Continuous monitoring is superior to manual measurements in detecting vital sign deviations in patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Patients admitted to the emergency care setting with COVID-19-infection can suffer from sudden clinical deterioration, but the extent of deviating vital signs in this group is still unclear. Wireless technology monitors patient vital signs continuously and might detect deviations earlier than intermittent measurements. The aim of this study was to determine frequency and duration of vital sign deviations using continuous monitoring compared to manual measurements. A secondary analysis was to compare deviations in patients admitted to ICU or having fatal outcome vs. those that were not. METHODS: Two wireless sensors continuously monitored (CM) respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ). Frequency and duration of vital sign deviations were compared with point measurements performed by clinical staff according to regional guidelines, the National Early Warning Score (NEWS). RESULTS: SpO2 < 92% for more than 60 min was detected in 92% of the patients with CM vs. 40% with NEWS (p < .00001). RR > 24 breaths per minute for more than 5 min were detected in 70% with CM vs. 33% using NEWS (p = .0001). HR ≥ 111 for more than 60 min was seen in 51% with CM and 22% with NEWS (p = .0002). Patients admitted to ICU or having fatal outcome had longer durations of RR > 24 brpm (p = .01), RR > 21 brpm (p = .01), SpO2 < 80% (p = .01), and SpO2 < 85% (p = .02) compared to patients that were not. CONCLUSION: Episodes of desaturation and tachypnea in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection are common and often not detected by routine measurements.

Days alive and out of hospital following primary surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Days Alive and Out of Hospital (DAOH) is a recently introduced, readily obtainable postoperative outcome measure method that expresses procedure and disease-associated morbidity and mortality. In this study, we evaluated DAOH with 30- and 365-days follow-up periods after primary surgery (DAOH30 and DAOH365, respectively) for patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study is to identify patient-, procedure- and disease-associated risk factors for patients treated with primary surgery for primary OSCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study from a prospective collected database represents patients from Eastern Denmark surgically treated for primary OSCC in the period 2000-2014. DAOH30 and DAOH365 were calculated and associations with patient characteristics including comorbidity, tumor characteristics, clinical outcomes such as length of stay, readmission, and mortality were evaluated. Tests for difference and significance between groups were assessed with Mann-Whitney U test and quantile linear regression. RESULTS: We included 867 patients (63% males, median age: 63 years (IQR 56-70 years)). Median DAOH30 and DAOH365 after OSCC surgery were 25 days (IQR 21-27 days) and 356 days (IQR 336-360 days), respectively. Alcohol consumption had a significant association with a lower DAOH365, p < 0.01, but not with DAOH30. Advanced T-stage, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and increased Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score was significantly associated with a lower DAOH30 and DAOH365. CONCLUSION: In this population-based study in OSCC patients treated with primary surgery, we found that DAOH after 30 days was 25 days (83%), while DAOH after 365 days was 356 days (98%). Advanced T-stage acts as a predictor for significant DAOH30 and DAOH365 reduction while excessive alcohol consumption predicts a significant DAOH365 reduction. Readmission within 30 days following surgery was associated with further readmission within one year.

High-dose preoperative glucocorticoid for prevention of emergence and postoperative delirium in liver resection: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial substudy.

BACKGROUND: Emergence delirium (ED) and postoperative delirium (POD) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and occur in up to one-third of patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery, where the underlying pathogenesis is multifactorial, including increased inflammation. We aimed to assess the effect of pre-operative high- versus low-dose glucocorticoid on the occurrence of ED and POD. METHODS: This was a substudy from a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Patients ≥18 years, undergoing open liver resection were randomized 1:1 to high-dose (HD, 10 mg/kg methylprednisolone) or low-dose (LD, 8 mg dexamethasone) glucocorticoid and assessed for ED and POD for a maximum of 4 days during hospitalization. The 3-min Diagnostic Interview for CAM-defined delirium (3D-CAM) was used for assessment, 15 and 90 min after arrival in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and subsequently once daily in the ward. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were included in this secondary substudy (26 HD-group and 27 LD-group). ED occurred in n = 5 HD versus n = 6 LD patients 15 min after PACU arrival. At 90 min after PACU arrival, 4 patients had ED, all from LD-group, and resulted in significantly longer PACU admission, 273 versus 178 min in ED versus Non-ED patients. During the first 4 days in the ward, n = 5 patients had at least one occurrence of POD, all from LD-group. CONCLUSIONS: The primary finding of the current substudy was a lower occurrence of ED/POD in the PACU 90 min after arrival and during the first four postoperative days in patients receiving high-dose glucocorticoid compared with patients receiving low-dose glucocorticoid. The two study groups were not evenly balanced concerning known explanatory factors, i.e., age and size of surgery, which calls for larger studies to elucidate the matter.

