Characterization of microsatellite markers for the Restinga Antwren, Formicivora littoralis (Thamnophilidae), an endangered bird endemic to Brazil.

Molecular markers are important tools in determining parentage, gene flow, and the genetic structure of species. In the case of rare, endemic, and/or threatened species, these markers can be used to understand key ecological questions and support conservation actions. We developed seven microsatellite markers for the only bird endemic to the Restinga ecosystem. Microsatellite loci were isolated from a library that was based on 10 individuals (six males and four females). Primers were tested in 107 individuals of the same population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 19, and the observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.15 to 0.84 and from 0.60 to 0.89, respectively. We expect that the polymorphic microsatellite loci we describe will be useful for other studies, particularly in the Tropics.

New records of the restinga antwren Formicivora littoralis Gonzaga and Pacheco (Aves, Thamnophilidae) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: inland extended range and threats.

The Restinga Antwren (Formicivora littoralis) has a narrow distribution range in southeastern Brazil, and it is a typical species of restinga habitat (sandy coastal plain vegetation). In this paper, we describe two new records for the species (22 degrees 51' 45" S and 42 degrees 14' 13" W; 22 degrees 51' 14" S and 42 degrees 11' 47" W) in the northern margin of the Araruama Lagoon, which represent a new inland limit for its distribution (11 km), besides assessing the current state of its habitat. We recorded supposed isolated subpopulations, most of them due the accelerated human-made fragmentation. The Massambaba Environmental Protection Area comprises the larger continuous extent of the suitable habitat for the Restinga Antwren, being essential to its long-term existence. However, the region lacks effective protected areas and, besides urgent practical measures, we recommend an accurate mapping and populational studies on this species.

Two thrush species as dispersers of Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. (Melastomataceae): an experimental approach.

We carried out a seed germination experiment using two thrush species in captivity. We compared the number of germinated seeds and germination time of control seeds (manually removed from fruits) and ingested seeds of Miconia prasina by two bird species, Turdus albicollis and T. amaurochalinus, and also compared retention times of seeds by both thrush species. Control seeds germinated more frequently than those ingested for one species, T. albicollis. The germination time of ingested seeds by T. amaurochalinus was similar to the control seeds but seeds ingested by T. albicollis took longer to germinate than the controls. Both thrush species had a similar seed defecation pattern. The cumulative number of defecated seeds increased by 2 hours after fruit ingestion. At the end of the first 30 minutes both species had already defecated approximately 50% of the seeds ingested Our results suggest that both species could act as disperser agents of M. prasina.

The remnants of restinga habitats in the brazilian Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: habitat loss and risk of disappearance.

"Restingas" (herbaceous/shrubby coastal sand-dune habitats) used to cover most of Rio de Janeiro State coast, and have suffered extensive degradation over the last five centuries. Using satellite images and field work, we identified the remaining restingas in the State, recording the factors that might cause their degradation. We used two mosaics of Landsat 7 scenes (spatial resolution 15 and 30 m) to map and evaluate preliminarly the remaining areas and conservation status. Each remnant area was checked in the field, degraded areas within it were mapped and subtracted from the remnants. We identified 21 restinga remnants totalling 105,285 ha. The largest and smallest restinga remnants were Jurubatiba (25,141 ha) and Itaipu (23 ha), respectively. We identified 14 causes of degradation. The most important were vegetation removal for housing developments, establishment of exotic plant species, change of original substrate, and selective removal of species of economic importance for the horticultural industry. All restingas had disturbed parts under strong pressure due to human activities. Due to intense habitat loss, and occurrence of endemic/threatened vertebrate species in restinga habitats, we strongly indicate the implementation of new conservation units to protect these fragile remnants. This habitat is steadily decreasing and most remnants lack legal protection. Therefore, under the current human pressure most of this unique habitat is likely to be lost from the State within the next few years.

Potential bird dispersers of Psychotria in a area of Atlantic forest on Ilha Grande, RJ, Southeastern Brazil: a biochemical analysis of the fruits.

