Weight management and physical activity throughout the cancer care continuum.

Mounting evidence suggests that weight management and physical activity (PA) improve overall health and well being, and reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. Although many opportunities exist to include weight management and PA in routine cancer care, several barriers remain. This review summarizes key topics addressed in a recent National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine workshop entitled, "Incorporating Weight Management and Physical Activity Throughout the Cancer Care Continuum." Discussions related to body weight and PA among cancer survivors included: 1) current knowledge and gaps related to health outcomes; 2) effective intervention approaches; 3) addressing the needs of diverse populations of cancer survivors; 4) opportunities and challenges of workforce, care coordination, and technologies for program implementation; 5) models of care; and 6) program coverage. While more discoveries are still needed for the provision of optimal weight-management and PA programs for cancer survivors, obesity and inactivity currently jeopardize their overall health and quality of life. Actionable future directions are presented for research; practice and policy changes required to assure the availability of effective, affordable, and feasible weight management; and PA services for all cancer survivors as a part of their routine cancer care. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:64-89. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Perspectives on the Dementia Public Health Exposome.

Dementia is a public health concern in the aging population with an estimated 55 million people impacted globally. Public health initiatives that focus on minimizing dementia risk factors may support efforts to reduce the incidence of dementia in at-risk populations. Exposomics considers both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for disease, including genetic changes with age and lifetime exposures to environmental, social, and behavioral risk factors. Dementia precursors may remain undetected for up to 20 years. An understanding and application of the dementia exposome may promote healthy brain interventions, screening, and risk mitigation. The proposed dementia public health exposome (DPHE) provides a framework for understanding and addressing the complex interactions between genetics, health behavior, and environment (natural, built, and social) linked to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for dementia. The DPHE may be used to inform public health strategies and advancements in healthy brain initiatives.

Critical care nurse leaders' moral distress: A qualitative descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Unit-based critical care nurse leaders (UBCCNL) play a role in exemplifying ethical leadership, addressing moral distress, and mitigating contributing factors to moral distress on their units. Despite several studies examining the experience of moral distress by bedside nurses, knowledge is limited regarding the UBCCNL's experience. RESEARCH AIM: The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of Alabama UBCCNLs regarding how they experience, cope with, and address moral distress. RESEARCH DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive design and inductive thematic analysis guided the investigation. A screening and demographics questionnaire and a semi-structured interview protocol were the tools of data collection. PARTICIPANT AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Data were collected from 10 UBCCNLs from seven hospitals across the state of Alabama from February to July 2023. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Informed consent was obtained from participants prior to data collection. FINDINGS: UBCCNLs experience moral distress frequently due to a variety of systemic and organizational barriers. Feelings of powerlessness tended to precipitate moral distress among UBCCNLs. Despite moral distress resulting in increased advocacy and empathy, UBCCNLs may experience a variety of negative responses resulting from moral distress. UBCCNLs may utilize internal and external mechanisms to cope with and address moral distress. CONCLUSIONS: The UBCCNL's experience of moral distress is not dissimilar from bedside staff; albeit, moral distress does occur as a result of the responsibilities of leadership and the associated systemic barriers that UBCCNLs are privier to. When organizations allocate resources for addressing moral distress, they should be convenient to leaders and staff. The UBCCNL perspective should be considered in the development of future moral distress measurement tools and interventions. Future research exploring the relationship between empathy and moral distress among nurse leaders is needed.

Critical care nurse leaders addressing moral distress: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Moral distress (MD) occurs when clinicians are constrained from taking what they believe to be ethically appropriate actions. When unattended, MD may result in moral injury and/or suffering. Literature surrounding how unit-based critical care nurse leaders address MD in practice is limited. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore how ICU nurse leaders recognize and address MD among their staff. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive with inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five ICU nurse leaders participated in a one-time individual interview. Interview results suggest that (1) ICU nurse leaders can recognize and address MD among their staff and (2) nurse leaders experience MD themselves, which may be exacerbated by their leadership role and responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to develop interventions aimed at addressing MD among nurse leaders and equipping nurse leaders with the skills to identify and address MD within their staff and themselves. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: MD is an unavoidable phenomenon ICU nurse leaders are challenged with addressing in their day-to-day practice. As leaders, recognizing and addressing MD is a necessary task relating to mitigating burnout and turnover and addressing well-being among staff within the ICU.

