RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The epidemiological evidence on possible relationships between coffee consumption and prostate cancer (PCa) risk by subtype of the disease (localized, advanced) and fatal PCa risk is limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A population-based cohort of 44 613 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed up from January 1998 through December 2010 for incidence of localized (n = 2368), advanced (n = 918) and fatal (n = 515) PCa. We assessed the associations between coffee consumption and localized, advanced and fatal PCa risk using competing-risk regressions. We examined possible effect modification by body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: For localized PCa, each one cup increase in daily coffee consumption was associated with a 3% reduced risk [sub-hazard ratio (SHR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-0.99]. For advanced and fatal PCa, we found a non-significant inverse association; each one cup increase was associated with a 2% reduced risk of advanced [SHR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.95-1.02)] and fatal PCa [SHR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.93-1.03)]. We observed evidence of effect modification by BMI for localized PCa (Pinteraction = 0.03); the inverse association was stronger among overweight and obese men (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) compared with normal-weight men (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a clear inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of localized PCa, especially among overweight and obese men.
Assuntos
Café , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Gradação de Tumores , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Experimental data convincingly propose the toxic metal cadmium as a prostate carcinogen. Cadmium is widely dispersed into the environment and, consequently, food is contaminated. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 41 089 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed prospectively from 1998 through 2009 to assess the association between food frequency questionnaire-based estimates of dietary cadmium exposure (at baseline, 1998) and incidence of prostate cancer (3085 cases, of which 894 were localised and 794 advanced) and through 2008 for prostate cancer mortality (326 fatal cases). RESULTS: Mean dietary cadmium exposure was 19 µg per day±s.d. 3.7. Multivariable-adjusted dietary cadmium exposure was positively associated with overall prostate cancer, comparing extreme tertiles; rate ratio (RR) 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.24). For subtypes of prostate cancer, the RR was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.08-1.53) for localised, 1.05 (95% CI: 0.87-1.25) for advanced, and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.86-1.51) for fatal cases. No statistically significant difference was observed in the multivariable-adjusted risk estimates between tumour subtypes (P(heterogeneity)=0.27). For localised prostate cancer, RR was 1.55 (1.16-2.08) among men with a small waist circumference and RR 1.45 (1.15, 1.83) among ever smokers. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide support that dietary cadmium exposure may have a role in prostate cancer development.
Assuntos
Intoxicação por Cádmio/epidemiologia , Cádmio/administração & dosagem , Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Idoso , Intoxicação por Cádmio/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/induzido quimicamente , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The relationships between body mass index (BMI) during early and middle-late adulthood and incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) by subtype of the disease (localised, advanced) and fatal PCa is unclear. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 36,959 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed up from January 1998 through December 2008 for incidence of PCa (1530 localised and 554 advanced cases were diagnosed) and through December 2007 for PCa mortality (225 fatal cases). RESULTS: From a competing-risks analysis, incidence of localised PCa was observed to be inversely associated with BMI at baseline (middle-late adulthood; rate ratio (RR) for 35 kg m(-2) when compared with 22 kg m(-2) was 0.69 (95% CI 0.52-0.92)), but not at age 30. For fatal PCa, BMI at baseline was associated with a nonstatistically significant increased risk (RR for every five-unit increase: 1.12 (0.88-1.43)) and BMI at age 30 with a decreased risk (RR for every five-unit increase: 0.72 (0.51-1.01)). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate an inverse association between obesity during middle-late, but not early adulthood, and localised PCa. They also suggest a dual association between BMI and fatal PCa--a decreased risk among men who were obese during early adulthood and an increased risk among those who were obese during middle-late adulthood.
Assuntos
Obesidade/complicações , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/etiologia , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In a national register-based study of incidence trends and mortality of incidental prostate cancer in Sweden, we found that a significant proportion (26.6%) of affected men diagnosed died of their disease, which challenges earlier descriptions of incidental prostate cancer as a non-lethal disease.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Sistema de Registros , Suécia/epidemiologia , Ressecção Transuretral da PróstataRESUMO
The identification of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion in prostate cancer suggests that distinct molecular subtypes may define risk for disease progression. In surgical series, TMPRSS2:ERG fusion was identified in 50% of the tumors. Here, we report on a population-based cohort of men with localized prostate cancers followed by expectant (watchful waiting) therapy with 15% (17/111) TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. We identified a statistically significant association between TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and prostate cancer specific death (cumulative incidence ratio=2.7, P<0.01, 95% confidence interval=1.3-5.8). Quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated high ets-related [corrected] gene (ERG) expression to be associated with TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (P<0.005). These data suggest that TMPRSS2:ERG fusion prostate cancers may have a more aggressive phenotype, possibly mediated through increased ERG expression.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Fusão Gênica , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodosRESUMO
Folsomia fimetaria (L.) were added (0, 5, 10, 20 animals) to 0.100 g barley straw which had been inoculated 10 days (244 h) earlier with a natural soil microflora. Respiration (CO2 evolution) was monitored continuously. Mass loss, fungal standing crop (total and FDA-active), bacterial and protozoan biomass were estimated 42 days (1,000 h) after microbial inoculation. The degree of surface cover by hyphae was surveyed at regular intervals. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in respiration, mass loss or microbial biomass, but the density of surface hyphae were reduced by addition of Collembola. Fungal production was low, less than 5% of the estimated microbial production, and could not account for all collembolan growth during incubation. F. fimetaria appeared to consume mainly bacteria and protozoa, and had little impact on carbon mineralization.
