Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)-Should They Be Mandatory Supplements in Pregnancy?

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are essential fatty acids for the human body. Seafood and microalgae are the most important sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Supplementation with 200 mg/day of DHA during pregnancy and breastfeeding has been suggested for women and infants in countries with low seafood consumption. Maternal concentration of DHA and EPA was associated with concentration in cord blood and breast milk. High concentrations of DHA and EPA were identified at the level of retinal photoreceptors and neuronal cell membranes. It was observed that supplementation with DHA and EPA during pregnancy had beneficial effects on the neurological development of the fetus and infant by improving language, memory, attention, and hand coordination, affecting sleep patterns, and improving visual acuity. Beneficial effects on the development of the infant were also associated with the maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids during breastfeeding. Supplementation with DHA and EPA may reduce the risk of preterm birth but also of preeclampsia in low-risk pregnancies. Women of childbearing age should have an intake of 250 mg/day of DHA + EPA from their diet or supplements. To reduce the risk of premature birth, pregnant women must additionally receive at least 100-200 mg of DHA every day. It is recommended that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids starts before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Beneficial effects on the mother have been identified, such as the reduction of postpartum depression symptoms, the decrease of cardiovascular risk, and the anti-inflammatory role.

Endometriosis in Menopausal Women-A New Age Is Coming? Literature Review.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue, that leads to dysmenorrhea, painful intercourse and infertility. The shift in paradigm from the previous belief that endometriosis exclusively impacts women of reproductive age has brought attention to the condition in both premenarchal and postmenopausal women. Currently, 2-4% of postmenopausal women have endometriosis. Many women experience menopausal symptoms during the peri- and postmenopausal periods and require extensive investigations and monitoring in order to avoid the recurrence of endometriosis symptoms or the risk of malignant transformation when treatment with menopausal hormones is elected. Our goal was to compile and present a clear and concise overview of the existing literature on postmenopausal endometriosis, offering an up-to-date and precise summary of the available information.

Hysteroscopy for Infertility in Young Women - Our Experience.

Objective: Infertility is a complex condition that depends on numerous mechanisms regarding its occurrence and evolution. It does not appear as a single pathology, and therefore the diagnosis and management involve both the identification of etiological causes and other possible systemic interactions. Infertility is defined as a succession of unsuccessful attempts of unprotected intercourse within a couple for 12 months, during the reproductive life. Among the many causes related to infertility, uterine pathology has an important place and hysteroscopy is outstanding in diagnosing and treating various pathologies in this category. Material and methods: This descriptive study was conducted on a retrospective analysis of a group of patients from Bucur Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania. The main data were obtained from medical electronic records and included the type of infertility, associated diagnoses and symptoms, previous investigations, hysteroscopic procedure and follow-up. In order to obtain the database, the above parameters were evaluated and processed in the IBM SPSS Statistics version 28, including other few graphs processed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results:The present study included 51 patients aged between 20 and 40 years, with a mean of 32.02 ± 3.7. Out of the total number of patients, 76.47% of participants to the present study were diagnosed with secondary infertility and 58.82% described menometrorrhagias as the most common symptom. Endometrial polyps were more frequently associated with menometrorrhagias (70% of patients), while synechiae and secondary amenorrhea were found together in 75% of cases. Previous ultrasound evaluation identified uterine cavity abnormalities as nonhomogeneous echo-pattern in 58.82% of cases, with some of them being suggestive of endometrial polyps (37.25%), intrauterine synechiae (3.92%) and uterine fibromas (9.8%). We noticed that 12% of cases required laparoscopy and 4% laparotomy. The outcomes of hysteroscopic management resulted in a conception rate of 39%. We found that 20% of pregnancies achieved were complicated with placenta praevia, 5% with gestational hypertension and 15% with imminence of abortion. Conclusions:Secondary infertility was more frequently encountered than primary infertility and the most common associated manifestations included menometrorrhagia, followed by secondary amenorrhea and pelvic-abdominal pain. Transvaginal ultrasound was correlated with hysteroscopic diagnosed pathology; posthysteroscopic results were favourable, regardless of the size and location of changes in the uterine cavity, thus highlighting the importance of hysteroscopic therapeutic techniques in increasing the chances of conception.

The Beginner Laparoscopists Trends in the Learning Process of Laparoscopy for Adnexal Gynecological Pathologies-The Experience of Our Center.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy for benign ovarian pathology is the appropriate surgical approach and it has many well-known advantages. Minimal invasive gynecological surgery increases the quality of life of the patient. The learning process of laparoscopy is difficult and requires many interventions to acquire manual skills. The objectives of the study were to assess the learning process of laparoscopy for adnexal pathology surgery performed by beginner laparoscopists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included three gynecological surgeons who were beginners in laparoscopy and who were named A, B, and C. We collected information about patients, diagnosis, surgical technique, and complications. RESULTS: We have analyzed the data from 159 patients. The most frequent primary diagnosis was functional ovarian cyst, and the laparoscopic cystectomy was performed in 49.1% of interventions. The need to convert a laparoscopy into laparotomy was necessary in 1.3% of patients. There were no cases of reintervention, blood transfusion, or ureteral lesions. The duration of the surgical intervention varied statistically significantly according to patient's BMI and to the surgeon. After 20 laparoscopic interventions, a significant improvement was found in the time needed to perform ovarian cystectomy (operators A and B) and salpingectomy (operator C). CONCLUSIONS: The process of learning laparoscopy is laborious and difficult. We found a significant decrease in operating time after a twenty laparoscopic interventions.