Silicon in broiler drinking water promotes bone development in broiler chickens.

Skeletal abnormalities, bone deformities and fractures cause significant losses in broiler production during both rearing and processing. Silicon is an essential mineral for bone and connective tissue synthesis and for calcium absorption during the early stages of bone formation. Performance was not affected by the addition of silicon. However, broilers receiving silicon showed a significant increase of phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese and ash in the tibia. In conclusion, broiler performance was not impaired by adding the tested silicon product to the drinking water. In addition, bone development improved, as demonstrated by higher mineral and ash content. Further studies are required to determine the optimal concentration of silicon, including heat stress simulations, to better understand the effects of silicon on bone development.

Influence of chlorine added to drinking water during the preslaughter feed withdrawal on microbiology and morphology of the broiler gastrointestinal tract.

The objective of this experiment was to test the effects of the addition of chlorine to broiler drinking water during a 12-h preslaughter feed withdrawal period on reduction of the quantities of microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and enterococci, in broiler crops and ceca. Reduction of these microorganisms would likely also reduce contamination of broiler meat by pathogenic bacteria during processing. It was also investigated if the chlorine caused some intestinal damage that could disseminate the microorganisms to the carcass. A total of 40 Cobb male broilers were used. Samples of crop and cecal content were collected for microbiological analysis, and duodenum and jejunum were used for morphological analysis from 10 birds in each treatment. The most probable number (MPN) of E. coli and enterococci in the collected samples of crop and ceca and the measure of the free residual chlorine in water were determined. The scanning electron microscopy from duodenum and jejunum was used to illustrate the mucosa integrity. The chlorine added to water was efficient in reducing the quantities of microorganisms in broiler crops and improved the integrity of the mucosa. Therefore, preslaughter feed withdrawal should be coupled with crop disinfection, because preslaughter feed withdrawal increases the MPN of enterococci and E. coli in broiler crops. So, it presents a higher risk for carcass contamination during slaughterhouse processing and, consequently, a higher risk for public health.

Sodium levels for Japanese quail at initial phases.

The aim of this research was to determine the nutritional requirements of sodium for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) during the periods of 1 to 21 d and 22 to 40 d of age, as well as to evaluate the residual effect on egg production and densitometry bone traits from 41 to 63 d. Two experiments were developed. Experiment 1: 360 Japanese quail were used, from 1 to 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of 5 sodium levels (0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, and 0.30%). Experiment 2: 240 Japanese quail were used, from 22 to 40 d. Treatments consisted of 5 sodium levels (0.04, 0.12, 0.20, 0.28, and 0.36%). In both experiments, weight gain, final weight, and feed conversion presented a quadratic trend, whereas water intake presented a linear trend. Treatments did not affect the densitometry of bone traits, although they presented a quadratic influence on tibia ash, calcium, and calcium:phosphorus ratio. Therefore, the nutritional requirement of sodium for Japanese quail from 1 to 21 d and from 22 to 40 d is 0.222% and 0.253%, respectively.

Densitometric and biochemical values of broiler tibias at different ages.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the normal values of bone radiographic density (BRD) by using the optical densitometry in radiographic images and the biochemical values represented by serum calcium, ash percentage, and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) from tibia ash of Cobb broilers at 8, 22, and 43 d of age. A total of 14 broilers were used for densitometric analysis, and 15 were used for biochemical dosages. The BRD values increased (P < 0.05) with age and in all tibia regions (proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis), concluding that growth was a determinative factor for bone performance, demanding a higher BRD during broiler development. Tibia proximal epiphysis presented higher BRD values in relation to the other bone regions (P < 0.05), as a result of a possible biomechanical adaptation to ligaments and tension of the muscle tendons at this region, allowing the support of the muscle mass increase. The serum calcium values were kept constant, as a result of the appropriate nutritional levels of the diet that supported the animal homeostasis. The bone ash and mineral percentage increased (P < 0.05) at 22 d of age, due to the higher mineral requirement in this age. The correlation between bone densitometry and the invasive techniques showed that the bone densitometry can substitute the determination of mineral percentage in the ash. This experiment presented normal values of the noninvasive and invasive methods more used in aviculture, allowing us to compare, subsequently, pathological and physiological values or results of broilers fed with different diets.

Morphometric study of Rynchotus rufescens testis throughout the year.

