well as in the implementation of strategies tocontrol commonly occurring diseases in the region, aimed at combating agents, environmental control,and protection of susceptible livestock.(AU)

A criação de caprinos e ovinos é uma atividade de grande importância para o Nordeste, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico e social da região. Diante disso, objetivou-se caracterizar a caprinovinocultura na região Centro-Oeste do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. A pesquisa abrangeu as mesorregiões da Borborema e Sertão do Estado, representadas por 127 municípios e uma área de 38.293 km2, que apresentam uma densidade de caprinos e ovinos de 12,9 e 8,27 cabeças/km2, respectivamente. No total foram visitadas 62 propriedades pertencentes a cinco municípios da Mesorregião da Borborema e quatro da Mesorregião do Sertão. Nas propriedades foram aplicados questionários epidemiológicos, os quais buscavam informações sobre aspectos econômicos, produtivos e sociais dos proprietários/propriedades. Os resultados obtidos permitem classificar o sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no semiárido paraibano como familiar e de subsistência, para consumo doméstico e comércio local, com baixo uso de tecnologia e rebanhos com até 100 animais. O nível de escolaridade dos criadores foi considerado baixo, bem como os investimentos e assistência técnica insuficientes e/ou inadequados para o desenvolvimento da atividade na região. Dessa forma, um estudo econômico nas propriedades para conhecimento da real situação econômico-financeira da atividade e o retorno que as mesmas poderão proporcionar a partir da sua organização se torna necessário.Sugere-se que tais aspectos sejam levados em consideração quanto ao planejamento de políticas dedesenvolvimento pecuário, especialmente quando relacionados a financiamento e assistência técnica,bem como na implementação de ações no controle das doenças mais frequentes na região, direcionadasao combate aos agentes, controle ambiental e proteção dos susceptíveis.(AU)