Breathing Motion Pattern in Cyclists: Role of Inferior against Superior Thorax Compartment.

The thoracoabdominal breathing motion pattern is being considered in sports training because of its contribution, along with other physiological adaptations, to overall performance. We examined whether and how experience with cycling training modifies the thoracoabdominal motion patterns. We utilized optoelectronic plethysmography to monitor ten trained male cyclists and compared them to ten physically active male participants performing breathing maneuvers. Cyclists then participated in a self-paced time trial to explore the similarity between that observed during resting breathing. From the 3D coordinates of 32 markers positioned on each participant's trunk, we calculated the percentage of contribution of the superior thorax, inferior thorax, and abdomen and the correlation coefficient among these compartments. During the rest maneuvers, the cyclists showed a thoracoabdominal motion pattern characterized by an increased role of the inferior thorax relative to the superior thorax (26.69±5.88%, 34.93±5.03%; p=0.002, respectively), in contrast to the control group (26.69±5.88%; 25.71±6.04%, p=0.4, respectively). In addition, the inferior thorax showed higher coordination in phase with the abdomen. Furthermore, the results of the time trial test underscored the same pattern found in cyclists breathing at rest, suggesting that the development of a permanent modification in respiratory mechanics may be associated with cycling practice.

Physical activity and better medication compliance improve mini-mental state examination scores in the elderly.

In addition to hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, a sedentary lifestyle plays a pivotal role in cerebro- and cardiovascular disease and progressive cognitive decline, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigated whether controlling the key risks and participating in physical activity have a beneficial impact on these disorders. Elderly volunteers were enrolled in a 3-month program that consisted of structured exercise three times per week. The daily routine, medical treatment, and vital parameters were evaluated and correlated with the subjects' neuropsychiatric status. High blood pressure was found in 40% of the participants, with no significant differences between the sexes. A higher proportion of females (55%) than males (18%) forgot to take their medication during the observation period. Significant negative correlations were found between Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and age, lack of a caregiver, and increased pulse rate before or after exercise. These results suggest that the presence of home assistance and subsequent improvement in medication compliance, vital parameter optimization, and regular physical activity may yield better MMSE results and a lower risk for cerebro- and cardiovascular disease.

Aerobic exercise did not have compensatory effects on physical activity levels in type 2 diabetes patients.

Although exercise promotes beneficial effects in diabetic patients, some studies have questioned the degree of their importance in terms of the increase in total energy expenditure. In these studies, the decrease of physical activity levels (PAL) was referred as "compensatory effect of exercise". However, our aim was to investigate whether aerobic exercise has compensatory effects on PAL in type 2 diabetes patients. Eight volunteers (51.1 ± 8.2 years) were enrolled in a supervised exercise programme for 8 weeks (3 d · wk(-1), 50-60% of VO2 peak for 30-60 min). PAL was measured using tri-axial accelerometers in the 1st, 8th and 12th weeks. Biochemical tests, cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometric assessment and body composition were measured in the 2nd and 11th weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests (Friedman and Wilcoxon, P < 0.05). We found no significant differences in PAL between intervention periods, and participants spent the majority of their awake time in sedentary activities. However, the exercise programme generated a significant 14.8% increase in VO2 peak and a 15% reduction in fructosamine. The exercise programme had no compensatory effects on PAL in type 2 diabetes patients, but improved their cardiorespiratory fitness and glycaemic control.

Built environment and physical activity in adolescents: Use of the kernel density estimation and the walkability index.

The availability of places for physical activity (PA) and the walkability of the neighborhood can impact the level of PA of adolescents. However, studies of this nature are still limited in Latin America. This study had two objectives: 1- using kernel density estimative, it investigated whether individuals living near PA places that are more intensely distributed than dispersed are more likely to be sufficiently active; 2-checked whether adolescents who live in neighborhoods with better walkability have a greater chance of being sufficiently active. Were evaluated 292 adolescents and PA was measured by accelerometry. Were measured five environmental variables for composing the walkability index. 98 PA points (places) were identified and destinations within these areas were geocoded and kernel density estimates (KDE) of places intensity were created using kernels (radius) of 400m (meters), 800, 1200 and 1600m. Using Logistic Regression, the association between the intensity of PA places (classified into quartiles Q1(smallest)-Q4(largest)) and the probability of being "Sufficient PA"; and the association between walkability (quartiles Q1(least)-Q4(highest)) and the probability of being "PA Sufficient " were estimated (p≤0.05). There were associations only for the intensities of places with the largest radius. Among adolescents who lived in places with higher intensity compared with lower intensity places: 1200m (Q3, OR 2.18 95% CI 1.12-4.22; Q4, OR 2.77 95% CI 1.41-5.43) and 1600m (Q3, OR 3.68 95%CI 1.86-7.30; Q4, OR 3.69 95%CI 1.86-7.30) were more likely to be "Sufficient PA". There were also associations for walkability, where those living in places with better walkability (Q4, OR 2.58 95% CI 1.33-5.02) had greater chances of being "Sufficient PA" compared to Q1. In conclusion, living in places with bigger densities and better walkability increases adolescent's chances of being "Sufficient PA".