The research aimed to study the morphologic variation of the testis, seeking to promote the selection and genetic control of those that present appreciable spermatic production throughout the year. Testis morphology of the Rynchotus rufescens partridge was investigated, analyzing the testis weight, the seminiferous tubules diameter, the thickness of the seminiferous epithelium, the amount of meiotic figures and the thickness of the tunica albuginea. Sixty male partridges were used, divided in 12 groups, and one group per month had the testis collected for the histological routine and the sections were stained using the Hematoxilin-Eosin technique. For the histological sections analysis, morphometric measures were taken, with the aid of an Image Analyzer and the resulting data were submitted to analysis of variance and to Tukey's test. Based on the histological modifications of the seminiferous epithelium and the morphometric analysis, the partridge testis morphology could be divided in four successive phases throughout the year. The reproductive phase occurred in the spring, characterized by the complete spermatogenesis process. The regression phase occurred in the summer, with the involution of the seminiferous epithelium. The rest phase took place in the fall, with spermatogonias presence and some spermatocytes beginning the meiosis. The phase of recrudescence occurred in the winter, with the recovery of the seminiferous epithelium and absence of spermatozoa. In conclusion, the characteristics analyzed revealed a variation over the year, with greater production of spermatozoa in the spring and less in the winter.

Análise multivariada na morfometria do casco de bovinos Nelore confinados e criados na pastagem / Multivariate analysis in hoof morphometry in Nellore cattle in feedlot and grazing breeding systems

O manejo intensivo favorece a ocorrência de afecções podais inflamatórias ou infecciosas nos animais de produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o impacto do tipo de piso sobre o casco ao analisar a morfometria externa dos dígitos de bovinos Nelore confinados e em pastagem e, ainda, verificar a eficácia da análise exploratória multivariada para esse conjunto de dados. Foram avaliados vinte quatro animais sendo doze mantidos em confinamento e o restante no pasto. O abate dos ruminantes foi realizado aos 20 meses de idade. Seccionadas na articulação carpometacárpica e tarsometatársica, as extremidades dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos 24 animais foram amostradas e congeladas à -20ºC. Posteriormente mensuradas com fita métrica milimetrada no dígito lateral e medial para obtenção da altura da parede abaxial e axial, comprimento e largura da sola, comprimento, largura e altura do bulbo e o comprimento da parede lateral da úngula. A análise exploratória multivariada de correspondência múltipla mostrou associação entre tais medidas em amostras oriundas dos indivíduos no confinamento e no pasto. Animais confinados apresentaram paredes axial e abaxial mais altas, altura do bulbo maior e sola menor. Quando mantidos no solo da pastagem, os dígitos tiveram bulbo mais baixo e maior comprimento de sola. Embora haja variação individual na morfometria do casco, o ambiente...

Intensive management favors the occurrence of inflammatory or infectious foot diseases in farm animals. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact on the hooves caused by the type of floor and also to verify the effectiveness of the multivariate exploratory analysis for this data set. For that, the analysis of digits external morphometry of Nellore cattle confined and on grazing was carried out. Twenty-four animals were evaluated, twelve of which were kept in confinement and the rest in pasture. Ruminants were slaughtered at 20 months of age. Sectioned in the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints, the extremities of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the 24 animals were sampled and frozen at -20ºC. Subsequently measured with a millimeter metric tape on the lateral and medial region of the digits to obtain the height of the abaxial and axial wall, length and width of the sole, length, width and height of the bulb and the length of the lateral wall ofthe hoof. The multivariate exploratory analysis of multiple correspondence showed an association between such measures insamples from individuals in confinement and pasture. Confined animals had higher axial and abaxial walls, higher bulb height and smaller sole. When kept in the pasture soil, the digits had a lower bulb and a longer sole length. Although there is individual variation in the hull morphometry, the environment alone can change its structure. Higher hoof wall in confined cattle suggests less wear on the keratinized portion, while the greater development of the sole in animals raised on pasture maybe related to better distribution of forces on the support surface. Thus, it is observed that the environment modifies its anatomical structure. The multiple correspondence analysis is efficient in identifying dependencies between categories of external morphometric parameters of bovine hooves.

Análise multivariada na morfometria do casco de bovinos Nelore confinados e criados na pastagem / Multivariate analysis in hoof morphometry in Nellore cattle in feedlot and grazing breeding systems

O manejo intensivo favorece a ocorrência de afecções podais inflamatórias ou infecciosas nos animais de produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o impacto do tipo de piso sobre o casco ao analisar a morfometria externa dos dígitos de bovinos Nelore confinados e em pastagem e, ainda, verificar a eficácia da análise exploratória multivariada para esse conjunto de dados. Foram avaliados vinte quatro animais sendo doze mantidos em confinamento e o restante no pasto. O abate dos ruminantes foi realizado aos 20 meses de idade. Seccionadas na articulação carpometacárpica e tarsometatársica, as extremidades dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos 24 animais foram amostradas e congeladas à -20ºC. Posteriormente mensuradas com fita métrica milimetrada no dígito lateral e medial para obtenção da altura da parede abaxial e axial, comprimento e largura da sola, comprimento, largura e altura do bulbo e o comprimento da parede lateral da úngula. A análise exploratória multivariada de correspondência múltipla mostrou associação entre tais medidas em amostras oriundas dos indivíduos no confinamento e no pasto. Animais confinados apresentaram paredes axial e abaxial mais altas, altura do bulbo maior e sola menor. Quando mantidos no solo da pastagem, os dígitos tiveram bulbo mais baixo e maior comprimento de sola. Embora haja variação individual na morfometria do casco, o ambiente...(AU)

