Análise da qualidade da água do rio Jaguaribe, em um trecho situado no município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil / Analysis of the quality of Jaguaribe river water, in an area located in the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil

A água constitui-se um recurso natural essencial aos seres vivos presente em todos os processos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, o que torna seu acesso indispensável às populações em geral. Diante disso, o presente estudo avaliou as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água proveniente do rio Jaguaribe, no trecho urbano do município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil, visando diagnosticar sua atual situação, e dispor de informações que contribuam para o monitoramento e garantia da sustentabilidade do recurso. A pesquisa foi realizada em um trecho do rio Jaguaribe, que percorre a zona urbana do município de Jaguaribe durante o período seco (Dezembro/2017) e chuvoso (Março/2018), sendo, portanto, dois pontos de coleta, um deles a montante e outro a jusante da cidade, nos bairros conhecidos como "Curralinho" e "Cruzeiro", respectivamente. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos de pH, temperatura, Condutividade Elétrica (CE) e cloreto e as variáveis microbiológicos tais como: Coliformes Totais, Fecais e Escherichia coli, todas as coletas foram realizadas em triplicatas. As variáveis físico-químicas apresentaram-se mais elevadas no período seco, porém seus resultados mostraram-se dentro dos valores médios verificados em outros trabalhos, salvo os da condutividade. Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, não houve diferenças entre o período seco e chuvoso. Porém, em ambos foram encontrados, nos dois pontos de coleta, valores acima das médias estabelecidas pelo CONAMA. Diante dos resultados, constatamos que a contaminação do trecho não pode ser atribuída unicamente à cidade de Jaguaribe, comprovando que esta já chega à cidade com altos níveis de contaminação, principalmente por microrganismos (AU)

Water is an essential natural resource for living beings, present in all the biochemical and physiological processes, which makes its access indispensable to the populations in general. Therefore, the present study evaluated the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water from Jaguaribe River in the urban area of the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil, in order to diagnose its current situation, and to have information that contribute to the monitoring and the guarantee of resource sustainability. the research was carried out on a stretch of the Jaguaribe River, which runs through the urban area of the municipality of Jaguaribe during the drought (December / 2017) and rainy season (March / 2018) constituting, therefore, two collection points, one of them upstream and another downstream of the city, in the neighborhoods of "Curralinho" and "Cruzeiro", respectively. The physicochemical parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride and microbiological variables such as: Total Coliforms, Fecal and Escherichia coli were analyzed, all collections were done in triplicates. The physical-chemical variables were higher during the drought season, but their results were within the mean values verified in other studies, except those of the conductivity. Regarding the microbiological parameters, there were no differences between the drought and rainy season. However, in both points of collection, values above the averages established by CONAMA were found. In view the results, we verified that the contamination the stretch can not attributed only to the city of Jaguaribe, proving that it already arrives to the city with high levels of contamination, mainly by microorganisms (AU)

Evaluation of the proteomic profiles of ejaculated spermatozoa from Saanen bucks (Capra hircus)

The Saanen goat breed has been widely explored in breeding programmes; however, there are few reports about the breeds genetic and molecular composition. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of spermatozoa from Saanen breeding goats. Five breeding animals with proven fertility were selected, the spermatozoa were collected, and the protein was extracted. Subsequently, the proteins were separated and analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry; the proteins were then identified with the SwissProt database. A total of 31 proteins involved in reproduction were identified, including binding proteins on spermatozoa for fusion with the egg, acrosomal membrane proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and spermatozoa motility proteins. The characterization of such proteins clarifies the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis and the modifications that ensure the success of fertilization.(AU)

Evaluation of the proteomic profiles of ejaculated spermatozoa from Saanen bucks (Capra hircus)

The Saanen goat breed has been widely explored in breeding programmes; however, there are few reports about the breed’s genetic and molecular composition. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of spermatozoa from Saanen breeding goats. Five breeding animals with proven fertility were selected, the spermatozoa were collected, and the protein was extracted. Subsequently, the proteins were separated and analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry; the proteins were then identified with the SwissProt database. A total of 31 proteins involved in reproduction were identified, including binding proteins on spermatozoa for fusion with the egg, acrosomal membrane proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and spermatozoa motility proteins. The characterization of such proteins clarifies the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis and the modifications that ensure the success of fertilization.

Isoform characterisation, heterologous expression and functional analysis of two lectins from Vatairea macrocarpa.

VML is a lectin from Vatairea macrocarpa seeds that has various biological activities. Here, we describe three new lectin isoforms from V. macrocarpa identified through genomic DNA analysis. One of these isoforms has high similarity to VML, while another that has noteworthy differences. We have denoted the new isoforms as VML-2, VML-3 and VML-4. Recombinant VML (rVML) and VML-2 (rVML-2) were expressed in Escherichia coli and were anticipated to have similar biological activity compared to native VML. Recombinant lectins were produced using a synthetic gene strategy to improve the expression levels. We obtained two active recombinant lectin isoforms from V. macrocarpa, and there was no significant difference between their biological activities. The conservation between carbohydrate-binding sites of recombinant and native proteins was demonstrated by specific inhibition of hemagglutin activity by D-galactose and lactose. However, no inhibition was observed in the presence of glucose and mannose. Our data show that the recombinant lectins VML and VML-2 are active and capable of recognising D-galactose and lactose. Moreover, the absence of glycosylation does not interfere with their biological activity.

Diversity of ejaculated sperm proteins in Moxotó bucks (Capra hircus) evaluated by multiple extraction methods

This study aimed to develop protocols for the extraction of sperm proteins from Moxotó goats (Capra hircus) and to compare the resulting proteomic maps. The sperm proteins were isolated using an extraction buffer containing 7 M urea and 2 M thiourea, 20 mM DTT, and one of the following detergents: 1% or 4% CHAPS; 1% or 4% SDS; 1% or 4% Triton X-100; or a combination of CHAPS and SDS. The 1-DE and 2-DE profiles of the isolated proteins revealed that the various isolation methods were efficient. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the 1-DE and 2-DE profiles were observed. 2-DE maps indicated that the amount and diversity of proteins visualized depended on the detergent that was used. Furthermore, this work revealed that the combination of detergents increased the resolution of some spots and retained the characteristics of the individual detergents, depending on their concentrations.(AU)

Diversity of ejaculated sperm proteins in Moxotó bucks (Capra hircus) evaluated by multiple extraction methods

This study aimed to develop protocols for the extraction of sperm proteins from Moxotó goats (Capra hircus) and to compare the resulting proteomic maps. The sperm proteins were isolated using an extraction buffer containing 7 M urea and 2 M thiourea, 20 mM DTT, and one of the following detergents: 1% or 4% CHAPS; 1% or 4% SDS; 1% or 4% Triton X-100; or a combination of CHAPS and SDS. The 1-DE and 2-DE profiles of the isolated proteins revealed that the various isolation methods were efficient. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the 1-DE and 2-DE profiles were observed. 2-DE maps indicated that the amount and diversity of proteins visualized depended on the detergent that was used. Furthermore, this work revealed that the combination of detergents increased the resolution of some spots and retained the characteristics of the individual detergents, depending on their concentrations.