Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Conjugated with Gadolinium (III) Complex as an Anti-Inflammatory MRI Agent.

Studies have been actively conducted to ensure that gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are accompanied by various biological functions. A new example is the anti-inflammatory theragnostic MRI agent to target inflammatory mediators for imaging diagnosis and to treat inflammatory diseases simultaneously. We designed, synthesized, and characterized a Gd complex of 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethylaza) cyclododecane-10-azaacetylamide (DO3A) conjugated with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exerts the innate therapeutic effect of NSAIDs and is also applicable in MRI diagnostics. Gd-DO3A-fen (0.1 mmol/kg) was intravenously injected into the turpentine oil-induced mouse model, with Gd-DO3A-BT as a control group. In the in vivo MRI experiment, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was higher and persisted longer than that with Gd-DO3A-BT; specifically, the CNR difference was almost five times at 2 h after injection. Gd-DO3A-fen had a binding affinity (Ka) of 6.68 × 106 M-1 for the COX-2 enzyme, which was 2.1-fold higher than that of fenbufen, the original NSAID. In vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity was performed in two animal models. In the turpentine oil-induced model, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory parameters such as COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were reduced, and in the carrageenan-induced edema model, swelling was suppressed by 72% and there was a 2.88-fold inhibition compared with the saline group. Correlation analysis between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo studies revealed that Gd-DO3A-fen acts as an anti-inflammatory theragnostic agent by directly binding to COX-2.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Manganese(II)-Based Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid-Ethoxybenzyl Conjugate as a Highly Stable Hepatobiliary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent.

In this study, we designed and synthesized a highly stable manganese (Mn2+)-based hepatobiliary complex by tethering an ethoxybenzyl (EOB) moiety with an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) coordination cage as an alternative to the well-established hepatobiliary gadolinium (Gd3+) chelates and evaluated its usage as a T1 hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (CA). This new complex exhibits higher r1 relaxivity (2.3 mM-1 s-1) than clinically approved Mn2+-based hepatobiliary complex Mn-DPDP (1.6 mM-1 s-1) at 1.5 T. Mn-EDTA-EOB shows much higher kinetic inertness than that of clinically approved Gd3+-based hepatobiliary MRI CAs, such as Gd-DTPA-EOB and Gd-BOPTA. In addition, in vivo biodistribution and MRI enhancement patterns of this new Mn2+ chelate are comparable to those of Gd3+-based hepatobiliary MRI CAs. The diagnostic efficacy of the new complex was demonstrated by its enhanced tumor detection sensitivity in a liver cancer model using in vivo MRI.

Manganese (II) Complex of 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-Triacetic Acid (NOTA) as a Hepatobiliary MRI Contrast Agent.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used to diagnose focal and diffuse liver disorders. Despite their enhanced efficacy, liver-targeted gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) raise safety concerns owing to the release of toxic Gd3+ ions. A π-conjugated macrocyclic chelate, Mn-NOTA-NP, was designed and synthesized as a non-gadolinium alternative for liver-specific MRI. Mn-NOTA-NP exhibits an r1 relaxivity of 3.57 mM-1 s-1 in water and 9.01 mM-1 s-1 in saline containing human serum albumin at 3 T, which is significantly greater than the clinically utilized Mn2+-based hepatobiliary drug, Mn-DPDP (1.50 mM-1 s-1), and comparable with that of GBCAs. Furthermore, the in vivo biodistribution and MRI enhancement patterns of Mn-NOTA-NP were similar to those of the Gd3+-based hepatobiliary agent, Gd-DTPA-EOB. Additionally, a 0.05 mmol/kg dose of Mn-NOTA-NP facilitated high-sensitivity tumor detection with tumor signal enhancement in a liver tumor model. Ligand-docking simulations further indicated that Mn-NOTA-NP differed from other hepatobiliary agents in their interactions with several transporter systems. Collectively, we demonstrated that Mn-NOTA-NP could be a new liver-specific MRI contrast agent.

