Flexible ureteroscopy in extreme elderly patients (80 years of age and older) is feasible and safe.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of RIRS in patients ≥ 80 years to a younger population. METHODS: We retrospectively compared the data from patients ≥ 80 years of age undergoing RIRS with the data of a group of patients from 18 and < 80 years. Perioperative outcomes, complications and emergency department visits were compared between two groups. RESULTS: A total of 173 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 44 (27-79) and 81 years-old (80-94), for younger and elderly group, respectively. Elderly patients had higher ASA scores (≥ 3) (28.6% vs 75.8%; p = 0.0001) and Charlson comorbidity index (1.99 vs 7.86; p = 0.0001), more diabetes (p = 0.006) and respiratory comorbidities (p = 0.002). No statistical difference was found between two groups in stone size (p = 0.614) and number (p = 0.152). Operative time (74.48 vs 102.96 min; p = 0.0001) and duration of hospitalisation (1.7 vs 2.9 days; p = 0.001) were longer for the elderly. Intraoperative complication rate did not show differences between the two groups (p = 0.166). Postoperative complications rates were similar between the cohorts (7.7% vs 9.5%; p = 0.682). The success rates were 67.5% in the younger group and 71.4% in the elderly group (p = 0.584). No difference was seen in stone recurrence (p = 0.73). A higher rate of visits to the emergency department was found in younger cohort (23.6% vs 11.6%; p = 0.046), mostly duo to stent-related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the higher rate of comorbidity in the elderly group, RIRS was a safe procedure with similar complication rate and outcomes at an expense of higher operative time and hospital stay.

[Adenocarcinoma in a ileal conduit after cystectomy for bladder exstrophy]. / Adenocarcinoma en conducto ileal después de cistectomía por extrofia vesical.

Exstrophy of the urinary bladder is an uncommon congenital anormaly for wich cystectomy was recommended because of a high risk of developing carcinoma. We report a patient treated by cystectomy and ileal loop diversion, who, 34 years later, developed carcinoma of the ileal loop. It is the third report of a tumor developing in a ileal conduit constructed after cystectomy for bladder exstrophy.

[Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in the infancy]. / Ganglioneuroma retroperitoneal en la infancia.

Specific management guides for suprarenal incidentalomas detected after birth do not exist for children, but due to the high proportion of malignant tumors, surgical resection is recommended. We present the case of a 7-year-old patient with a non-functioning left suprarenal incidentaloma. Surgical resection and subsequent anatomopathologic analysis of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma in process of maturation. Most ganglioneuromas are incidental and have a good prognosis due to their benign behaviour, even though malignant transformation has also been described, for which reason postoperative controls to detect local recurrence and occurrence of new foci are recommended.

Fragmentation targeted at preferred discontinuities: A new concept in endolithotripsy with Holmium laser:YAG. / Fragmentación dirigida a discontinuidades preferentes: un nuevo concepto en endolitotricia con láser Holmium:YAG.

INTRODUCTION: There are currently 3holmium laser, YAG (Ho:YAG) endolithotripsy procedures that are considered basic (fragmentation, pulverisation, "pop-corn" technique). We present the technique of fragmentation targeted at preferred discontinuities (FTPD), a new concept of endolithotripsy by Ho:YAG laser. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The FTPD technique is based on the selective application of energy (targeting a specific preselected point) to an area that is visually prone to the formation of a fracture line or preferred discontinuity (conditioned by the anisotropy of the urolithiasis). The ideal energy regimen (setting) is a high range of working energy (2-3J) with a very low frequency range (5-8Hz) and short pulse width. Between January 2015 to February 2017, the FTPD technique was used in 37 procedures (7 NLP, 16 RIRS, 12 URS, 2 cystolithotomies), with a Ho:YAG laser (Lumenis Pulse 120H®, Tel-Aviv, Israel). Maximum power used: 24W (3J/8Hz) with fibres of 365µ and 273µ (URS, RIRS), and 32W (4J/8Hz) with fibres of 550µ (NLP, cystolithotomy). RESULTS: Strategic improvement was achieved in all cases using the TFPD technique to continue the endolithotripsy or remove fragments. No complications were recorded after the use of this method. CONCLUSIONS: FTPD can be considered a complementary option in combination with the basic methods of fragmentation and pulverisation. In our experience, it constitutes significant progress in optimising the performance of Ho:YAG laser endolithotripsy.