Individual, family, school and neighborhood predictors related to different levels of physical activity in adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association among individual, family, school environment and neighborhood predictors with the different levels of physical activity (PA) [light (LPA) and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA)] in Brazilian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 309 adolescents with a mean age of 15.37 (± 0.57) years. PA and sleep time were assessed by accelerometry. Individual predictors were determined by anthropometry and questionnaires, while family, school environment and neighborhood predictors were assessed using questionnaires. Robust Regression analysis was performed considering a significance level of 5%. Individual and environmental variables were able to respectively predict 64% and 13.6% of adolescents' participation in LPA. Work (ßp = 0.2322), gender (ßp = -0.1318), commuting to school (ßp = -0.1501), sleep (ßp = -0.1260) and paved roads (ßp = -0.1360) were associated with LPA. It was also observed that individual (59.4%) and environmental (27.4%) variables were able to predict adolescents' participation in MVPA. Work (ßp = 0.1656), commuting to school (ßp = 0.1242) and crime (ßp = 0.1376, and gender (ßp = -0.3041) and paved roads (ßp = -0.1357 were associated with MVPA. Such results indicated that boys, those who work and those who live in unpaved neighborhoods presented greater time in LPA and MVPA; those who live in neighborhoods with higher crime had higher time spent in MVPA; and those who passively commute to school had more time in LPA. There was an average reduction of 5.0 minutes in LPA time for each additional hour of sleep. Finally, students who actively commute to school had more time in MVPA. Individual factors and those related to the neighborhood environment can play an important role in understanding the variables which can influence the different levels of PA in adolescents.

Ecological correlates related to adolescent movement behaviors: A latent class analysis.

The ecological model has been widely used to help researchers understand the multiple influences in the physical activity (PA) and in the sedentary behaviors in isolated forms. To date, few correlates concerning the behavioral groupings of PA and sedentary behaviors have been studied. In this context, this study aimed to identify movement behaviors' latent classes related to the different adolescents' PA and sedentary time expressions, as well as their associations with individual, sociodemographic, family, and environmental correlates. This is a cross-sectional study with 309 students aged between 14 and 16. Latent Class Analysis was used to identify movement behavior classes based on light PA, moderate to vigorous PA, number of steps, sedentary time, and screen time (ST). An accelerometer was used to evaluate movement behaviors. The individual, sociodemographic, family, and environmental correlates were assessed by questionnaires. Three classes were identified: Class 1, "Active and Non-Sedentary" (8.10% of the sample), Class 2, "Active and Sedentary" (28.5%), and Class 3, "Inactive and Sedentary" (63.4%). Those with low fruit intake, low aerobic fitness, stressed and whose head of the family obtained an 'elementary school' level education were, respectively, 7.17, 3.59, 3.56, and 4.40 times more likely to belong to class 3 than class 1. Those with medium and high socioeconomic status were 82% and 83% less likely to belong to class 1 than classes 2 and 3, respectively. Adolescents who perceived the neighborhoods with the best access to diversified land use, street connectivity, walking/pedaling ease, and traffic safety attributes, were 84%, 85%, 82%, and 82%, respectively less likely to belong to class 1 than class 2. It is concluded that distinct correlates can be associated with the movement behaviors classes.

Use of latent class analysis as a method of assessing the physical activity level, sedentary behavior and nutritional habit in the adolescents' lifestyle: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Currently, adolescents' lifestyle is commonly characterized by physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and inappropriate eating habits in general. A person-oriented approach as Latent Class Analysis (LCA) can offer more insight than a variable-centered approach when investigating lifestyle practices, habits, and behaviors of adolescent population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess which variables are mostly used to represent the physical activity level, sedentary behavior SB) and nutritional habit in the adolescents' lifestyle in studies that used the LCA. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: The study was a performed in accordance with the proposed criteria for systematic reviews and meta-analyses-Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018108444). The original articles were searched in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SPORTdiscus. The Quality Assessment Tool analyzed the risk of bias of the included studies. RESULTS: 30 original articles were selected. The physical activity level (28 studies), SB and nutritional habits (18 studies) were the most common variable used to evaluate the adolescent's lifestyle by LCA model. Specifically, physical inactivity and high SB were the manifest variables with higher frequency in the negative latent classes (LCs) in adolescent girls. On the other hand, physical exercises and sports were activities more commonly labeled as positive LCs. CONCLUSIONS: The LCA models of the most of selected studies showed that physical inactivity, high SB were the most common in the LCs with negative characteristics of the adolescents' lifestyle. Better understanding the results of analyzes of clusters of multivariate behaviors such as the LCA can help to create more effective strategies that can make the lifestyle of adolescents healthier.

Is relative fat mass a better indicator of high blood pressure levels when compared to other anthropometric indexes?

INTRODUCTION: Background: relative fat mass (RFM) has been proposed recently, and the effectiveness in relation to other anthropometric indexes already consolidated regarding the predictive capacity of high blood pressure levels (HBPL) has not been investigated yet. Objectives: the objective was to analyze the predictive capacity of RFM for HBPL, and to compare it with others indexes. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 896 individuals. Weight, height, hip, waist circunference (WC), and neck circunference measurements were evaluated, and RFM, body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index, waist/hip ratio, and waist/height ratio were calculated. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured on one occasion. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, a logistic regression model, and the analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used. Results: HBPL proportion was higher in men (34.68 %, p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation (p < 0.01) between all anthropometric measurements and SBP and DBP. WC in males (OR, 3.66; p < 0.01) and BMI in females (OR, 5.06; p < 0.01) showed the greatest associations with HBPL. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in the area under the curve. Conclusions: the findings of our study suggest that RFM is not the best index for predicting HBPL, although it has shown positive associations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: se ha propuesto recientemente la medida de la masa grasa relativa (RFM) como predictor de la hipertensión arterial (HBPL), aunque su valor predictivo y la comparación con otros índices antropométricos está por evaluar. Objetivos: el objetivo fue analizar la capacidad predictiva de la RFM para el HBPL y compararlo con otros índices. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal con 896 individuos. Se evaluaron las medidas de peso, talla, cadera, circunferencia de la cadera (CC) y circunferencia del cuello, y se calcularon la RFM, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal, la relación cintura/cadera y la relación cintura/estatura. En una ocasión se midió la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD); se utilizaron la estadística descriptiva, la correlación de Pearson, un modelo de regresión logística y el análisis de las curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Resultados: la proporción de HBPL fue mayor en los hombres (34,68 %; p < 0,01). Hubo una correlación positiva (p < 0.01) entre todas las medidas antropométricas y PAS y PAD. La CC en los hombres (OR: 3,66; p < 0,01) y el IMC en las mujeres (OR: 5,06; p < 0,01) mostraron las mayores asociaciones con los HBPL. No hubo diferencia estadística (p > 0.05) en el área bajo la curva. Conclusiones: los hallazgos de nuestro estudio sugieren que la RFM no es el mejor índice para predecir el HBPL, aunque ha mostrado asociaciones positivas.