Intensive management favors the occurrence of inflammatory or infectious foot diseases in farm animals. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact on the hooves caused by the type of floor and also to verify the effectiveness of the multivariate exploratory analysis for this data set. For that, the analysis of digits external morphometry of Nellore cattle confined and on grazing was carried out. Twenty-four animals were evaluated, twelve of which were kept in confinement and the rest in pasture. Ruminants were slaughtered at 20 months of age. Sectioned in the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints, the extremities of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the 24 animals were sampled and frozen at -20ºC. Subsequently measured with a millimeter metric tape on the lateral and medial region of the digits to obtain the height of the abaxial and axial wall, length and width of the sole, length, width and height of the bulb and the length of the lateral wall ofthe hoof. The multivariate exploratory analysis of multiple correspondence showed an association between such measures insamples from individuals in confinement and pasture. Confined animals had higher axial and abaxial walls, higher bulb height and smaller sole. When kept in the pasture soil, the digits had a lower bulb and a longer sole length. Although there is individual variation in the hull morphometry, the environment alone can change its structure. Higher hoof wall in confined cattle suggests less wear on the keratinized portion, while the greater development of the sole in animals raised on pasture maybe related to better distribution of forces on the support surface. Thus, it is observed that the environment modifies its anatomical structure. The multiple correspondence analysis is efficient in identifying dependencies between categories of external morphometric parameters of bovine hooves.(AU)

Morphologic study of the efferent ductules of the pigeon (Columba livia).

The efferent ductules of the pigeon are localized in the epididymal region and are topographically divided into proximal and distal, both portions being lined with stereociliated pseudostratified epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy shows five distinct cell types: light, dark, and angular non-ciliated cells with possible apocrine secretory role cells and halo cells, possibly intraepithelial leucocytes. The proximal efferent ductules have the widest diameter among all ductules in the epididymal region.

Morphology of the vas deferens of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus).

A morphological study of the budgerigar vas deferens was conducted to demonstrate the electron-microscopic features of its epithelial lining. The analysis showed that the vas deferens of the budgerigar was found to be of a tubular and serpentine structure, continuous with the epididymal region and lined with stereo ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, which contained folds projecting into the tubular lumen and a characteristic brush border. The epithelium consists of ciliated and non-ciliated cells with different electron densities. Ciliated cells were characterized by two morphologically distinct configurations: some cells were columnar and other ciliated cells were longer, thinner and dark. Non-ciliated cells showed apical cytoplasmic expansions, which projected into the tubular lumen as protrusions.

Development of the femur of lambs fed with corn silage or sugar cane / Desenvolvimento do fêmur de cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar

The bone development in lambs is extremely important, as this will reflect in the performance of the animals when they are adults. Bone problems in sheep affect the productivity of animals, increasing mortality rates and infection. Therefore, the evaluation of lambs skeletal development should be taken into account when they are fed different types and concentrations of bulk. There are no studies in the literature that demonstrate this relationship. Twenty Ile de France male lambs were used. They were uncastrated and weaned at 15 kg body weight then distributed in four treatments, with five animals per treatment. The treatments consisted of roughage: concentrate 60:40 (corn silage:concentrate); 60:40 ( sugar cane: concentrate); 40:60 (corn silage: concentrate); 40:60 ( sugar cane:concentrate). For morphometric evaluation, weighing of the femurs was performed and the length the perimeter of the proximal and distal epiphysis and the diaphysis of femurs and bone mineral density of the respective treatments were evaluated. No significant differences in the morphometric and densitometric evaluation was found between different treatments, with the exception of diaphysis bone mineral density, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the treatment with 40% corn silage in relation to the treatment 60% sugar cane. The use of diets containing of corn silage and sugarcane associated withaddition of concentrate maintained the anatomical features. However, the proportion of 40% corn silage and 60%concentrate, showed better diaphysis bone mineral density due to a higher intake of nutrients and minerals present in this diet and consequently a higher energy intake, as well as an increased supply of dietary calcium.