Corinebacterium urealyticum: increased incidence of infection and encrusted uropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Corynebacterium urealyticum (CU) affects patients who are immunosuppressed, chronically ill or have undergone numerous operations. Obstructive uropathy (OU) is a complication of infection. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the growing increase in cases of infection by CU and OU in the past 5 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted of urological patients with CU-positive urine cultures (January 2009-December 2014). We calculated the annual distribution and clinical characteristics of infection by CU and OU. Minimum follow-up: 6 months. We obtained the statistical means and ranges of clinical parameters pre/post-therapy. RESULTS: The total number of patients with CU was 115 (men, 87; women, 28). The mean age was 67.9 years (range, 6-95 years), and the annual distribution of cases for 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 was 9 (7.8%), 13 (11.3%), 9 (7.8%), 20 (17.4%), 31 (27%) and 33 (28.7%), respectively. The increase in cases for 2009-2014 was 300%. Multiple urological surgeries were performed in 89 cases (77.3%), with surgical complications in 77 cases (66.9%). Eighteen (15.6%) patients had OU (men, 13; women, 5), 12 had pyelitis (66.7%), 3 had cystopathy (16.6%), 2 had prostatic capsule disease (11.2%) and 1 had mesh calcification (5.5%). The analysis of the 18 cases with OU showed pre/postantibiotic therapy urine pHs of 8 (r, 6-9) vs. 6 (r, 5-7). All postantibiotic cultures were negative. Acidifying solution was applied in 5 cases, and surgery was performed in 13 cases (72.2%). The results from before/after the multimodal therapy showed renal impairment in 12 (66.6%) vs. 9 cases (50%) and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) of 45.8 (r, 6->90) vs. 52.7 (r, 13->90). The improvement in GFR was 6.94 points (T Wilcoxon; P=.102). The radiology results (incrustations) showed improvement in 13 patients (72.2%) and no change in 5 (27.8%). There was no specific mortality for CU. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of infection by CU and OU is increasing. Antibiotic treatment is highly effective. Acidifying solutions are an acceptable option for reducing calcifications.

Implications of vitamin D deficiency in lithiasic patient and in general population.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency causes problems in mineral metabolism but also overall health. In first place a review of the topic was carried out. Then, in order to contextualize it in lithiasic patient, a study on Vitamin D deficiency and its possible relationship with impaired PTH levels is performed. EVIDENCES ACQUISITION: A review of topics such as metabolism, epidemiology and the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with several pathologies was performed. Besides a multivariate analysis and a correlation study between vitamin D and PTH levels was conducted in 100 lithiasic patients. EVIDENCES SYNTHESIS: We present a review of Vitamin D metabolism, receptors and functions, as well as about its valuation methodology and the treatment of its deficiency. Lithiasic patients show a higher vitamin D deficiency than general population. Vitamin D deficiency has been significantly associated with increased PTH levels. In addition, there is enough literature showing a relationship between vitamin D deficiency not only with bone disease, but also with multiple diseases. CONCLUSION: vitamin D levels should be measured in all lithiasic patients, and those with vitamin D deficiency should be treated.

[Why and how we must analyse urinary calculi]. / Por qué y cómo hemos de analizar los cálculos urinarios.

CONTEXT: There is heterogeneity of criteria on the utility of urinary stone analysis as well as on which is the most suitable methodology. This review presents the analysis of the lithiasis using the morphoconstitutional analysis technique based on the combination of the stereoscopic microscopy (SM) with infrared study (IRS). SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE: There are many techniques to analyze the stone: chemical analysis, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, SM and IRS. Reviewing each one of these techniques and through the study of several clinical cases, this review shows the usefulness of stone analysis and the pros and cons of each one of the mentioned techniques. Furthermore, it can be clearly seen how the morphoconstitutional analysis is the one that offers the most useful clinical information to the urologist. In addition, classification of the lithiasis based on this method and its clinical correlation with patients is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Using the morphoconstitutional study to analyze the stone offers more information than the other techniques and it makes it possible to establish a stone classification of important clinical and diagnostic utility.

Fragmentación dirigida a discontinuidades preferentes: un nuevo concepto en endolitotricia con láser Holmium:YAG / Fragmentation targeted at preferred discontinuities: A new concept in endolithotripsy with Holmium laser:YAG