Pandemia da COVID-19 e as consequentes alterações comportamentais de uma comunidade universitária / COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent behavioral changes of a university community

Objetivou-se avaliar as variações comportamentais, estilo de vida e indicador nutricional de uma comunidade acadêmica antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo transversal, epidemio-lógico, com 1655 integrantes da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, de ambos os sexos e idades entre 17 a 72 anos. Via Google Forms, aplicou-se o questionário adaptado do "ConVid: Pes-quisa de Comportamentos", e a versão curta do IPAQ. Utilizou-se o teste de McNemar para compa-ração dos indicadores entre estilo de vida antes e durante a pandemia (p < 0,05) e regressão logística binária para associação com diagnóstico da COVID-19. Observou-se que durante a pandemia houve uma prevalência de aumento (p < 0,001) de indivíduos que não atingiram as recomendações para caminhada (42,8% para 80,6%); atividade física moderada (74,3% para 80,6%) e vigorosa (64,6% para 71,8%). Além disso, aumento no tempo de uso considerado elevado (p < 0,001), para televisão (2,4% para 12,7%) e computador/tablet (58,1% para 81,8%). O consumo de álcool passou de 64,1% para 64,9% (p < 0,001), enquanto o uso de cigarros foi de 5,7% para 7,8% (p < 0,001). A classifica-ção do indicador nutricional também demonstrou mudanças significativas (p < 0,001), o percentual de obesidade (7,7% para 11,1%) e sobrepeso (22,6% para 28,1%). O risco de contaminação para COVID-19 foi maior entre aqueles menos ativos (OR = 1,34; IC95%: 1,04 ­ 1,64). Os resultados demonstraram diminuição do nível de atividade física, aumento do tempo sedentário, piora no estilo de vida e aumento do excesso de peso dos estudantes e servidores de uma comunidade acadêmica, devido às consequências impostas pelo período pandêmico, elevando fatores de risco à saúde

The objective was to evaluate the behavioral variations, lifestyle and nutritional indicator of an academic community before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional, epidemiological study with 1655 members of the Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, of both sexes, and aged between 17 and 72 years. Using Google Forms, the questionnaire adapted from "ConVid: Research of Behaviors" and the short version of the IPAQ were applied. The McNemar test was used to compare indicators between lifestyle before and during the pandemic (p < 0.05) and binary logistic regression for association with the diagnosis of COVID-19. It was observed that during the pandemic there was an increase in the prevalence (p < 0.001) of individuals who did not meet the recommendations for walking (42.8% to 80.6%); moderate (74.3% to 80.6%) and vigorous (64.6% to 71.8%) physical activity. In addition, an increase in the time of use consid-ered high (p < 0.001) for television (2.4% to 12.7%) and computer/tablet (58.1% to 81.8%). Alcohol con-sumption went from 64.1% to 64.9% (p < 0.001), while cigarette use went from 5.7% to 7.8% (p < 0.001). The classification of the nutritional indicator also showed significant changes (p < 0.001), the percentage of obesity (7.7% to 11.1%) and overweight (22.6% to 28.1%). The risk of contamination for COVID-19 was higher among those less active (OR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.04 ­ 1.64). The results showed a decrease in the level of physical activity, an increase in sedentary time, a worsening lifestyle, and an increase in overweight among students and employees of an academic community, due to the consequences imposed by the pandemic period, increasing health risk factors

Validity of the Body Adiposity Index in Predicting Body Fat in Adults: A Systematic Review.

The Body Adiposity Index (BAI) is a practical anthropometric method used to measure body fat (BF) percentage (BF%). Recently developed, the validity and precision of BAI has been studied with adult samples of men and women, populations from different countries and ethnicities, varying amounts of BF, and sensitivity to detecting change over time. However, it is still necessary to determine its potential use in clinical practice and epidemiologic studies. Thus, our objective was to verify, through a systematic review, the validity of the BAI in predicting BF% in adults. Two independent researchers performed a search using PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. In order to be included, the studies had to use dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. We excluded studies with samples from individuals with diseases or syndromes that alter the regional distribution of BF%. We included 19 studies with samples on individuals from different continents, varied ethnicities, both sexes, and a wide age range (18-83 y). The concordance of the BAI with DXA assessed by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient showed results classified as poor (pc < 0.90). Bland-Altman plots showed that the BAI produced large individual errors when predicting BF% in all studies using this analysis. The studies were consistent in affirming that the BAI showed limited capacity to estimate BF% in adults. The BAI shows wide individual errors, in agreement with the reference method, and a lack of sensitivity in detecting change in BF% over time. The method presents a systematic error of BF% overestimation in individuals with ≤20% of BF, and underestimation in individuals with >30% of BF, regardless of sex, age, and ethnicity. The results of this systematic review show enough evidence that the BAI does not present satisfying results, and its use is not recommended for BF% determination in adults.