O desenvolvimento ósseo em cordeiros é de extrema importância, levando em consideração que, este irá refletir no desempenho dos animais quando adultos. Problemas ósseos em ovinos acometem a produtividade dos animais, aumentando os índices de mortalidade e infecções. Portanto, a avaliação do desenvolvimento ósseo de cordeiros deve ser levada em consideração, quando estes são alimentados com diferentes tipos e concentrações de volumosos, mesmo porque não existem trabalhos na literatura que demonstrem esta relação. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros Ile de France machos não castrados, desmamados aos 15 kg de peso corporal, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, sendo utilizados cinco animais por tratamento, com os tratamentos constituídos por proporções de volumoso:concentrado 60:40 (silagem de milho:concentrado); 60:40 (cana-de-açúcar:concentrado); 40:60 (silagem de milho:concentrado); 40:60 (cana-deaçúcar:concentrado). Para a avaliação morfométrica, foi realizada a pesagem dos fêmures e avaliado o comprimento, o perímetro da epífise proximal e distal, bem como o da diáfise dos fêmures e a densidade mineral óssea dos respectivos tratamentos. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas nas avaliações morfométricas e densitométricas dos fêmures dos cordeiros dos diferentes tratamentos, com exceção da densidade mineral óssea da diáfise, que foi significativamente (p <0,05) maior no tratamento com 40% de silagem de milho em relação ao tratamento com 60% de cana de açúcar. A utilização de dietas contendo silagem de milho e cana-de-açúcar, associados à adição de concentrados manteve as características anatômicas dos ossos dos cordeiros em desenvolvimento. No entanto, a proporção de 40% de silagem demilho e 60% de concentrado, evidenciou uma melhor densidade mineral óssea da diáfise em decorrência de um maior consumo de nutrientes e minerais presentes nesta dieta, consequentemente um maior aporte energético.

Desenvolvimento do fêmur de cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar

O desenvolvimento ósseo em cordeiros é de extrema importância, levando em consideração que, este irá refletir no desempenho dos animais quando adultos. Problemas ósseos em ovinos acometem a produtividade dos animais, aumentando os índices de mortalidade e infecções. Portanto, a avaliação do desenvolvimento ósseo de cordeiros deve ser levada em consideração, quando estes são alimentados com diferentes tipos e concentrações de volumosos, mesmo porque não existem trabalhos na literatura que demonstrem esta relação. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros Ile de France machos não castrados, desmamados aos 15 kg de peso corporal, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, sendo utilizados cinco animais por tratamento, com os tratamentos constituídos por proporções de volumoso:concentrado 60:40 (silagem de milho:concentrado); 60:40 (cana-de-açúcar:concentrado); 40:60 (silagem de milho:concentrado); 40:60 (cana-de-açúcar:concentrado). Para a avaliação morfométrica, foi realizada a pesagem dos fêmures e avaliado o comprimento, o perímetro da epífise proximal e distal, bem como o da diáfise dos fêmures e a densidade mineral óssea dos respectivos tratamentos. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas nas avaliações morfométricas e densitométricas dos fêmures dos cordeiros dos diferentes tratamentos, com exceção da densidade mineral óssea da diáfise, que foi significativamente (p

Development of the femur of lambs fed with corn silage or sugar cane / Desenvolvimento do fêmur de cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar

The bone development in lambs is extremely important, as this will reflect in the performance of the animals when they are adults. Bone problems in sheep affect the productivity of animals, increasing mortality rates and infection. Therefore, the evaluation of lambs skeletal development should be taken into account when they are fed different types and concentrations of bulk. There are no studies in the literature that demonstrate this relationship. Twenty Ile de France male lambs were used. They were uncastrated and weaned at 15 kg body weight then distributed in four treatments, with five animals per treatment. The treatments consisted of roughage: concentrate 60:40 (corn silage:concentrate); 60:40 ( sugar cane: concentrate); 40:60 (corn silage: concentrate); 40:60 ( sugar cane:concentrate). For morphometric evaluation, weighing of the femurs was performed and the length the perimeter of the proximal and distal epiphysis and the diaphysis of femurs and bone mineral density of the respective treatments were evaluated. No significant differences in the morphometric and densitometric evaluation was found between different treatments, with the exception of diaphysis bone mineral density, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the treatment with 40% corn silage in relation to the treatment 60% sugar cane. The use of diets containing of corn silage and sugarcane associated withaddition of concentrate maintained the anatomical features. However, the proportion of 40% corn silage and 60%concentrate, showed better diaphysis bone mineral density due to a higher intake of nutrients and minerals present in this diet and consequently a higher energy intake, as well as an increased supply of dietary calcium.(AU)