Introducción: En la actualidad existen 3 modalidades técnicas de endolitotricia con láser Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) consideradas básicas (fragmentación, pulverización, "pop-corn"). Presentamos la técnica de fragmentación dirigida por discontinuidades preferentes (FDDP), un nuevo concepto de endolitotricia con láser Ho:YAG. Material y métodos: La técnica de FDDP se basa en la aplicación selectiva (dirigida a un punto concreto preseleccionado) de la energía sobre una zona visualmente proclive a la formación de una línea de fractura o discontinuidad preferente (condicionada por la anisotropía de la urolitiasis). El régimen energético (setting) idóneo consiste en un elevado rango de energía de trabajo (2-3J) con un muy bajo rango de frecuencia (5-8 Hz) y pulso de amplitud corta. Entre enero del 2015 y febrero del 2017 se ha realizado la técnica de FDDP en 37 procedimientos (7 NLP, 16 RIRS, 12 URS, 2 cistolitotomía), con un láser Ho:YAG (Lumenis Pulse 120H(R), Tel-Aviv, Israel). Potencia máxima empleada: 24 W (3 J/8Hz) con fibras de 365 y 273 mi. (URS, RIRS), y 32 W (4 J/8Hz) con fibras de 550 mi. (NLP, cistolitotomía). Resultados: Con técnica de FDDP se obtuvo en todos los casos una mejora estratégica para continuar la endolitotricia o extraer fragmentos. No se registraron complicaciones derivadas de la aplicación de esta modalidad. Conclusiones: La FDDP puede ser considerada como una opción complementaria en combinación con las modalidades básicas de fragmentación y pulverización. En nuestra experiencia, significa un avance para optimizar el rendimiento de la endolitotricia con láser Ho:YAG

Introduction: There are currently 3holmium laser, YAG (Ho:YAG) endolithotripsy procedures that are considered basic (fragmentation, pulverisation, "pop-corn" technique). We present the technique of fragmentation targeted at preferred discontinuities (FTPD), a new concept of endolithotripsy by Ho:YAG laser. Material and methods: The FTPD technique is based on the selective application of energy (targeting a specific preselected point) to an area that is visually prone to the formation of a fracture line or preferred discontinuity (conditioned by the anisotropy of the urolithiasis). The ideal energy regimen (setting) is a high range of working energy (2-3J) with a very low frequency range (5-8Hz) and short pulse width. Between January 2015 to February 2017, the FTPD technique was used in 37 procedures (7 NLP, 16 RIRS, 12 URS, 2 cystolithotomies), with a Ho:YAG laser (Lumenis Pulse 120H (R), Tel-Aviv, Israel). Maximum power used: 24W (3J/8Hz) with fibres of 365 mi. and 273 mi. (URS, RIRS), and 32W (4J/8Hz) with fibres of 550 mi. (NLP, cystolithotomy). Results: Strategic improvement was achieved in all cases using the TFPD technique to continue the endolithotripsy or remove fragments. No complications were recorded after the use of this method. Conclusions: FTPD can be considered a complementary option in combination with the basic methods of fragmentation and pulverisation. In our experience, it constitutes significant progress in optimising the performance of Ho:YAG laser endolithotripsy

Por qué y cómo hemos de analizar los cálculos urinarios / Why and how we must analyse urinary calculi

Contexto: Existe una heterogeneidad de criterio sobre la utilidad del análisis del cálculo urinario, así como de cuál es la metodología más adecuada. En esta revisión se presenta el análisis de la litiasis mediante la técnica del estudio morfoconstitucional basada en la combinación de la microscopía estereoscópica (MEST) con el estudio de infrarrojos (EIR). Resumen de evidencia: Existen múltiples técnicas de análisis del cálculo: análisis químico, microscopía electrónica, difracción por rayos X, MEST y EIR. Mediante la revisión de cada una de estas técnicas y el estudio de varios casos clínicos, el presente trabajo muestra la utilidad clínica del análisis del cálculo, así como las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada uno de los citados métodos. Por otro lado, se evidencia cómo el análisis mediante el estudio morfoconstitucionales el que más información clínica de utilidad ofrece al urólogo. Asimismo, se presenta la clasificación de las litiasis basadas en este método y su correlación clínica con el paciente. Conclusiones: El análisis del cálculo mediante la técnica del estudio morfoconstitucional aporta más información que el resto de técnicas y permite establecer una clasificación del cálculo de gran utilidad clínica y diagnóstica (AU)

Context: There is heterogeneity of criteria on the utility of urinary stone analysis as well as on which is the most suitable methodology. This review presents the analysis of the lithiasis using the morphoconstitutional analysis technique based on the combination of the stereoscopic microscopy (SM) with infrared study (IRS). Summary of the evidence: There are many techniques to analyze the stone: chemical analysis, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, SM and IRS. Reviewing each one of these techniques and through the study of several clinical cases, this review shows the usefulness of stone analysis and the pros and cons of each one of the mentioned techniques. Furthermore, it can be clearly seen how the morphoconstitutional analysis is the one that offers the most useful clinical information to the urologist. In addition, classification of the lithiasis based on this method and its clinical correlation with patients is presented. Conclusions: Using the morphoconstitutional study to analyze the stone offers more information than the other techniques and it makes it possible to establish a stone classification of important clinical and diagnostic utility (AU)