BODY DISSATISFACTION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS. / INSATISFAÇÃO CORPORAL, NÍVEL DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E COMPORTAMENTO SEDENTÁRIO EM ADOLESCENTES DO SEXO FEMININO.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of body image with physical activity level, body composition, and sedentary behavior (SB) of female adolescents. METHODS: Exploratory cross-sectional study conducted with 120 female adolescents aged between 14-19 years, from the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. Body image was evaluated with a Body Silhouette Scale (BSS) and a Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Weight, height, and waist circumference values were analyzed, as well as the waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage. The physical activity level (PAL) was assessed by 24-hour Physical Activity Recall and SB by screen time, that is, time spent in front of a TV, playing video game, on the computer and using tablets, and, separately, the cell phone time. RESULTS: Mean age was 16.5±1.5 years, and most adolescents were eutrophic (77.6%), sedentary/low PAL (84.2%), with high screen time (85.2%) and cell phone time (58.7%). Body dissatisfaction was stated in 40.6% of BSQ and 45.8% of BSS evaluations. Body distortion was identified in 52.9% of participants. All body composition measures, along with cell phone time and PAL, were associated with body dissatisfaction, the more active adolescents presenting higher levels of dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that female adolescents with higher cell phone time also present higher body dissatisfaction, as well as the most physically active ones. All body composition measurements were associated with body dissatisfaction, mainly body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação da imagem corporal com o nível de atividade física, composição corporal e o comportamento sedentário de adolescentes do sexo feminino. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e exploratório com 120 adolescentes do sexo feminino, de 14 a 19 anos, de Viçosa, MG. A imagem corporal foi avaliada por uma Escala de Silhuetas e pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). O peso, a estatura e o perímetro da cintura foram aferidos, avaliando-se a relação cintura estatura e o percentual de gordura corporal. O nível de atividade física (NAF) foi avaliado pelo Recordatório de Atividade Física de 24h (R24h) e o comportamento sedentário, pelo tempo em frente à tela de uma TV, jogando videogame, ao computador e usando tablets e, separadamente, o tempo de tela ao celular. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 16,5±1,5 anos, sendo a maioria das participantes eutróficas (77,6%), sedentárias/baixo NAF (84,2%), com tempo de tela (85,2%) e tempo de celular (58,7%) elevados. A insatisfação corporal manifestou-se em 40,6% pelo BSQ e em 45,8% pela Escala de Silhuetas. A distorção corporal manifestou-se em 52,9% das participantes. As medidas de composição corporal, juntamente com o tempo ao celular e o NAF, mostraram associação com a insatisfação corporal, sendo as adolescentes mais ativas as mais insatisfeitas. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo mostrou que as adolescentes com maior tempo ao celular tinham maior insatisfação corporal, assim como as fisicamente mais ativas. Todas as medidas de avaliação da composição corporal mostraram-se associadas ao nível de insatisfação, principalmente o índice de massa corporal, perímetro da cintura e relação cintura-estatura.

Is relative fat mass a better indicator of high blood pressure levels when compared to other anthropometric indexes? / ¿Es la masa grasa relativa un mejor indicador de los niveles de presión arterial alta en comparación con otros índices antropométricos?

Background: relative fat mass (RFM) has been proposed recently, and the effectiveness in relation to other anthropometric indexes already consolidated regarding the predictive capacity of high blood pressure levels (HBPL) has not been investigated yet. Objectives: the objective was to analyze the predictive capacity of RFM for HBPL, and to compare it with others indexes. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 896 individuals. Weight, height, hip, waist circunference (WC), and neck circunference measurements were evaluated, and RFM, body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index, waist/hip ratio, and waist/height ratio were calculated. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured on one occasion. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, a logistic regression model, and the analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used. Results: HBPL proportion was higher in men (34.68 %, p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation (p < 0.01) between all anthropometric measurements and SBP and DBP. WC in males (OR, 3.66; p < 0.01) and BMI in females (OR, 5.06; p < 0.01) showed the greatest associations with HBPL. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in the area under the curve. Conclusions: the findings of our study suggest that RFM is not the best index for predicting HBPL, although it has shown positive associations. (AU)

Introducción: se ha propuesto recientemente la medida de la masa grasa relativa (RFM) como predictor de la hipertensión arterial (HBPL), aunque su valor predictivo y la comparación con otros índices antropométricos está por evaluar. Objetivos: el objetivo fue analizar la capacidad predictiva de la RFM para el HBPL y compararlo con otros índices. Métodos:se realizó un estudio transversal con 896 individuos. Se evaluaron las medidas de peso, talla, cadera, circunferencia de la cadera (CC) y circunferencia del cuello, y se calcularon la RFM, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal, la relación cintura/cadera y la relación cintura/estatura. En una ocasión se midió la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD); se utilizaron la estadística descriptiva, la correlación de Pearson, un modelo de regresión logística y el análisis de las curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Resultados: la proporción de HBPL fue mayor en los hombres (34,68 %; p < 0,01). Hubo una correlación positiva (p < 0.01) entre todas las medidas antropométricas y PAS y PAD. La CC en los hombres (OR: 3,66; p < 0,01) y el IMC en las mujeres (OR: 5,06; p < 0,01) mostraron las mayores asociaciones con los HBPL. No hubo diferencia estadística (p > 0.05) en el área bajo la curva. Conclusiones: los hallazgos de nuestro estudio sugieren que la RFM no es el mejor índice para predecir el HBPL, aunque ha mostrado asociaciones positivas. (AU)

Regional Skin Temperature Response to Moderate Aerobic Exercise Measured by Infrared Thermography.