O desenvolvimento ósseo em cordeiros é de extrema importância, levando em consideração que, este irá refletir no desempenho dos animais quando adultos. Problemas ósseos em ovinos acometem a produtividade dos animais, aumentando os índices de mortalidade e infecções. Portanto, a avaliação do desenvolvimento ósseo de cordeiros deve ser levada em consideração, quando estes são alimentados com diferentes tipos e concentrações de volumosos, mesmo porque não existem trabalhos na literatura que demonstrem esta relação. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros Ile de France machos não castrados, desmamados aos 15 kg de peso corporal, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, sendo utilizados cinco animais por tratamento, com os tratamentos constituídos por proporções de volumoso:concentrado 60:40 (silagem de milho:concentrado); 60:40 (cana-de-açúcar:concentrado); 40:60 (silagem de milho:concentrado); 40:60 (cana-deaçúcar:concentrado). Para a avaliação morfométrica, foi realizada a pesagem dos fêmures e avaliado o comprimento, o perímetro da epífise proximal e distal, bem como o da diáfise dos fêmures e a densidade mineral óssea dos respectivos tratamentos. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas nas avaliações morfométricas e densitométricas dos fêmures dos cordeiros dos diferentes tratamentos, com exceção da densidade mineral óssea da diáfise, que foi significativamente (p <0,05) maior no tratamento com 40% de silagem de milho em relação ao tratamento com 60% de cana de açúcar. A utilização de dietas contendo silagem de milho e cana-de-açúcar, associados à adição de concentrados manteve as características anatômicas dos ossos dos cordeiros em desenvolvimento. No entanto, a proporção de 40% de silagem demilho e 60% de concentrado, evidenciou uma melhor densidade mineral óssea da diáfise em decorrência de um maior consumo de nutrientes e minerais presentes nesta dieta, consequentemente um maior aporte energético.(AU)

Effect of high incubation temperature on the blood parameters of layer chicks

Adequate environmental temperature control is essential for incubation efficiency. Layer breeder eggs (n=360) were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments, consisting of two incubation temperatures (T1=37.5 °C, control; and T2=39.0 °C, hot), with two incubators per temperature, and 90 eggs per incubator, totaling 360 eggs. Hatchability, embryo mortality, and chick cloacal and body surface temperatures were not affected by incubation temperature. Eggs incubated at the hot temperature presented greater egg mass loss and higher eggshell conductance than those incubated at the control temperature. Layer chicks derived from eggs incubated at control temperature showed greater absolute weight, yolk-free egg mass, and heavier hearts than those from eggs submitted to heat stress during incubation. The control group presented lower base excess and ionized calcium blood levels. Incubating eggs at temperatures higher than those recommended compromises body and heart development of layer chicks and negatively affects blood ionized calcium availability, and therefore, bone mineralization during embryo development. Efficient temperature control during the incubation of fertile eggs is essential to obtain good quality layer chicks.

Effect of high incubation temperature on the blood parameters of layer chicks

Adequate environmental temperature control is essential for incubation efficiency. Layer breeder eggs (n=360) were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments, consisting of two incubation temperatures (T1=37.5 °C, control; and T2=39.0 °C, hot), with two incubators per temperature, and 90 eggs per incubator, totaling 360 eggs. Hatchability, embryo mortality, and chick cloacal and body surface temperatures were not affected by incubation temperature. Eggs incubated at the hot temperature presented greater egg mass loss and higher eggshell conductance than those incubated at the control temperature. Layer chicks derived from eggs incubated at control temperature showed greater absolute weight, yolk-free egg mass, and heavier hearts than those from eggs submitted to heat stress during incubation. The control group presented lower base excess and ionized calcium blood levels. Incubating eggs at temperatures higher than those recommended compromises body and heart development of layer chicks and negatively affects blood ionized calcium availability, and therefore, bone mineralization during embryo development. Efficient temperature control during the incubation of fertile eggs is essential to obtain good quality layer chicks.(AU)

Levels and sources of vitamin D on performance and bone development of strains in broilers / Níveis de vitamina D sobre o desempenho e desenvolvimento ósseo de linhagens de frangos de corte

The availability and appropriate level of vitamin D to promote physiological demand, bone formation and reduce the occurrence of locomotors problems in broilers. The aim of this study was to evaluate three levels of vitamin D on performance breaking strength and mineral content of tibia of three strains of broilers, it was used 1,440 chicken of one day of age. The complete random design used was in factorial 3X3, with three strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500 and Hybro) and three inclusion levels of vitamin D3 (1250 IU vitamin D3; 3000 IU vitamin D3 and 2760 UI of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol (OH) D3), provided in the diet until 21 day of life, with eight replicates of 30 birds per group, a total of 160 birds per treatment. There was no difference (P> 0.05) between the levels of vitamin D, in the strains for the perfomance and breaking strength, except for feed intake for the strain factor (P> 0.05), with higher feed intake of Cobb, probably due to its higher growth potential. The levels of vitamin D had no influence significant (P>0.05) the quantities of calcium and phosphorus in the tibia bones. However, for strains was significant difference (P 0.05) at 14 days of age, with higher amounts of calcium to Ross 308 and higher amount of phosphorus to Hybro. This can be explained because of the genetic variation in metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in broilers. In conclusion the addition of 1250 IU vitamin D/kg of feed is sufficient to ensure performance and bone development of broilers independent of the strain to be used by proper adjustment of the levels of Ca and P