Dexamethasone Dose and Early Postoperative Recovery after Mastectomy: A Double-blind, Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain and nausea are the most common challenges in postoperative recovery after mastectomy. Preventive measures include multimodal analgesia with preoperative glucocorticoid. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 24 mg of preoperative dexamethasone was superior to 8 mg on early recovery after mastectomy in addition to a simple analgesic protocol. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind trial, patients 18 yr of age or older having mastectomy were randomized 1:1 to 24 mg or 8 mg dexamethasone, and all received a standardized anesthetic and surgical protocol with preoperative acetaminophen, total intravenous anesthesia, and local anesthetic wound infiltration. The primary endpoint was number of patients transferred to the postanesthesia care unit according to standardized discharge criteria (modified Aldrete score). Secondary endpoints included pain and nausea at extubation, transfer from the operating room and upon arrival at the ward, length of stay, seroma occurrence, and wound infections. RESULTS: One hundred thirty patients (65 in each group) were included and analyzed for the primary outcome. Twenty-three (35%) in each group met the primary outcome, without significant differences in standardized discharge scores (odds ratio, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.49 to 2.05], P > 0.999). More patients had seroma requiring drainage in the 24 mg versus 8 mg group, 94% versus 81%, respectively (odds ratio, 3.53 [95% CI, 1.07 to 11.6], P = 0.030). Median pain scores were low at all measured time points, numeric rating scale less than or equal to 2 versus less than or equal to 1 in the 24 mg versus 8 mg group, respectively. Six patients in each group (9%) experienced nausea at any time during hospital stay (P > 0.999). Length of stay was median 11 and 9.2 h in the 24 and 8 mg group, respectively (P = 0.217). CONCLUSIONS: The authors found no evidence of 24 mg versus 8 mg of dexamethasone affecting the primary outcome regarding immediate recovery after mastectomy. The authors observed a short length of stay and low pain scores despite a simple analgesic protocol.

Waking Up in Pain: a prospective unselected cohort study of pain in 3702 patients immediately after surgery in the Danish Realm.

BACKGROUND: Acute and persistent pain after surgery is well described. However, no large-scale studies on immediate postoperative pain in the operating room (OR) exist, hindering potential areas of research to improve clinical outcomes. Thus, we aimed to describe the occurrence and severity of immediate postoperative pain in a large, unselected cohort. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, encompassing all procedures in 31 public hospitals in the Danish Realm, during a 5-day period including the weekend. Data on procedures and anesthesia were collected and the main outcome was occurrence of moderate or severe pain in the OR. Secondary outcomes included pain, sedation and nausea in the OR or during the first 15 min in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) including relevant risk factors. Descriptive and logistic regression statistics were used. RESULTS: A total of 3675 procedures were included for analysis (87% inclusion rate). Moderate or severe pain occurred in 7.4% (95% CI 6.5% to 8.3%) of cases in the OR immediately after awakening, rising to 20.2% in the OR and/or PACU. Large intraprocedure and interprocedure variations occurred (0.0%-37.5%), and in 20% of cases with epidural-general anesthesia patients experienced moderate or severe pain. Independent risk factors were female sex, younger age, preoperative pain, daily opioid use and major surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: Moderate or severe pain in the immediate postoperative phase occurred in 20% of all cases with procedure and anesthesiological technique variations, suggesting a need for identification of relevant procedure-specific risk factors and development of preventive treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: RoPR ID 43191.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is rare after fast-track hip- and knee arthroplasty - But potentially related to opioid use.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) remains a frequent postoperative complication in non-fast-track surgeries, with negative implications for return to daily activities and work. In fast-track total hip and -knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) an 8-9% incidence of POCD after 3 months has been reported, but without details on specific perioperative risk factors. Thus, we re-investigated the incidence and role of suggested factors for POCD in a well-controlled patient cohort, to guide future preventive interventions. DESIGN: A subanalysis of a prospective study. SETTING: Hospital ward, patients own home. PATIENTS: One-hundred-and-four patients undergoing elective THA/TKA. INTERVENTIONS: A full contextual and validated cognitive test battery pre- and 2-3 weeks postoperatively by interview by research nurse. MEASUREMENTS: Results from the cognitive test battery were corrected for learning effect by normative data from an age-matched unoperated control group. Potential perioperative risk factors (age, procedure, gender, inflammation, blood-percentage, opioids etc.) associated with POCD was investigated by univariate and multivariate logistic analysis, with a 5% significance level. MAIN RESULTS: Four patients (3.9%) developed POCD. POCD-positive patients consumed higher dose of opioids in the acute postoperative period (postoperative days 0-3: median 214 mg), vs. POCD-negative patients (postoperative days 0-3: median 98 mg, p = 0.008), and during the 2-3-week study period (POCD-positive vs. POCD-negative patients, median 739 mg vs. 208 mg, respectively). Other pre and postoperative factors were non-significant but associated with the development of POCD. CONCLUSION: POCD is rare in fast-track THA/TKA patients and may be related to postoperative opioid consumption, supporting the ongoing focus on opioid-sparing analgesia.