BACKGROUND: Infrared thermography (IRT) does not require contact with the skin, and it is a convenient, reliable and non-invasive technique that can be used for monitoring the skin temperature (TSK). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to monitor the variations in the regional TSK during exercise on 28 regions of interest (ROIs) (forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, lumbar, anterior and posterior neck, and posterior and anterior views of the right and left hands, forearms, upper arms, thighs, and legs) with IRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 12 physically active young males were monitored with IRT during the following three phases: a) 30 minutes before exercise b) while performing one hour of moderate intensity exercise on a treadmill at 60% of the VO2max, and c) 60 minutes after exercise. RESULTS: During pre-exercise, all TSK reached a steady-state (P ≤ 0.05), which ensured adequate thermal stabilisation. At the beginning of exercise, there was a significant reduction in the TSK in most ROIs after 10 minutes of activity, except for the lower limbs (legs and thighs). After one hour of recovery, in the anterior view of the hands and thighs and in the posterior view of the legs, there were significant increases in the TSK compared to pre-exercise. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant distinctions in the skin temperature distribution during exercise according to the activity of the area under consideration during exercise, which may be important in the development of physiological models and heat flux analyses for different purposes.

Fluid balance during taekwondo training / Equilíbrio hídrico durante treinamento de taekwondo / Equilibrio hídrico durante entrenamiento de taekwondo

ABSTRACT Introduction Dehydration has been described as one of the main factors of reduced performance in combat sports activities, leading to death in extreme cases. Objective To investigate the pre-training hydration status and changes in fluid homeostasis during two taekwondo training sessions. Methods Eighteen male college athletes (age 22.6 ± 3.37 years) were assessed. The study design aimed to reproduce the conditions of a 90-minute taekwondo training session, divided into three stages: a) warm-up exercises (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min) and c) technical training (40 min). The athletes had ad libitum water intake during training. To assess the hydration status we considered body mass (BM), the amount of liquid consumed and urine output, which enabled us to establish absolute and relative fluid loss in kg and percentage as well as the sweating rate. We also considered urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U-COL), and subjective sensation of thirst (Sthirst) before and after the training session. Pre- and post-training results were compared separately in each session and between sessions. Results There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in pre-training BM between the two days of training. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the final BM on both days of the experiment. Most subjects had relative dehydration below 2%. A significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded pre and post training for U-COL and Sthirst, with the highest rates obtained at the end of each session. Participants always started training at a low dehydration status (USG >1,020g.ml-1). Conclusions The athletes tended to start the training sessions in dehydration status, which increases over the course of the training. Ad libitum water intake was not sufficient to balance fluid loss. Changes in fluid levels between sessions were similar. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results Level of Treatment.

RESUMO Introdução A desidratação tem sido descrita como um dos principais fatores de redução de desempenho em atividades de luta, levando, em casos extremos, à morte. Objetivos Investigar o estado da hidratação antes do treino e as alterações no balanço hídrico corporal durante dois treinamentos de taekwondo. Métodos Foram avaliados 18 atletas universitários do sexo masculino (22,6 ± 3,37 anos). O desenho do estudo procurou reproduzir uma condição de treinamento de taekwondo com duração de 90 minutos, dividido em três etapas: a) aquecimento (20 min.), b) poomsae (30 min.) e c) treino técnico (40 min.). Durante o treino, adotou-se o consumo de água ad libitum. Para avaliar o estado de hidratação, considerou-se a massa corporal (MC), a quantidade de líquido consumido e o volume de urina produzido, o que permitiu estabelecer a perda hídrica absoluta e relativa em kg e porcentagem, além da taxa de sudorese. Foi considerada ainda a gravidade específica da urina (GEU), bem como sua coloração (COL-U), além da sensação subjetiva de sede (SSede) antes e depois do treino. Os resultados antes e depois do treino foram comparados de forma isolada em cada sessão, assim como entre as sessões. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) da MC pré-treinamento entre os dois dias de treino. Houve redução significativa (P < 0,05) da MC final em ambos os dias de experimento. A maior parte dos avaliados apresentou desidratação relativa inferior a 2%. Registrou-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05) antes e depois do treino para COL-U e para SSede, com os maiores índices obtidos ao final de cada sessão. Os participantes sempre iniciaram o comparados de forma isolada em cada sessão, assim como entre as sessões. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) da MC pré-treinamento entre os dois dias de treino. Houve redução significativa (P < 0,05) da MC final em ambos os dias de experimento. A maior parte dos avaliados apresentou desidratação relativa inferior a 2%. Registrou-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05) antes e depois do treino para COL-U e para SSede, com os maiores índices obtidos ao final de cada sessão. Os participantes sempre iniciaram o treinamento em leve estado de desidratação (GEU > 1.020 g.ml-1). Conclusões Os atletas tendem a iniciar os treinamentos em estado de desidratação, que se amplia durante o treino. O consumo de líquidos ad libitum não foi suficiente para equilibrar a perda hídrica. As alterações hídricas entre as sessões foram semelhantes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La deshidratación ha sido descrita como uno de los principales factores de reducción del desempeño en actividades de lucha, llevando, en casos extremos, a la muerte. Objetivos Investigar el estado de la hidratación antes del entrenamiento y las alteraciones en el balance hídrico corporal durante dos entrenamientos de taekwondo. Métodos Se evaluaron 18 atletas universitarios del sexo masculino (22,6 ± 3,37 años). El diseño del estudio intentó reproducir una condición de entrenamiento de taekwondo con duración de 90 minutos, dividido en tres etapas: a) calentamiento (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min); y c) entrenamiento técnico (40 min). Durante el entrenamiento, se adoptó el consumo de agua ad libitum. Para evaluar el estado de hidratación, se consideró la masa corporal (MC), la cantidad de líquido consumido y el volumen de orina producido, lo que permitió establecer la pérdida hídrica absoluta y relativa en kg y porcentaje, además de la tasa de sudoración. Fue considerada además la gravedad específica de la orina (GEO), así como su coloración (COL-O), además de la sensación subjetiva de sed (SSed), antes y después del entrenamiento. Los resultados antes y después del entrenamiento fueron comparados de forma aislada en cada sesión, así como entre las sesiones. Resultados Hubo diferencia significativa (P<0,05) de la MC preentrenamiento entre los dos días de entrenamiento. Hubo reducción significativa (P<0,05) de la MC final en ambos días de experimento. La mayor parte de los evaluados presentó deshidratación relativa inferior a 2%. Se registró diferencia significativa (P<0,05) antes y después del entrenamiento para COL-O y para SSed, con los mayores índices obtenidos al final de cada sesión. Los participantes siempre iniciaron el entrenamiento en leve estado de deshidratación (GEO > 1.020 g.ml-1). Conclusiones Los atletas tienden a iniciar los entrenamientos en estado de deshidratación, que se amplía durante el entrenamiento. El consumo de líquidos ad libitum no fue suficiente para equilibrar la pérdida hídrica. Las alteraciones hídricas entre las sesiones fueron semejantes. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Body adiposity index and associated factors in workers of the furniture sector / Índice de adiposidade corporal e fatores associados em trabalhadores do setor moveleiro