A disponibilidade e o nível adequado de vitamina D deve atender à demanda fisiológica para formação óssea, e reduzem a ocorrência de problemas locomotores em frangos de corte. Com o objetivo de avaliar três níveis de vitamina D sobre o desempenho, força de ruptura e conteúdo mineral das tíbias de três linhagens de frangos de corte, foram utilizado 1.440 pintos de um dia, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3, com três linhagens (Ross 308, Cobb 500 e Hybro) e três níveis de inclusão de vitamina D3 (1250 UI vitamina D3; 3000 UI vitamina D3 e 2760 UI de hidroxicolecalciferol 25(OH) D3, fornecidos na ração até o 21º dia de vida, com oito repetições de 30 aves por parcela, totalizando 160 aves por tratamento. Não houve diferenças (P>0,05) entre os níveis de vitamina D, e as linhagens para o desempenho e força de ruptura, exceto para o consumo de ração para o fator linhagem (P 0,05), devido ao seu potencial de crescimento. Os níveis de vitamina D não influenciaram (P> 0,05) as quantidades de cálcio e fósforo nas tíbias. No entanto, para as linhagens houve diferença significativa (P 0,05) aos 14 dias de idade, com maior quantidade de cálcio para o Ross 308 e maior quantidade de fósforo para o Hybro, evidenciando diferenças no metabolismo do cálcio e do fósforo em frangos de corte. Em conclusão a adição de 1250 UI de vitamina D/kg de ração é suficiente para garantir o desempenho e o desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte, independente da linhagem a ser utilizada, mediante ao ajuste correto dos níveis de Ca e P

Levels and sources of vitamin D on performance and bone development of strains in broilers / Níveis de vitamina D sobre o desempenho e desenvolvimento ósseo de linhagens de frangos de corte

The availability and appropriate level of vitamin D to promote physiological demand, bone formation and reduce the occurrence of locomotors problems in broilers. The aim of this study was to evaluate three levels of vitamin D on performance breaking strength and mineral content of tibia of three strains of broilers, it was used 1,440 chicken of one day of age. The complete random design used was in factorial 3X3, with three strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500 and Hybro) and three inclusion levels of vitamin D3 (1250 IU vitamin D3; 3000 IU vitamin D3 and 2760 UI of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol (OH) D3), provided in the diet until 21 day of life, with eight replicates of 30 birds per group, a total of 160 birds per treatment. There was no difference (P> 0.05) between the levels of vitamin D, in the strains for the perfomance and breaking strength, except for feed intake for the strain factor (P> 0.05), with higher feed intake of Cobb, probably due to its higher growth potential. The levels of vitamin D had no influence significant (P>0.05) the quantities of calcium and phosphorus in the tibia bones. However, for strains was significant difference (P 0.05) at 14 days of age, with higher amounts of calcium to Ross 308 and higher amount of phosphorus to Hybro. This can be explained because of the genetic variation in metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in broilers. In conclusion the addition of 1250 IU vitamin D/kg of feed is sufficient to ensure performance and bone development of broilers independent of the strain to be used by proper adjustment of the levels of Ca and P(AU)

A disponibilidade e o nível adequado de vitamina D deve atender à demanda fisiológica para formação óssea, e reduzem a ocorrência de problemas locomotores em frangos de corte. Com o objetivo de avaliar três níveis de vitamina D sobre o desempenho, força de ruptura e conteúdo mineral das tíbias de três linhagens de frangos de corte, foram utilizado 1.440 pintos de um dia, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3, com três linhagens (Ross 308, Cobb 500 e Hybro) e três níveis de inclusão de vitamina D3 (1250 UI vitamina D3; 3000 UI vitamina D3 e 2760 UI de hidroxicolecalciferol 25(OH) D3, fornecidos na ração até o 21º dia de vida, com oito repetições de 30 aves por parcela, totalizando 160 aves por tratamento. Não houve diferenças (P>0,05) entre os níveis de vitamina D, e as linhagens para o desempenho e força de ruptura, exceto para o consumo de ração para o fator linhagem (P 0,05), devido ao seu potencial de crescimento. Os níveis de vitamina D não influenciaram (P> 0,05) as quantidades de cálcio e fósforo nas tíbias. No entanto, para as linhagens houve diferença significativa (P 0,05) aos 14 dias de idade, com maior quantidade de cálcio para o Ross 308 e maior quantidade de fósforo para o Hybro, evidenciando diferenças no metabolismo do cálcio e do fósforo em frangos de corte. Em conclusão a adição de 1250 UI de vitamina D/kg de ração é suficiente para garantir o desempenho e o desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte, independente da linhagem a ser utilizada, mediante ao ajuste correto dos níveis de Ca e P(AU)

Histomorphometry of the myocardium of diabetic rats treated with Azadirachta indica, A. Juss / Histomorfometria do miocárdio de ratos diabéticos tratados com Azadirachta indica, A. Juss