The present study assessed the fruiting pattern, bird foraging behavior, and sugar content of ripe fruits of two sympatric species of Rubiaceae (Psychotria brasiliensis and P. nuda). This study was carried out in an Atlantic forest area on Ilha Grande, RJ, between August 1998 and July 1999. Fruit production occurred year round, with a peak of mature P. brasiliensis fruits in December 1998 and another of P. nuda in February of 1999. Lipaugus lanioides (Cotingidae), Baryphtengus ruficapillus (Momotidae) and Saltator similis (Emberizidae) made the most frequent foraging visits to fruiting P. brasiliensis, so that L. lanioides and B. ruficapillus removed the fruits with sallying maneuvers while S. similis gleaned the fruits. Lipaugus lanioides was by far the most important consumer, and potentially the main disperser of P. brasiliensis. Birds of this genus are heavy frugivores in the tropical forests and are widely assumed to be important seed dispersers. The fruits were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in relation to the amounts of sucrose and starch. Psychotria brasiliensis (the visited species) showed the smallest quantity of sucrose and the highest amount of starch. These findings suggest that what may influence the birds' choice of fruit is the proportion of starch in the Psychotria species studied here rather than the carbohydrate composition.

Endemic and threatened tetrapods in the restingas of the biodiversity corridors of Serra do Mar and of the Central da Mata Atlântica in eastern Brazil.

Biodiversity corridors comprise a mosaic of land uses connecting fragments of natural forest across a landscape. Two such corridors have been established along the eastern coast of Brazil: the Serra do Mar and the Central da Mata Atlântica corridors, along which most of the coastal plains are restinga areas. In this study, we analyze the present status of the endemic and endangered terrestrial vertebrates of both corridors. We sampled 10 restingas in both corridors, recording species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Some restingas harbor a relatively large number of endemic species,and two main regions of endemism can be identified along the restingas of both corridors: the coastal restingas from northern Espirito Santo State to southern Bahia State (between Linhares, ES, and Tarancoso, BA), and the coastal region between the restingas of Maricá and Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro State. Six species of terrestrial vertebrates considered threatened with extinction are found in the restingas of Serra do Mar and Central da Mata Atlântica biodiversity corridors (Liolaemus lutzae, Formicivora littoralis, Mimus gilvus, Schistochlamys melanopis, and Trinomys eliasi). The region located between the restinga of Maricá and that of Jurubatiba is of special relevance for the conservation of vertebrate species of the restingas of the corridors because a considerable number of threatened species of terrestrial vertebrates are found there. We strongly recommend efforts to develop checklists of threatened faunas for the States of Espirito Santo and Bahia.

Incubation and rearing-effort partitioning of wing-banded hornero Furnarius figulus (Passeriformes: Furnariidae).

We studied incubation and feeding rates in two of five broods in two oven nests of Furnarius figulus at Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas. During incubation, the number of visits and time spent in the nest did not differ between the adults. The number of feeding visits was significantly different between members of the breeding pair of the first but not of the second nest. Nestlings received arthropods, fishes, and larvae in the first nest and, in the second, arthropods, larvae, and fruits. The nestlings stayed about 23 days in the nests.

Bird assemblage mist-netted in an Atlantic Forest area: a comparison between vertically-mobile and ground-level nets.

Mist nets may be opened at different heights in the forest, but they are seldom used over 3 m above the ground. We used two different methods to compare species richness, composition, and relative abundance and trophic structure of the bird assemblage at Ilha Grande (with a 290 birds standardization): conventional ground-level nets (0-2.4 m height range) and elevated nets (0-17 m) with an adjustable-height system (modified from Humphrey et al., 1968) that we call vertically-mobile nets. There were significant differences in capture frequencies between methods for about 20% of the species (Chi-squared test, P<0.05), and the two methods caught different assemblages. Ground-level nets recorded less species, and they comparatively overestimated mainly Suboscine insectivores and underestimated frugivores and nectarivores. Different sampling methods used at the same location may result in very different diagnoses of the avifauna present, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We encourage studies involving mist net sampling to include the upper strata to more accurately represent the avifauna in Atlantic Forest.