Abstract Obesity represents one of the main cardiovascular risk factors with high prevalence among the Brazilian population. The aim of this study was to assess body adiposity index (BAI) and associated factors in workers of the furniture sector. A descriptive study was conducted with 204 workers of the furniture sector in the city of Ubá-MG of both sexes aged 20-70 years. Working sector, economic class, level of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference, abdominal circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glycemia, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and triglycerides were assessed. Odds ratio (RC) was used to determine the strength of association among variables. Of the total number of individuals assessed, 50% had high BAI, presenting higher anthropometric, blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride values (p <0.05). It was observed that advanced age (RC: 2.76; p = 0.002) and production sector (RC: 2.52; p = 0.045) were significantly associated with BAI. According to economic class and level of physical activity, increase in BAI was observed with reduction of economic class. It could be concluded that high percentage of increased BAI was found among workers, with association with age, working sector and economic class.

Resumo A obesidade representa um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular. Sendo que esta apresenta uma elevada prevalência entre a população brasileira. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o índice de adiposidade corporal (IAC) e os fatores associados em trabalhadores do setor moveleiro. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo com 204 trabalhadores do pólo moveleiro da cidade de Ubá-MG, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Avaliou-se o setor de trabalho, classe econômica, nível de atividade física, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura, circunferência abdominal, relação cintura-quadril, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade, lipoproteína de baixa densidade e triglicerídeos. A razão de chances (RC) foi utilizada para determinar a força de associação entre as variáveis. Do total de avaliados, 50% apresentaram o IAC elevado, com estes apresentando maiores valores antropométricos, pressóricos, glicemia e triglicerídeos (p<0,05). Pode-se observar que a idade elevada (RC: 2,76; p= 0,002) e o setor de produção (RC: 2,52; p= 0,045) foram significativamente associados a mesma. Quando analisado o IAC segundo a classe econômica e nível de atividade física, foi observado um aumento do IAC com a redução da classe econômica. Conclui-se que foi encontrado um elevado percentual de IAC elevado entre os trabalhadores, com associação deste com a idade, setor de trabalho e classe econômica dos mesmos.

Effects of different exercise programs and minimal detectable changes in hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, resulting in a global epidemic. The most common type, the type 2 diabetes mellitus, constitutes of 90-95 % of the cases and is characterized by the action of and/or impaired insulin secretion. Regular exercise is a recommended strategy in several studies and guidelines for type 2 diabetes control and complications associated with it. Therefore, we evaluated and compared the effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs on the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The selected patients were divided into groups which performed moderate strength training (ST) and aerobic training (AT). The study lasted 20 weeks and was divided into two 10 week phases with anthropometric (body mass index, waist, abdomen and hips circumferences, waist/hip ratio) and biochemical (glycemic and lipid profile) assessments at baseline, 10 weeks and 20 weeks. For intra and inter analyses a mixed ANOVA model was used. Individual changes were calculated using the minimum detectable change, based on a 90 % confidence interval. RESULTS: Eleven patients (five men and six women) completed the 20 weeks of training; five from the ST group and six from the AT. No significant changes were observed in any anthropometric variable in either group. Statistically significant differences were found in mean hemoglobin A1c in both groups between baseline (AT: 8.6 ± 2.5; ST: 9.2 ± 1.9) and 10 weeks (AT: 7.2 ± 1.7; ST: 7.9 ± 1.2) (p = 0.03), and baseline (AT: 8.6 ± 2.5; ST: 9.2 ± 1.9) and 20 weeks (AT: 7.5 ± 1.7; ST: 7.4 ± 0.9) (p = 0.01). For the minimal detectable changes, 40 % of the ST and 33 % of AT achieved these changes for hemoglobin A1c. CONCLUSION: Both aerobic and strength exercises can help the metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, even without significant changes in anthropometry over the 20 weeks of training. However, this period was sufficient to cause changes in hemoglobin A1c values and the estimated average glucose, which are important parameters in controlling diabetes, thus signaling an important consequence of adhering to an exercise routine for type 2 diabetic patients.