This study evaluates the histomorphometry of cardiomyocytes treated with aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of 10% Azadirachta indica and 6CH streptozotocin in rats with streptozotocin-induced Diabetes mellitus. A total of 20 male albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups. After inducing diabetes by streptozotocin injection, 16 animals were treated for 30 days as follows: 1) diabetic-induced group was not treated; 2) group with 10% Azadirachta indica aqueous extract; 3) group with 10% Azadirachta indica hydro-alcoholic extract; and, 4) group with 6CH streptozotocin. On day 31st, the animals were killed and the heart was fixed in Bouins solution and histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and PAS/Hematoxylin. HE staining showed eosinophilia in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes, demonstrating the presence of glycogen in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, it was observed that all treatment groups showed areas and diameters similars, however these parameters differ from the control. Cytoplasmic and nuclear morphometry showed that the control group had the highest values for almost all parameters measured in cardiomyocytes compared to other groups. The most of morphometric parameters in cardiomyocytes showed lower values in diabetic animals and in all treated groups. Azadirachta indica and streptozotocin 6CH used in Diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin not submitted morphological changes in cardiomyocytes

Esse estudo avaliou a histomofometria dos cardiomiócitos tratados com extrato aquoso e hidroalcoólico de Azadirachta indica a 10% e da estreptozootocina 6CH em ratos com Diabetes mellitus induzido por estreptozootocina. Vinte ratos Wistar albinos machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos, sendo um grupo controle. Após indução do diabetes com estreptozootocina, os animais foram tratados durante 30 dias da seguinte forma: grupo diabético, sem tratamento; extrato aquoso de Azadirachta indica a 10%; extrato hidroalcoólico de Azadirachta indica a 10% e um grupo tratado com estreptozootocina 6CH. No 31º dia, os animais foram eutanasiados e o coração foi fixado em solução de Bouin e as secções semisseriadas foram coradas pela técnica da hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e PAS/Hematoxilina. Observou-se eosinofilia no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos pela coloração com HE, o que demonstra a presença de glicogênio no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos em todos os grupos. Além disso, observou-se que os grupos tratados apresentaram semelhantes áreas e diâmetros, entretanto esses parâmetros diferiram do controle. A maioria dos parâmetros morfométricos nos cardiomiócitos apresentou valores inferiores nos animais diabéticos e em todos grupos tratados. O fitoterápico com Azadirachta indica e homeopático com estreptozootocina 6CH utilizados no Diabetes mellitus induzido pela estreptozootocina não promove modificações morfométricas notáveis nos cardiomiócitos no período de até 30 dias de tratamento

Histomorphometry of the myocardium of diabetic rats treated with Azadirachta indica, A. Juss / Histomorfometria do miocárdio de ratos diabéticos tratados com Azadirachta indica, A. Juss

This study evaluates the histomorphometry of cardiomyocytes treated with aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of 10% Azadirachta indica and 6CH streptozotocin in rats with streptozotocin-induced Diabetes mellitus. A total of 20 male albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups. After inducing diabetes by streptozotocin injection, 16 animals were treated for 30 days as follows: 1) diabetic-induced group was not treated; 2) group with 10% Azadirachta indica aqueous extract; 3) group with 10% Azadirachta indica hydro-alcoholic extract; and, 4) group with 6CH streptozotocin. On day 31st, the animals were killed and the heart was fixed in Bouins solution and histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and PAS/Hematoxylin. HE staining showed eosinophilia in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes, demonstrating the presence of glycogen in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, it was observed that all treatment groups showed areas and diameters similars, however these parameters differ from the control. Cytoplasmic and nuclear morphometry showed that the control group had the highest values for almost all parameters measured in cardiomyocytes compared to other groups. The most of morphometric parameters in cardiomyocytes showed lower values in diabetic animals and in all treated groups. Azadirachta indica and streptozotocin 6CH used in Diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin not submitted morphological changes in cardiomyocytes(AU)

Esse estudo avaliou a histomofometria dos cardiomiócitos tratados com extrato aquoso e hidroalcoólico de Azadirachta indica a 10% e da estreptozootocina 6CH em ratos com Diabetes mellitus induzido por estreptozootocina. Vinte ratos Wistar albinos machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos, sendo um grupo controle. Após indução do diabetes com estreptozootocina, os animais foram tratados durante 30 dias da seguinte forma: grupo diabético, sem tratamento; extrato aquoso de Azadirachta indica a 10%; extrato hidroalcoólico de Azadirachta indica a 10% e um grupo tratado com estreptozootocina 6CH. No 31º dia, os animais foram eutanasiados e o coração foi fixado em solução de Bouin e as secções semisseriadas foram coradas pela técnica da hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e PAS/Hematoxilina. Observou-se eosinofilia no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos pela coloração com HE, o que demonstra a presença de glicogênio no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos em todos os grupos. Além disso, observou-se que os grupos tratados apresentaram semelhantes áreas e diâmetros, entretanto esses parâmetros diferiram do controle. A maioria dos parâmetros morfométricos nos cardiomiócitos apresentou valores inferiores nos animais diabéticos e em todos grupos tratados. O fitoterápico com Azadirachta indica e homeopático com estreptozootocina 6CH utilizados no Diabetes mellitus induzido pela estreptozootocina não promove modificações morfométricas notáveis nos cardiomiócitos no período de até 30 dias de tratamento(AU)