Glioblastoma-Derived Exosomes as Nanopharmaceutics for Improved Glioma Treatment.

The use of cancer-derived exosomes has been studied in several cancer types, but the cancer-targeting efficacy of glioma-derived exosomes has not been investigated in depth for malignant glioblastoma (GBM) cells. In this study, exosomes were derived from U87MG human glioblastoma cells, and selumetinib, a new anticancer drug, was loaded into the exosomes. We observed the tropism of GBM-derived exosomes in vitro and in vivo. We found that the tropism of GBM-derived exosomes is in contrast to the behavior of non-exosome-enveloped drugs and non-GBM-specific exosomes in vitro and in vivo in an animal GBM model. We found that the tropism exhibited by GBM-derived exosomes can be utilized to shuttle selumetinib, with no specific targeting moiety, to GBM tumor sites. Therefore, our findings indicated that GBM-derived exosomes loaded with selumetinib had a specific antitumor effect on U87MG cells and were non-toxic to normal brain cells. These exosomes offer improved therapeutic prospects for glioblastoma therapy.

The Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking and In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Benzothiazole Aniline (BTA) Conjugated Metal-Salen Complexes as Non-Platinum Chemotherapeutic Agents.

Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of a series of transition metal complexes containing benzothiazole aniline (BTA). We employed BTA, which is known for its selective anticancer activity, and a salen-type Schiff-based ligand to coordinate several transition metals to achieve selective and synergistic cytotoxicity. The compounds obtained were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The compounds L, MnL, FeL, CoL, and ZnL showed promising in vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and they had a lower IC50 than that of the clinically used cisplatin. In particular, MnL had synergistic cytotoxicity against liver, breast, and colon cancer cells. Moreover, MnL, CoL, and CuL promoted the production of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 tumor cell lines. The lead compound of this series, MnL, remained stable in physiological settings, and docking results showed that it interacted rationally with the minor groove of DNA. Therefore, MnL may serve as a viable alternative to platinum-based chemotherapy.

Effect of Structural Fine-Tuning on Chelate Stability and Liver Uptake of Anionic MRI Contrast Agents.

The purpose of this study is to assess the physicochemical properties and MRI diagnostic efficacy of two newly synthesized 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-type Gd chelates, Gd-SucL and Gd-GluL, with an asymmetric α-substituted pendant arm as potential hepatocyte-specific magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents (MRI CAs). Our findings show that fine conformational changes in the chelating arm affect the in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of the MRI CA, and that a six-membered chelating substituent of Gd-SucL is more advantageous in this system to avoid unwanted interactions with endogenous species. Gd-SucL exhibited a general DOTA-like chelate stability trend, indicating that all chelating arms retain coordination bonding. Finally, the in vivo diagnostic efficacy of highly stable Gd-SucL as a potential hepatocyte-specific MRI CA was evaluated using T1-weighted MR imaging on an orthotopic hepatocarcinoma model.

Flavonoid-Conjugated Gadolinium Complexes as Anti-Inflammatory Theranostic Agents.

In this study, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated gadolinium compounds conjugated with flavonoids as potential theranostic agents for the treatment of inflammation. These novel theranostic agents combine a molecular imaging agent and one of three flavonoids (galangin, chrysin, and 7-hydroxyflavone) as anti-inflammatory drugs as a single integrated platform. Using these agents, MR imaging showed contrast enhancement (>10 in CNR) at inflamed sites in an animal inflammation model, and subsequent MR imaging used to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of these integrated agents revealed changes in inflamed regions. The anti-inflammatory effects of these agents were demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the antioxidant efficacy of the agents was evaluated by measuring their reactive oxygen species scavenging properties. For example, Gd-galangin at 30 µM showed a three-fold higher ROS scavenging of DPPH. Taken together, our findings provide convincing evidence to indicate that flavonoid-conjugated gadolinium compounds can be used as potentially efficient theranostic agents for the treatment of inflammation.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity of Benzothiazole Aniline Derivatives and Their Platinum (II) Complexes as New Chemotherapy Agents.