Validade e confiabilidade de testes para a obtenção da frequência cardíaca máxima em natação

RESUMO O desenvolvimento de um protocolo específico na natação para detectar a Frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) pode qualificar a prescrição e controle de treinamento na natação. Dessa forma, o estudo objetivou validar um teste específico para obtenção da FCmáx em natação, para o nado crawl. Onze nadadores masculinos, de nível universitário, nadaram as distâncias de 100 e 200 metros crawl, em velocidade máxima, com monitoramento da FC, através de um monitor cardíaco. A validade foi avaliada pela relação entre FCmáx e lactato e a confiabilidade por teste e reteste de cada distância. A FCmáx dos 100 e 200 metros no teste foi de 187,6 ± 7,23 e 187,6 ± 7,54 bpm (p > 0,05) e no reteste de 188,3 ± 8,3 e 189,5 ± 8 bpm (p > 0,05). Encontraram-se altos valores de correlação para FCmáx obtida e concentração de lactato nos dois testes (100 e 200 metros). Correlações positivas significativas entre teste e reteste mostraram a confiabilidade dos testes (100 metros - 0,910, p < 0,001 e 200 metros - 0,950, p < 0,001). Conclui-se que os testes propostos são capazes de gerar, com precisão, a FCmáx de nadadores de nível universitário, são uma importante variável usada para cálculo das zonas de intensidade do treinamento e ferramenta para monitoramento da evolução do atleta durante a temporada.

ABSTRACT The development of a specific protocol to detect swimming Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) can qualify the prescription and control training in swimming. Thus, the aim of this study was to validate a specific test to obtain HRmax in swimming, to freestyle. Eleven male swimmers, college-level, swam the distances of 100 and 200 meters at maximum speed, with heart rate monitoring, through a cardiac monitor. The validity was evaluated by the relation between HRmax and lactate, and the reliability by test and retest of each distance. The HRmax of the 100 and 200 meters in the test was 187.6±7.23 and 187.6±7.54 bpm (p>0.05) and in the retest of 188.3±8.3 and 189.5±8 bpm (p>0.05). High correlation values were found for HRmax obtained and lactate concentration in both tests (100 and 200 meters). Significant positive correlations between test and retest showed the reliability of the tests (100 meters - 0.910, p<0.001 e 200 meters - 0.950, p<0.001). It is concluded that the proposed tests are capable of generating, with accuracy, the HRmax of college-level swimmers, being an important variable used to calculate training intensity zones and a tool to monitor the evolution of the athlete during the season.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de un protocolo específico en natación para detectar la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) puede condicionar la prescripción y el control del entrenamiento en natación. De esta forma, el objetivo del estudio fue validar una prueba específica para la obtención de la FCmáx en natación, en el estilo crol. Once nadadores masculinos, de nivel universitario, nadaron las distancias de 100 y 200 metros a toda velocidad, con control de la frecuencia cardíaca mediante un monitor cardíaco. La validez se evaluó por la relación entre la FCmáx y el lactato, y la fiabilidad por la relación entre el test y el retest de cada distancia. La FCmáx de 100 y 200 metros en el test fue 187,6 ± 7,23 y 187,6 ± 7,54 lpm (p > 0,05) y en el retest, 188,3 ± 8,3 y 189,5 ± 8 lpm (p > 0,05). Se encontraron elevados valores de correlación obtenidos para la FCmáx y la concentración de lactato en las dos pruebas (100 y 200 metros). Correlaciones positivas importantes entre el test y el retest mostraron la fiabilidad de las pruebas (100 metros: 0,910; p < 0,001 y 200 metros: 0,950; p < 0,001). Se concluye que las pruebas propuestas son capaces de generar, con precisión, la FCmáx de nadadores de nivel universitario y son una importante variable usada para calcular las zonas de intensidad del entrenamiento y una herramienta para el control de la evolución del nadador durante la temporada.

Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular risk in children: a systematic review / Comportamento sedentário e risco cardiovascular em crianças: uma revisão sistemática / Comportamiento sedentario y riesgo cardiovascular en niños: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT In recognition of the increasing time spent in sedentary activities in modern life, an emerging area of study linking sedentary time to health has highlighted its role in the development of chronic diseases. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the indicators and characteristics of sedentary behavior associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. The databases SciVerse Scopus, MEDLINE®/PubMed and LILACS were selected as a source of reference, using the associated terms "sedentary lifestyle" or "sedentary behavior" or "sedentary" AND "cardiovascular diseases" AND "child or adolescent" to identify studies published from January 2006 to March 2019. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated and a score was assigned. Fifty articles were included in this review at the end. Extensive sedentary time, especially greater screen and TV exposure time, were associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, the accumulation of prolonged sedentary bouts with few breaks in sedentary time tended to compromise the cardiometabolic profile. These findings highlight the importance of differentiating and considering these various indicators and characteristics of sedentary behavior. Further studies are needed to elucidate the multiple and overlapping facets of sedentary behavior and their relationship with health, and to encourage the development of evidence-based recommendations for this population. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Review of Level I Studies.