Corynebacterium urealyticum: aumento de la incidencia de infección y uropatía incrustante / Corinebacterium urealyticum: increased incidence of infection and encrusted uropathy

Introducción: Corynebacterium urealyticum (CU) afecta a pacientes inmunodeprimidos, crónicos o multioperados. La uropatía incrustante (UI) representa una complicación de la infección. Objetivo del estudio: demostrar el aumento creciente de casos de infección por CU y UI en los últimos 5 años. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de pacientes urológicos con urocultivo positivo a CU (enero de 2009-diciembre de 2014). Cálculo de distribución anual y características clínicas de infección por CU y UI. Seguimiento mínimo: 6 meses. Obtención de medias y rangos estadísticos de parámetros clínicos pre/postratamiento. Resultados: Total de pacientes con CU: 115 (hombres 87: mujeres 28). Edad: 67,9 años (rango 6-95). Distribución anual (casos) 2009: 9 (7,8%), 2010: 13 (11,3%), 2011: 9 (7,8%), 2012: 20 (17,4%), 2013: 31 (27%), 2014: 33 (28,7%). Incremento 2009-2014: 300%. Cirugía urológica múltiple: 89 casos (77,3%). Complicaciones quirúrgicas: 77 casos (66,9%). Pacientes con UI: 18 casos (15,6%) (hombres 13: mujeres 5): pielitis 12 (66,7%), cistopatía 3 (16,6%), prostatic capsule disease 2 (11,2%), calcificación de la malla uno (5,5%). Análisis de 18 casos con UI: PH orina pre/postantibiótico: 8 (r = 6-9) vs 6 (r = 5-7). Cultivo negativo postantibiótico: 100%. Aplicación de solución acidificante: 5 casos. Cirugía: 13 casos (72,2%). Resultados pre/postratamiento multimodal: insuficiencia renal: 12 (66,6%) vs 9 (50%), filtrado glomerular (FG): 45,8 (r = 6- > 90) vs 52,7 (r = 13- > 90). Mejoría del FG: 6,94 puntos (T Wilcoxon p = 0,102). Radiología (incrustaciones): mejoría 13 (72,2%), igual 5 (27,8%). No mortalidad específica por CU. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de infección por CU y la UI está aumentando. El tratamiento antibiótico es muy eficaz. Las soluciones acidificantes son una opción aceptable para reducir calcificaciones

Introduction: Corynebacterium urealyticum (CU) affects patients who are immunosuppressed, chronically ill or have undergone numerous operations. Obstructive uropathy (OU) is a complication of infection. Study objective: To demonstrate the growing increase in cases of infection by CU and OU in the past 5 years. Material and methods: A descriptive study was conducted of urological patients with CU-positive urine cultures (January 2009-December 2014). We calculated the annual distribution and clinical characteristics of infection by CU and OU. Minimum follow-up: 6 months. We obtained the statistical means and ranges of clinical parameters pre/post-therapy. Results: The total number of patients with CU was 115 (men, 87; women, 28). The mean age was 67.9 years (range, 6-95 years), and the annual distribution of cases for 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 was 9 (7.8%), 13 (11.3%), 9 (7.8%), 20 (17.4%), 31 (27%) and 33 (28.7%), respectively. The increase in cases for 2009-2014 was 300%. Multiple urological surgeries were performed in 89 cases (77.3%), with surgical complications in 77 cases (66.9%). Eighteen (15.6%) patients had OU (men, 13; women, 5), 12 had pyelitis (66.7%), 3 had cystopathy (16.6%), 2 had prostatic capsule disease (11.2%) and 1 had mesh calcification (5.5%). The analysis of the 18 cases with OU showed pre/postantibiotic therapy urine pHs of 8 (r, 6-9) vs. 6 (r, 5-7). All postantibiotic cultures were negative. Acidifying solution was applied in 5 cases, and surgery was performed in 13 cases (72.2%). The results from before/after the multimodal therapy showed renal impairment in 12 (66.6%) vs. 9 cases (50%) and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) of 45.8 (r, 6- > 90) vs. 52.7 (r, 13- > 90). The improvement in GFR was 6.94 points (T Wilcoxon; P = .102). The radiology results (incrustations) showed improvement in 13 patients (72.2%) and no change in 5 (27.8%). There was no specific mortality for CU. Conclusions: The prevalence of infection by CU and OU is increasing. Antibiotic treatment is highly effective. Acidifying solutions are an acceptable option for reducing calcifications