Bird assemblage mist-netted in an Atlantic Forest area: a comparison between vertically-mobile and ground-level nets / Assembleia de aves capturadas em redes de neblina em uma área de Mata Atlântica: uma comparação entre redes verticalmente móveis e no nível do solo

Mist nets may be opened at different heights in the forest, but they are seldom used over 3 m above the ground. We used two different methods to compare species richness, composition, and relative abundance and trophic structure of the bird assemblage at Ilha Grande (with a 290 birds standardization): conventional ground-level nets (0-2.4 m height range) and elevated nets (0-17 m) with an adjustable-height system (modified from Humphrey et al., 1968) that we call vertically-mobile nets. There were significant differences in capture frequencies between methods for about 20% of the species (Chi-squared test, P<0.05), and the two methods caught different assemblages. Ground-level nets recorded less species, and they comparatively overestimated mainly Suboscine insectivores and underestimated frugivores and nectarivores. Different sampling methods used at the same location may result in very different diagnoses of the avifauna present, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We encourage studies involving mist net sampling to include the upper strata to more accurately represent the avifauna in Atlantic Forest.(AU)

Redes-de-neblina podem ser abertas a diferentes alturas na floresta, mas raramente são usadas acima de 3 m do chão. Usamos dois diferentes métodos para comparar riqueza, abundância relativa de espécies e estrutura trófica da assembleia de aves da Ilha Grande (com a padronização de 290 indivíduos): redes convencionais no nível do solo (0-2,4 m de altura) e redes bandeira (0-17 m) com um sistema de ajuste de altura (modificado de Humphrey et al., 1968) que denominamos redes verticalmente móveis. Houve diferenças significativas nas frequências de capturas entre os métodos em cerca de 20% das espécies (teste Qui-quadrado, P<0,05), e os dois métodos capturaram diferentes assembleias. Redes de neblina no nível do solo registraram menos espécies, e comparativamente superestimaram principalmente espécies insetívoras de Suboscine, e subestimaram frugívoras e nectarívoras. Métodos diferentes de amostragem usados em uma mesma localidade podem resultar em uma diagnose bem distinta da avifauna presente, tanto qualitativa como quantitativamente. Recomendamos que estudos envolvendo amostragens com redes-de-neblina incluam os estratos superiores para representar mais acuradamente a avifauna na Mata Atlântica.(AU)

New records of the restinga antwren Formicivora littoralis Gonzaga and Pacheco (Aves, Thamnophilidae) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: inland extended range and threats / Novos registros do Formigueiro-do-litoral, Formicivora littoralis Gonzaga e Pacheco (Aves: Thamnophilidae) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: expansão da distribuição continental e ameaças

The Restinga Antwren (Formicivora littoralis) has a narrow distribution range in southeastern Brazil, and it is a typical species of restinga habitat (sandy coastal plain vegetation). In this paper, we describe two new records for the species (22° 51' 45" S and 42° 14' 13" W; 22° 51' 14" S and 42° 11' 47" W) in the northern margin of the Araruama Lagoon, which represent a new inland limit for its distribution (11 km), besides assessing the current state of its habitat. We recorded supposed isolated subpopulations, most of them due the accelerated human-made fragmentation. The Massambaba Environmental Protection Area comprises the larger continuous extent of the suitable habitat for the Restinga Antwren, being essential to its long-term existence. However, the region lacks effective protected areas and, besides urgent practical measures, we recommend an accurate mapping and populational studies on this species.

Formicivora littoralis tem uma restrita faixa de distribuição no Sudeste do Brasil, sendo uma espécie típica de restinga. Descrevemos dois novos registros para a espécie (22° 51' 45" S e 42° 14' 13" W; 22° 51' 14" S e 42º 11' 47" W) na margem norte da Lagoa de Araruama, que representam um novo limite continental para sua distribuição (11 km), além de avaliar o atual estado de seu habitat. Registramos subpopulações supostamente isoladas, a maioria devido ao acelerado processo de fragmentação por intervenção antrópica. A Área de Proteção Ambiental de Massambaba compreende a maior extensão de habitat adequado para F. littoralis, essencial para sua existência a longo prazo. No entanto, a região carece de áreas de proteção efetiva. Recomendamos medidas práticas urgentes, além de um mapeamento acurado e estudos populacionais sobre essa espécie.

Two thrush species as dispersers of Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. (Melastomataceae): an experimental approach / Duas espécies de Turdus como dispersoras de Miconia prasina (Melastomataceae): uma abordagem experimental

We carried out a seed germination experiment using two thrush species in captivity. We compared the number of germinated seeds and germination time of control seeds (manually removed from fruits) and ingested seeds of Miconia prasina by two bird species, Turdus albicollis and T. amaurochalinus, and also compared retention times of seeds by both thrush species. Control seeds germinated more frequently than those ingested for one species, T. albicollis. The germination time of ingested seeds by T. amaurochalinus was similar to the control seeds but seeds ingested by T. albicollis took longer to germinate than the controls. Both thrush species had a similar seed defecation pattern. The cumulative number of defecated seeds increased by 2 hours after fruit ingestion. At the end of the first 30 minutes both species had already defecated approximately 50 percent of the seeds ingested Our results suggest that both species could act as disperser agents of M. prasina.

