Nonlethal capture of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in fishing weirs as an opportunity for population studies and conservation.

Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) switch habitats during their development, moving from pelagic to neritic areas and then commuting between nesting and foraging grounds during adulthood. Due to their predominantly coastal habitats, they are under a range of anthropogenic threats. We monitored turtles incidentally captured in fishing weirs in Ceará state, northeastern Brazil, over a decade and provided an overview of capture rates in the fishery during previous decades. Between 2008 and 2018, 2335 captures were recorded, 76% were only once. Most recaptures (86%) occurred up to six months after the first capture, with a mean growth rate of 6.7 ± 3.6 cm year-1. Capture rates varied between years, with the highest rates during the historical period, peaking in 1962 (0.16 turtles day weir-1). Between 2008 and 2018, the daily capture rate was 0.07 turtles day weir-1. Similar to other areas, the use of turtles as a fishery resource seems to have reduced population sizes in the Atlantic Ocean. On the other hand, the intensive monitoring of local weirs provided an opportunity to mobilize the community regarding their conservation, which in turn could have supported the recovery of turtles from a number of distant colonies. The relatively constant and year-round capture of green sea turtles reflects the presence of individuals from different rookeries and demonstrates the importance of the region as a developmental ground for juveniles from different nesting areas, with high growth rates compared with other feeding areas. Partnership with local fishermen and the long-term monitoring of passive nonlethal fishing weirs are key tools in supporting sea turtle conservation.

How marine debris ingestion differs among megafauna species in a tropical coastal area.

The marine debris ingested by megafauna species (Trichiurus lepturus, Chelonia mydas, Pontoporia blainvillei, and Sotalia guianensis) was recorded in a coastal area of southeastern Brazil (21-23°S). Marine debris was recorded in all species, mainly consisting of plastic material (flexible and hard plastics - clear, white, and colored- and nylon filaments). The 'pelagic predators' T. lepturus and S. guianesis showed the lowest percent frequencies of debris ingestion (0.7% and 1.3%, respectively), followed by the 'benthic predator' P. blainvillei (15.7%) and the 'benthic herbivorous C. mydas (59.2%). The debris found in C. mydas stomachs was opportunistically ingested during feeding activities on local macroalgal banks. In the study area, the benthic environment accumulates more anthropogenic debris than the pelagic environment, and benthic/demersal feeders are more susceptible to encounters and ingestion. The sub-lethal effects observed in C. mydas, such as intestinal obstruction due to hardened fecal material, should be considered a local conservation concern.

Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values

In the present study we analysed the proximate-composition and caloric values of the preferred prey consumed by ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (adult females), that are distributed in the inner continental shelf from northern Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil (~22ºS), assessing the potential of nutritional and energetic approach as a tool to understand the feeding selective pattern of this marine top carnivore. The preferred prey of this predator composed of fish co-specifics, Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens, Peprilus paru, squid Doryteuthis plei, and shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri were collected from 2007 to 2010 for proximate-composition (water, protein, lipid, ash, and carbohydrate) and caloric value analyses. The correspondence analysis showed that protein is the main component in the prey species (61.32% of variance explained), standing out from the other nutrients. Lipid has the highest percentage related to L. grossidens, ash to X. kroyeri and carbohydrate to D. plei. The strong correlations between protein and caloric value (positive) and lipid and caloric value (negative) indicated that T. lepturus is attending its energy demand through the prey protein content. This work elucidated the feeding preference of adult females of T. lepturus in relation to nutritional and caloric content of their preferred prey. The species showed food selectivity to prey that provide more energy per ingested biomass, so that the feeding events can maximize the predator's caloric gain, which is obtained by a protein-based diet.