RESUMO Em reconhecimento ao crescente tempo gasto em atividades sedentárias na vida moderna, uma emergente área de estudo tem relacionado o tempo sedentário à saúde e destacado seu papel no surgimento de doenças crônicas. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi investigar os indicadores e as características do comportamento sedentário associados aos fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes. As bases de dados SciVerse Scopus, MEDLINE®/PubMed e LILACS foram consultadas utilizando a combinação dos termos "sedentary lifestyle" OR "sedentary behaviour" OR sedentary AND "cardiovascular diseases" AND child or adolescent, para identificar estudos publicados de janeiro de 2006 a março de 2019. A análise da qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi realizada, e um escore foi atribuído. Ao final, 50 artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. O elevado tempo sedentário e, principalmente, a maior exposição ao tempo de tela e televisão, foram associados a fatores de risco cardiovascular. Além disso, o acúmulo de prolongadas sessões e poucas interrupções no tempo sedentário parecem comprometer o perfil cardiometabólico. Destaca-se a importância em diferenciar e considerar estes diversos indicadores e características do comportamento sedentário. Estudos devem ser conduzidos para compreensão das múltiplas e superpostas facetas do comportamento sedentário e relações com a saúde, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de recomendações baseadas em evidências para essa população. Nível de evidência I; Revisão sistemática de estudos de nível I.

RESUMEN En reconocimiento al creciente tiempo invertido en actividades sedentarias en la vida moderna, una emergente área de estudio ha relacionado el tiempo sedentario a la salud, destacando su papel en el surgimiento de enfermedades crónicas. Así, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue investigar los indicadores y las características del comportamiento sedentario asociados a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes. Las bases de datos SciVerse Scopus, MEDLINE®/PUBMED y LILACS fueron consultadas utilizando la combinación de términos "sedentary lifestyle" OR "sedentary behavior" OR sedentary AND "cardiovascular diseases" AND child or adolescent para identificar estudios publicados entre enero de 2006 y marzo de 2019. Se realizó el análisis de la calidad metodológica de los estudios y fue atribuido un puntaje. Al final, 50 artículos fueron incluidos en esta revisión. El elevado tiempo sedentario y, principalmente, la mayor exposición al tiempo de exposición de pantalla y la televisión, fueron asociados a factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Además, la acumulación de prolongadas sesiones y pocas interrupciones en el tiempo sedentario parecen comprometer el perfil cardiometabólico. Se destaca la importancia de diferenciar y considerar estos diversos indicadores y características del comportamiento sedentario. Deben ser conducidos estudios para la comprensión de las múltiples y sobrepuestas facetas del sedentarismo y relaciones con la salud, favoreciendo el desarrollo de recomendaciones basadas en evidencias para esa población. Nivel de Evidencia I; Revisión sistemática de estudios de Nivel I.

Measuring skin temperature before, during and after exercise: a comparison of thermocouples and infrared thermography.

Measuring skin temperature (TSK) provides important information about the complex thermal control system and could be interesting when carrying out studies about thermoregulation. The most common method to record TSK involves thermocouples at specific locations; however, the use of infrared thermal imaging (IRT) has increased. The two methods use different physical processes to measure TSK, and each has advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the mean skin temperature (MTSK) measurements using thermocouples and IRT in three different situations: pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise. Analysis of the residual scores in Bland-Altman plots showed poor agreement between the MTSK obtained using thermocouples and those using IRT. The averaged error was -0.75 °C during pre-exercise, 1.22 °C during exercise and -1.16 °C during post-exercise, and the reliability between the methods was low in the pre- (ICC = 0.75 [0.12 to 0.93]), during (ICC = 0.49 [-0.80 to 0.85]) and post-exercise (ICC = 0.35 [-1.22 to 0.81] conditions. Thus, there is poor correlation between the values of MTSK measured by thermocouples and IRT pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise, and low reliability between the two forms of measurement.

Questionários para avaliação do nível de atividade física habitual em adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão sistemática / Questionnaires to assess the habitual physical activity level among Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review / Revisión sistemática de los cuestionarios para evaluar el nivel de actividad física entre los adolescentes brasileños

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar diferentes questionários usados para medir o nível de atividade física (NAF) em adolescentes brasileiros entre 2007 e 2012. Para o desenvolvimento desta revisão, foram selecionados artigos que usavam questionários validados aplicados em adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos. Após as buscas selecionaram-se 26 artigos para revisão. Foram encontrados mais de 10 modelos diferentes de questionários, o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) foi o usado com maior frequência entre os artigos pesquisados (28%), o que pode ser justificado por sua abrangência global. O uso de diferentes modelos de questionários dificulta a comparação dos resultados. Recomenda-se a adoção de um questionário único para a medida do NAF de adolescentes brasileiros.

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify different questionnaires used to measure the physical activity level (PAL) in Brazilian adolescents between 2007 to 2012. For the development of this review, articles that used validated questionnaires applied in 10-19 year old adolescents were selected. Then, 26 articles were selected for review. Were found more than 10 different models of questionnaires, being the IPAQ the most used (28%), what may be justified due to its global reach. The use of different questionnaire templates makes it difficult to compare results. The adoption of a single questionnaire for the PAL measurement in Brazilian adolescents is recommended.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar los diferentes cuestionarios usados para medir el nivel de actividad física (NAF) en adolescentes brasileños entre los años 2007 y 2012. Para el desarrollo de esta revisión, se seleccionaron artículos que utilizaban cuestionarios validados en adolescentes de 10 a 19 años. Tras las búsquedas, se seleccionaron 26 artículos para su revisión. Se encontraron más de 10 modelos distintos de cuestionarios, entre los cuales el IPAQ se utiliza con mayor frecuencia en los diferentes artículos revisados (28%), lo que puede justificarse por su alcance global. El uso de diferentes modelos de cuestionarios dificulta la comparación de los resultados. Se recomienda la adopción de un único cuestionario para la medición del NAF de los adolescentes brasileños, lo cual es una necesidad perentoria.