Realizamos um experimento de germinação utilizando duas espécies de Turdus em cativeiro. Comparamos o número de sementes germinadas e o tempo de germinação entre sementes controle (manualmente removidas dos frutos) e ingeridas de Miconia prasina por duas espécies de aves, Turdus albicollis e T. amaurochalinus, e também comparamos o tempo de retenção das sementes pelas duas espécies de Turdus. Sementes controle germinaram com maior freqüência do que as ingeridas por uma das espécies, T. albicollis. O tempo de germinação das sementes ingeridas por T. amaurochalinus foi semelhante ao das sementes controle, mas as sementes ingeridas por T. albicollis demoraram mais para germinar do que as sementes controle. Ambas as espécies de Turdus tiveram um padrão similar de defecação das sementes. O número acumulado de sementes defecadas aumentou por 2 horas após a ingestão dos frutos. Ao final dos primeiros 30 minutos ambas espécies já haviam defecado aproximadamente 50 por cento das sementes ingeridas Nossos resultados sugerem que as duas espécies de aves podem atuar como agentes dispersores de sementes de M. prasina.

The remnants of restinga habitats in the brazilian Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: habitat loss and risk of disappearance

"Restingas" (herbaceous/shrubby coastal sand-dune habitats) used to cover most of Rio de Janeiro State coast, and have suffered extensive degradation over the last five centuries. Using satellite images and field work, we identified the remaining restingas in the State, recording the factors that might cause their degradation. We used two mosaics of Landsat 7 scenes (spatial resolution 15 and 30 m) to map and evaluate preliminarly the remaining areas and conservation status. Each remnant area was checked in the field, degraded areas within it were mapped and subtracted from the remnants. We identified 21 restinga remnants totalling 105,285 ha. The largest and smallest restinga remnants were Jurubatiba (25,141 ha) and Itaipu (23 ha), respectively. We identified 14 causes of degradation. The most important were vegetation removal for housing developments, establishment of exotic plant species, change of original substrate, and selective removal of species of economic importance for the horticultural industry. All restingas had disturbed parts under strong pressure due to human activities. Due to intense habitat loss, and occurrence of endemic/threatened vertebrate species in restinga habitats, we strongly indicate the implementation of new conservation units to protect these fragile remnants. This habitat is steadily decreasing and most remnants lack legal protection. Therefore, under the current human pressure most of this unique habitat is likely to be lost from the State within the next few years.

As restingas, que são hábitats de dunas e planícies arenosas cobertas por vegetação herbáceo-arbustiva e que ocorrem na costa do Brasil, no passado cobriam uma grande extensão da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, mas têm sofrido uma extensiva degradação ao longo dos últimos cinco séculos. Utilizando imagens de satélite e mensurações no campo, identificamos os remanescentes de restinga no estado, registrando os fatores que causam sua degradação. Nós utilizamos dois mosaicos de cenas Landsat 7 ( resolução espacial de 15m e 30m) para localização e avaliação preliminar do estado de conservação dos remanescentes. Cada remanescente de restinga foi analisado no campo, sendo as áreas degradadas no interior da restinga mapeadas mais detalhadamente e subtraídas da área total do remanescente. Identificamos 21 áreas remanescentes de restinga, totalizando 105,285ha. O maior e menor remanescente de restinga foram Jurubatiba (25,141ha) e Itaipu (23ha), respectivamente. Identificamos 14 fontes de degradação, sendo as mais importantes delas: a remoção da vegetação para desenvolvimento imobiliário, o estabelecimento de espécies vegetais exóticas, a alteração do substrato original e a coleta seletiva de espécies vegetais de interesse paisagístico. Todas as áreas de restinga apresentaram porções com áreas degradadas devido à intensa pressão antrópica. Devido à intensa perda de hábitat e ocorrência de espécies endêmicas e/ou ameaçadas de extinção de vertebrados nas restingas, nós fortemente sugerimos a implementação de novas unidades de conservação para proteger estes frágeis remanescentes. Este tipo de hábitat está continuamente decrescendo e a maior parte dos remanescentes carece de proteção legal. Considerando a atual pressão humana sobre estes ambientes, grande parte deste hábitat é provável ser perdido se não forem tomadas medidas para sua proteção.