Implicaciones del déficit de vitamina D en el paciente litiásico y en la población general / Implications of vitamin D deficiency in lithiasic patient and in general population

Contexto y objetivo: El déficit de vitamina D ocasiona problemas en el metabolismo fosfocálcico, pero también de salud general. El objetivo es realizar una revisión del tema, y para contextualizarlo en el paciente litiásico realizar un estudio sobre el déficit de vitamina D y su posible relación con la alteración de los valores de PTH. Adquisición de evidencias: Revisión del metabolismo, la epidemiología y la relación del déficit de vitamina D con varias enfermedades. Análisis multivariable y estudio de correlación entre los niveles de vitamina D y PTH en 100 pacientes litiásicos. Síntesis de evidencias: Se presenta una revisión sobre el metabolismo, receptores, funciones y valoración de la vitamina D, así como del tratamiento de su déficit. Se ha encontrado un déficit de vitamina D superior en el paciente litiásico que en la población general y que se relaciona significativamente con un incremento de los valores de PTH. Además hay suficiente literatura que muestra una relación del déficit de vitamina D no solo con enfermedad ósea, sino con múltiples enfermedades. Conclusión: En todo paciente litiásico debe descartarse y tratarse un posible déficit de vitamina D

Context and objective: Vitamin D deficiency causes problems in mineral metabolism but also overall health. In first place a review of the topic was carried out. Then, in order to contextualize it in lithiasic patient, a study on Vitamin D deficiency and its possible relationship with impaired PTH levels is performed. Evidences acquisition: A review of topics such as metabolism, epidemiology and the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with several pathologies was performed. Besides a multivariate analysis and a correlation study between vitamin D and PTH levels was conducted in 100 lithiasic patients. Evidences synthesis: We present a review of Vitamin D metabolism, receptors and functions, as well as about its valuation methodology and the treatment of its deficiency. Lithiasic patients show a higher vitamin D deficiency than general population. Vitamin D deficiency has been significantly associated with increased PTH levels. In addition, there is enough literature showing a relationship between vitamin D deficiency not only with bone disease, but also with multiple diseases. Conclusion: vitamin D levels should be measured in all lithiasic patients, and those with vitamin D deficiency should be treated

Adenocarcinoma en conducto ileal después de cistectomía por extrofia vesical / Adenocarcinoma in a ileal conduit after cystectomy for bladder exstrophy

La extrofia vesical es una patología congénita poco frecuente. Hace años se recomendó la realización decistectomía profiláctica por el riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma en la vejiga extrófica. Presentamos un caso de extrofia vesical tratado con cistectomía y conducto ileal, desarrollando 34 años después, un adenocarcinoma tipo intestinal en el asa del conducto ileal. Éste es el tercer caso de tumor descrito en un conducto ileal construido después de la cistectomía por extrofia vesical (AU)

Exstrophy of the urinary bladder is an uncommon congenital anormaly for wich cystectomy was recommended because of a high risk of developing carcinoma. We report a patient treated by cystectomy and ileal loop diversion, who, 34 years later, developed carcinoma of the ileal loop. It is the third report of a tumor developing in a ileal conduit constructed after cystectomy for bladder exstrophy (AU)

Ganglioneuroma retroperitoneal en la infancia / Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in the infancy

En la infancia, no existen guías específicas para el manejo de los incidentalomas suprarrenales detectados postnatalmente, pero dada la alta proporción de tumores malignos se recomienda su resección quirúrgica. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 7 años diagnosticada de un incidentaloma suprarrenal izquierdo no funcionante. La exéresis quirúrgica de dicha masa y el posterior estudio histopatológico confirmaron el diagnóstico de ganglioneuroma en proceso de maduración. La mayoría de ganglioneuromas son incidentales y presentan un buen pronóstico dado su comportamiento benigno, aunque está descrita la transformación maligna, recomendándose realizar controles postoperatorios para detectar las recidivas locales y la aparición de nuevos focos (AU)

Specific management guides for suprarenal incidentalomas detected after birth do not exist for children, but due to the high proportion of malignant tumors, surgical resection is recommended. We present the case of a 7-yearoldpatient with a non-functioning left suprarenal incidentaloma. Surgical resection and subsequent anatomopathologic analysis of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma in process of maturation. Most ganglioneuromas are incidental and have a good prognosis due to their benign behaviour, even though malignant transformation has also been described, for which reason postoperative controls to detect local recurrence and occurrence of new foci are recommended (AU)