We describe the synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling, and in vitro anticancer activity of three benzothiazole aniline (BTA) ligands and their corresponding platinum (II) complexes. We designed the compounds based on the selective antitumor properties of BTA, along with three types of metallic centers, aiming to take advantage of the distinctive and synergistic activity of the complexes to develop anticancer agents. The compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and tested for antiproliferative activity against multiple normal and cancerous cell lines. L1, L2, and L1Pt had better cytotoxicity in the liver, breast, lung, prostate, kidney, and brain cells than clinically used cisplatin. Especially, L1 and L1Pt demonstrated selective inhibitory activities against liver cancer cells. Therefore, these compounds can be a promising alternative to the present chemotherapy drugs.

Highly brain-permeable apoferritin nanocage with high dysprosium loading capacity as a new T2 contrast agent for ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging.

High sensitivity at ultra-high field (UHF) and sufficient potential to penetrate the brain are the most desirable characteristics in the development of contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, incorporating such qualities into a single nanocarrier is challenging. Herein, we report a new strategy for a highly brain-permeable MR CA with high sensitivity at UHF by loading dysprosium chelates (DyL) in apoferritin cavities (Apo-DyL). We also design the chelate ligand structure to increase DyL loading capacity within the apoferritin cavity. Using the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection approach as a new delivery route for Apo-DyL, we demonstrate that apoferritin loaded with DyL can penetrate the brain-ventricular barrier and diffuse into the brain. This brain-permeable capability is unique to Apo-DyL, compared with other types of nanoparticles used in MRI. Apo-DyL also shows significant increase in MR sensitivity of DyL at UHF. Furthermore, based on brain tumor imaging at UHF, Apo-DyL can significantly enhance the tumor for a lower dose of the CA than the previously reported Gd- or Mn-loaded apoferritin nanoplatform. Therefore, Apo-DyL can be a novel nanoplatform that is a highly sensitive and versatile MR CA for UHF brain imaging.

Gadolinium-Based Neuroprognostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents Suppress COX-2 for Prevention of Reperfusion Injury after Stroke.

Advancements in recanalization therapies have rendered reperfusion injury an important challenge for stroke management. It is essential to work toward effective therapeutics that protect the ischemic brain from reperfusion injury. Here, we report a new concept of neuroprognostic agents, which combine molecular diagnostic imaging and targeted neuroprotection for treatment of reperfusion injury after stroke. These neuroprognostic agents are inflammation-targeted gadolinium compounds conjugated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Our results demonstrated that gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents conjugated with NSAIDs suppressed the increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels, ameliorated glial activation, and neuron damage that are phenotypic for stroke by mitigating neuroinflammation, which prevented reperfusion injury. In addition, this study showed that the neuroprognostic agents are promising T1 molecular MRI contrast agents for detecting precise reperfusion injury locations at the molecular level. Our results build on this new concept of neuroprognostics as a novel management strategy for ischemia-reperfusion injury, combining neuroprotection and molecular diagnostics.

Gadolinium Complex of 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-trisacetic Acid (DO3A)-Ethoxybenzyl (EOB) Conjugate as a New Macrocyclic Hepatobiliary MRI Contrast Agent.

We report the synthesis of a macrocyclic Gd chelate based on a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-trisacetic acid (DO3A) coordinationn cage bearing an ethoxybenzyl (EOB) moiety and discuss its use as a T1 hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. The new macrocyclic liver agent shows high chelation stability and high r1 relaxivity compared with linear-type Gd chelates, which are the current clinically approved liver agents. Our macrocyclic, liver-specific Gd chelate was evaluated in vivo through biodistribution analysis and liver MRI, which demonstrated its high tumor detection sensitivity and suggested that the new Gd complex is a promising contrast agent for liver cancer imaging.