Potential bird dispersers of Psychotria in a area of Atlantic forest on Ilha Grande, RJ, Southeastern Brazil: a biochemical analysis of the fruits

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram monitorar o padrão de frutificação, o comportamento de forrageamento de aves e o conteúdo de açúcares em frutos maduros de duas espécies simpátricas de Rubiaceae (Psychotria brasiliensis e P. nuda). O estudo foi realizado em área de Floresta Atlântica, na lha Grande, RJ, entre agosto de 1998 e julho de 1999. A frutificação ocorreu durante todo o ano com um pico de frutos maduros em dezembro de 1998 para P. brasiliensis e outro em fevereiro de 1999 para P. nuda. Lipaugus lanioides (Cotingidae), Baryphtengus ruficapillus (Momotidae) e Saltator similis (Emberizidae) foram os principais consumidores dos frutos de P. brasiliensis, sendo que L. lanioides e B. ruficapillus removeram os frutos adejando, enquanto S. similis os alcançou pousado nas plantas. Lipaugus lanioides foi o consumidor de frutos mais importante e potencialmente foi o principal dispersor das sementes de P. brasiliensis. As aves deste gênero estão entre os principais frugívoros especialistas de florestas tropicais e amplamente consideradas como importantes agentes dispersores de sementes. Os frutos foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente em relação às quantidades de açúcares livres e amido. A espécie visitada (P. brasiliensis) apresentou a menor quantidade de sacarose e a maior quantidade de amido. Os resultados sugerem que o consumo diferencial de frutos por espécies de aves não é influenciado pela composição de carboidratos, mas possivelmente pela proporção de amido nos frutos das espécies de Psychotria estudadas.

Endemic and threatened tetrapods in the restingas of the biodiversity corridors of Serra do Mar and of the central da Mata Atlântica in Eastern Brazil

Corredores de biodiversidade compreendem um mosaico de usos do solo conectando fragmentos de vegetação natural ao longo da paisagem. Ao longo da costa leste do Brasil, dois corredores de biodiversidade foram estabelecidos: o da Serra do Mar e o Central da Mata Atlântica. A maioria das planícies costeiras ao longo desses dois corredores é constituída por restingas. Neste estudo analisamos o status atual das espécies de vertebrados terrestres endêmicas e ameaçadas nos dois corredores. Amostramos dez restingas nos dois corredores, registrando a ocorrência de espécies de anfíbios, répteis, aves e mamíferos. Algumas restingas apresentam número relativamente alto de espécies endêmicas e duas regiões principais de endemismos podem ser reconhecidas nas restingas ao longo dos corredores: as restingas costeiras do norte do Espírito Santo até o sul da Bahia (entre Linhares, ES, e Trancoso, BA) e a região costeira entre as restingas de Maricá e Jurubatiba, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Seis espécies de vertebrados terrestres consideradas ameaçadas de extinção foram encontradas nas restingas dos corredores da Serra do Mar e Central da Mata Atlântica (Liolaemus lutzae, Formicivora littoralis, Mimus gilvus, Schistochlamys melanopis e Trinomys eliasi). A região localizada entre as restingas de Maricá e Jurubatiba é de especial relevância para a conservação de espécies de vertebrados das restingas nos corredores, pois nela foi encontrado elevado número de espécies ameaçadas. Recomendamos esforços para a elaboração de listas de fauna ameaçada para os Estados do Espírito Santo e Bahia.

Incubation and rearing-effort partitioning of wing-banded hornero Furnarius figulus (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Estudamos a incubação e a alimentação de ninhegos de duas ninhadas em dois ninhos de forno ocupados por Furnarius figulus na Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas. Durante a incubação, o número de visitas e o tempo gasto no ninho não diferiram entre os adultos. No primeiro ninho houve diferença significativa entre os membros do par reprodutor quanto ao número de visitas alimentares aos ninhegos, mas no segundo, essa diferença não ocorreu. No primeiro ninho, os ninhegos receberam artrópodes, peixes e larvas e no segundo, artrópodes, larvas e frutas. A permanência dos ninhegos nos dois ninhos foi de cerca de 23 dias.