RESUMO
A case control study was designed to study self-esteem in children with nocturnal enuresis and daytime incontinence. The patients and the controls were recruited from the normal population in the town of Umeå, Sweden. Medical and psychological examinations were performed before the start of treatment. Follow up investigations were carried out at 3 and 6 months after starting treatment. Self-esteem was measured using a Swedish self-answering questionnaire that was known to have good psychometric properties. Statistically significant impairment of self-esteem was observed between patients and control children before starting treatment (P < 0.001). After 6 months treatment, the patients had the same levels of self-esteem as the control group. Self-esteem was significantly better in patients that were totally dry at 6 months follow up compared with the patients with persisting urinary problems (P < 0.01). Children from lower socioeconomic groups were found to have lower self-esteem than children from higher socioeconomic groups; boys were also found to have lower self-esteem than girls.
Assuntos
Enurese/psicologia , Autoimagem , Incontinência Urinária/psicologia , Fatores Etários , Terapia Comportamental/instrumentação , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Desamino Arginina Vasopressina/administração & dosagem , Desamino Arginina Vasopressina/uso terapêutico , Enurese/complicações , Enurese/terapia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Qualidade de Vida , Fármacos Renais/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Renais/uso terapêutico , Fatores Sexuais , Suécia , Incontinência Urinária/complicações , Incontinência Urinária/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of imaging technologies for detecting prostate cancer in patients with elevated PSA-values or suspected findings on clinical examination. METHODS: The databases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, CRD HTA/DARE/NHS EED and EconLit were searched until June 2013. Pre-determined inclusion criteria were used to select full text articles. Risk of bias in individual studies was rated according to QUADAS or AMSTAR. Abstracts and full text articles were assessed independently by two reviewers. The performance of diagnostic imaging was compared with systematic biopsies (reference standard) and sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 5141 abstracts, which were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Of these 4852 were excluded since they did not meet the inclusion criteria. 288 articles were reviewed in full text for quality assessment. Six studies, three using MRI and three using transrectal ultrasound were included. All were rated as high risk of bias. Relevant studies on PET/CT were not identified. CONCLUSION: Despite clinical use, there is insufficient evidence regarding the accuracy of imaging technologies for detecting cancer in patients with suspected prostate cancer using TRUS guided systematic biopsies as reference standard.
Assuntos
Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biópsia/métodos , Meios de Contraste , Humanos , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients are often over-treated because of the lack of biomarkers needed to distinguish the lethal from the indolent form of PCa. YWHAZ was recently identified as a potential therapeutic target in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Therefore, this study focused on determining the prognostic significance of YWHAZ in localized PCa. METHODS: YWHAZ expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 213 men who underwent radical prostatectomy. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess the prognostic value of YWHAZ intensity. RESULTS: High YWHAZ expression was strongly associated with high Gleason score at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.001) and PSA relapse (P = 0.001). Importantly, patients with high expression of YWHAZ had a higher risk of CRPC development (P = 0.002) and reduced survival time (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that YWHAZ could serve as a promising prognostic biomarker in localized PCa to predict poor prognosis and to identify a subgroup of tumors, which might benefit from earlier adjuvant or YWHAZ-targeted therapy.
Assuntos
Proteínas 14-3-3/biossíntese , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteínas 14-3-3/análise , Idoso , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
Anti-adhesion mucins have proven to play an important part in the biology of several types of cancer. Therefore, we test the hypothesis that altered expression of MUC-1 is associated with prostate cancer progression. We retrieved archival tumour tissue from a population-based cohort of 195 men with localised prostate cancer (T1a-b, Nx, M0) that has been followed for up to 20 years with watchful waiting. Semi-automated, quantitative immunohistochemistry was undertaken to evaluate MUC-1 expression. We modelled prostate cancer-specific death as a function of MUC-1 levels accounting for age, Gleason grade and tumour extent, and calculated age-adjusted and multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Men that had tumours with an MUC-intensity lower or higher than normal tissue had a higher risk of dying in prostate cancer, independent of tumour extent and Gleason score (HR 5.1 and 4.5, respectively). Adjustment for Gleason grade and tumour stage did not alter the results. Men with a Gleason score > or =7 and MUC-1 deviating from the normal had a 17 (RR=17.1 95% confidence interval=2.3-128) times higher risk to die in prostate cancer compared with men with Gleason score <7 and normal MUC-1 intensity. In summary, our data show that MUC-1 is an independent prognostic marker for prostate cancer death.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Mucinas/genética , Mucinas/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Seguimentos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucina-1 , Análise Multivariada , Razão de Chances , Vigilância da População , Prognóstico , Análise Serial de Proteínas , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Sobrevida , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A study of self-esteem before and after medical treatment was performed in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (NE) and urinary incontinence (UI). The NEUI children and the controls were recruited from the normal population in the town of Umeå, Sweden. In total, 66 NEUI children and 64 controls entered the study. Clinical examination, laboratory and psychological tests were performed before the start of treatment. Follow-up investigations were done 3 and 6 months after the start of treatment. To assess self-esteem we used the Swedish self-esteem questionnaire 'I think I am'. Compared to controls, the NEUI children had significant impairment of self-esteem before the start of treatment. Within the NEUI group, boys had lower self-esteem than girls. After 6 months of treatment, the NEUI children had the same levels of self-esteem as the control group. The NEUI children that had become totally dry had significantly better self-esteem at 6-month follow-up as compared to the NEUI children with persisting NEUI problems. In conclusion, the study shows that NEUI children have low self-esteem and that their self-esteem may be normalized with proper treatment.