Efeito de níveis de silício na água de bebida sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, excreção de minerais e perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo peitoral de frangos de corte / Effect of levels of silicon in drink water of broiler on performance, carcass yield, excretion of minerals and fatty acid profile

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de níveis de silício na água de bebida de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, o metabolismo do cálcio, fósforo e nitrogênio e o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo peitoral de frangos de corte. Foram utilizadas 1.120 pintos machos de um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com quatro níveis de silício na água de bebida (0; 0,5mg; 1,0mg e 1,5mg do produto/100 kg de peso/dia), totalizando quatro tratamentos com oito repetições e 35 aves por parcela. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada pelo método da análise de variância com o auxílio do procedimento GLM do SAS® e em caso de significância, os níveis de inclusão de silício foram estimados por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. A suplementação de silício via água de bebida promoveu efeito quadrático sobre a coxa+sobrecoxa com valor máximo de rendimento estimado em 28,87%. Com relação aos perfis de ácidos graxos observou - se efeito linear para os ácidos graxos vacênico, γ-linolênico, araquidico e palmítico e efeito quadrático para os ácidos graxos mirístico, miristoleico, palmitoleico e eicosadienoico. O silício modificou o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo peitoral, bem como o rendimento de coxa+sobrecoxa das aves aos 49 dias de idade, podendo ser uma ferramenta importante a ser utilizada para a nutrição das aves.

The aim of this study was evaluate different levels of silicon in the drinking water of broilers on performance, carcass yield, metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen and fatty acid profiles of pectoral muscle of broilers. A total of 1,120 one-day-old male Cobb chicks were used, distributed in a completely randomized design within four levels of silicon in the drinking water (0, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of silicon/100 kg/day), and eight replicates of 35 birds each . The data were analysed by the PROC GLM procedure of SAS® and in case of significance polynomial regressions were performed. Silicon supplementation in the drinking water promoted quadratic effect on thigh and drumstick with maximum yield estimated of 28.87%. For fatty acid profiles were observed linear effect for γ - linolenic, vaccenic, arachidonic and palmitic, and quadratic effect for myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic and eicosadienoic. Silicon modified the fatty acid profiles of pectoral muscle as well as yield of thigh and drumstick of 49 days old birds, and could be an important tool to be used for poultry nutrition.

Efeito de níveis de silício na água de bebida sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, excreção de minerais e perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo peitoral de frangos de corte / Effect of levels of silicon in drink water of broiler on performance, carcass yield, excretion of minerals and fatty acid profile

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de níveis de silício na água de bebida de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, o metabolismo do cálcio, fósforo e nitrogênio e o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo peitoral de frangos de corte. Foram utilizadas 1.120 pintos machos de um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com quatro níveis de silício na água de bebida (0; 0,5mg; 1,0mg e 1,5mg do produto/100 kg de peso/dia), totalizando quatro tratamentos com oito repetições e 35 aves por parcela. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada pelo método da análise de variância com o auxílio do procedimento GLM do SAS® e em caso de significância, os níveis de inclusão de silício foram estimados por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. A suplementação de silício via água de bebida promoveu efeito quadrático sobre a coxa+sobrecoxa com valor máximo de rendimento estimado em 28,87%. Com relação aos perfis de ácidos graxos observou - se efeito linear para os ácidos graxos vacênico, γ-linolênico, araquidico e palmítico e efeito quadrático para os ácidos graxos mirístico, miristoleico, palmitoleico e eicosadienoico. O silício modificou o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo peitoral, bem como o rendimento de coxa+sobrecoxa das aves aos 49 dias de idade, podendo ser uma ferramenta importante a ser utilizada para a nutrição das aves.(AU)

The aim of this study was evaluate different levels of silicon in the drinking water of broilers on performance, carcass yield, metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen and fatty acid profiles of pectoral muscle of broilers. A total of 1,120 one-day-old male Cobb chicks were used, distributed in a completely randomized design within four levels of silicon in the drinking water (0, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of silicon/100 kg/day), and eight replicates of 35 birds each . The data were analysed by the PROC GLM procedure of SAS® and in case of significance polynomial regressions were performed. Silicon supplementation in the drinking water promoted quadratic effect on thigh and drumstick with maximum yield estimated of 28.87%. For fatty acid profiles were observed linear effect for γ - linolenic, vaccenic, arachidonic and palmitic, and quadratic effect for myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic and eicosadienoic. Silicon modified the fatty acid profiles of pectoral muscle as well as yield of thigh and drumstick of 49 days old birds, and could be an important tool to be used for poultry nutrition.(AU)