No presente estudo foram analisadas a composição centesimal e o valor calórico das presas preferenciais consumidas pelo peixe-espada, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (fêmeas adultas), que se distribuem na plataforma continental interna do norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil (~ 22ºS). O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial da abordagem nutricional e energética como ferramenta para compreender o padrão de seletividade alimentar deste carnívoro marinho. As presas preferenciais deste predador, compostas por co-específicos e pelos peixes Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens e Peprilus paru, pela lula Doryteuthis plei e pelo camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, foram coletadas entre 2007 e 2010 para análise da composição centesimal (água, proteína, lipídio, cinzas e carboidratos) e do valor calórico. A análise de correspondência mostrou que a proteína é o principal componente nas espécies de presa (61,32% da variância explicada), destacando-se dos outros nutrientes. Para o lipídio a maior porcentagem esteve relacionada com L. grossidens, cinzas com X. kroyeri e carboidratos com D. plei. As fortes correlações entre proteína e valor calórico (positiva) e lipídio e valor calórico (negativa) indicaram que T. lepturus está atendendo sua demanda de energia através do teor de proteína das presas. Este trabalho elucidou a preferência alimentar de fêmeas adultas de T. lepturus em relação ao conteúdo nutricional e calórico das presas preferenciais. A espécie apresentou seletividade alimentar por presas que fornecem mais energia por biomassa ingerida, de modo que os eventos de alimentação maximizem o ganho calórico do predador, que é obtido por uma dieta à base de proteínas.

Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values

In the present study we analysed the proximate-composition and caloric values of the preferred prey consumed by ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (adult females), that are distributed in the inner continental shelf from northern Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil (~22ºS), assessing the potential of nutritional and energetic approach as a tool to understand the feeding selective pattern of this marine top carnivore. The preferred prey of this predator composed of fish co-specifics, Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens, Peprilus paru, squid Doryteuthis plei, and shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri were collected from 2007 to 2010 for proximate-composition (water, protein, lipid, ash, and carbohydrate) and caloric value analyses. The correspondence analysis showed that protein is the main component in the prey species (61.32% of variance explained), standing out from the other nutrients. Lipid has the highest percentage related to L. grossidens, ash to X. kroyeri and carbohydrate to D. plei. The strong correlations between protein and caloric value (positive) and lipid and caloric value (negative) indicated that T. lepturus is attending its energy demand through the prey protein content. This work elucidated the feeding preference of adult females of T. lepturus in relation to nutritional and caloric content of their preferred prey. The species showed food selectivity to prey that provide more energy per ingested biomass, so that the feeding events can maximize the predator's caloric gain, which is obtained by a protein-based diet.(AU)

No presente estudo foram analisadas a composição centesimal e o valor calórico das presas preferenciais consumidas pelo peixe-espada, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (fêmeas adultas), que se distribuem na plataforma continental interna do norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil (~ 22ºS). O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial da abordagem nutricional e energética como ferramenta para compreender o padrão de seletividade alimentar deste carnívoro marinho. As presas preferenciais deste predador, compostas por co-específicos e pelos peixes Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens e Peprilus paru, pela lula Doryteuthis plei e pelo camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, foram coletadas entre 2007 e 2010 para análise da composição centesimal (água, proteína, lipídio, cinzas e carboidratos) e do valor calórico. A análise de correspondência mostrou que a proteína é o principal componente nas espécies de presa (61,32% da variância explicada), destacando-se dos outros nutrientes. Para o lipídio a maior porcentagem esteve relacionada com L. grossidens, cinzas com X. kroyeri e carboidratos com D. plei. As fortes correlações entre proteína e valor calórico (positiva) e lipídio e valor calórico (negativa) indicaram que T. lepturus está atendendo sua demanda de energia através do teor de proteína das presas. Este trabalho elucidou a preferência alimentar de fêmeas adultas de T. lepturus em relação ao conteúdo nutricional e calórico das presas preferenciais. A espécie apresentou seletividade alimentar por presas que fornecem mais energia por biomassa ingerida, de modo que os eventos de alimentação maximizem o ganho calórico do predador, que é obtido por uma dieta à base de proteínas.(AU)