Commentary on "Increased nicotine vaping due to the COVID-19 pandemic among US young adults: Associations with nicotine dependence, vaping frequency, and reasons for use".

This manuscript is a correspondence referencing an article published in Preventive Medicine.

Moral distress among nurse leaders: A qualitative systematic review.

Moral distress (MD) is well-documented within the nursing literature and occurs when constraints prevent a correct course of action from being implemented. The measured frequency of MD has increased among nurses over recent years, especially since the COVID-19 Pandemic. MD is less understood among nurse leaders than other populations of nurses. A qualitative systematic review was conducted with the aim to synthesize the experiences of MD among nurse leaders. This review involved a search of three databases (Medline, CINAHL, and APA PsychINFO) which resulted in the retrieval of 303 articles. PRISMA review criteria guided authors during the article review and selection process. Following the review, six articles were identified meeting review criteria and quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Checklist for qualitative studies. No ethical review was required for this systematic review. The six studies included in this review originated from the United States, Brazil, Turkey, and Iran. Leadership roles ranged from unit-based leadership to executive leadership. Assigned quality scores based upon CASP criteria ranged from 6 to 9 (moderate to high quality). Three analytical themes emerged from the synthesis: (1) moral distress is consuming; (2) constrained by the system; and (3) adapt to overcome. The unique contributors of MD among nurse leaders include the leadership role itself and challenges navigating moral situations as they arise. The nurse leader perspective should be considered in the development of future MD interventions.

Health behaviors and well-being among those "living" with metastatic cancer in Alabama.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 5 million Americans are living with metastatic cancer. Metastatic cancer survivors (MCS) are at risk for poor health behaviors, which may negatively influence well-being. METHODS: Using a modified Dillman protocol, 542 MCS were mailed a survey querying physical and mental health (PROMIS® measures), health behaviors, and supportive care interest. Returned surveys were double-key entered into REDCap®. Data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven surveys were returned (51% response). Respondents (51% female; 88% Caucasian; 12% African-American; Mage = 65 years; Msurvivorship = 38 months; 23% female cancers, 23% melanoma, 21% gastrointestinal, 15% genitourinary, 12% pulmonary, and 6% other) reported low daily fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake (M = 4.1) and weekly minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) (M = 41.9), with 66% of respondents having overweight or obesity. While mean scores for physical (M = 43.6) and mental (M = 47.7) health were considered "good," scores in the "fair" to "poor" ranges were observed (40% physical; 23% mental). MCS meeting PA (≥ 150 min per week) and dietary (≥ 5 daily servings of F&V) guidelines reported better physical (p = .003; p = .056) and mental (p = .033, p = .549) health, respectively, compared to MCS who were not. While current supportive care use was low (12%), future interest was high (57%), with greatest interest for nutrition (46%), MCS support group (38%), and gardening (31%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that engaging in regular PA and consuming more F&Vs may enhance physical and mental health among MCS. Future research may explore supportive care approaches with high interest, such as gardening, to aid MCS in improving key health behaviors.

Health-related quality of life is associated with fecal microbial composition in breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To investigate relationships between body size, gut microbiome, and health-related quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors (BCS) in a clinical trial. METHODS: A cross-sectional substudy was conducted using baseline data from 70 BCS participating in a randomized controlled trial of a lifestyle intervention. Measures included anthropometrics, QOL (Short Form Health-related QOL Survey-36 [SF-36]), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal microbes. Participants were categorized by body mass index (BMI) into without obesity (≤ 29.9 kg/m2; n = 38) and with obesity (≥ 30.0 kg/m2; n = 32) groups. Differences in bacterial taxa between groups were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Spearman and partial correlations explored associations between taxa and SF-36 subscales. Mediation analysis explored the relationship between BMI and SF-36 mental health summary score with alpha diversity as a mediator. RESULTS: Most BCS (72.9%) were non-Hispanic White with average age of 61.6 (± 8.7) years. No differences were observed for SF-36 subscales between groups. Physical functioning, vitality, and mental health subscales were negatively associated with Ruminococcus (ρ = - 0.304, p = 0.036; ρ = - 0.361, p = 0.012; ρ = - 0.495, p < 0.001) and Dorea (ρ = - 0.378, p = 0.028; ρ = - 0.33, p = 0.022; ρ = - 0.388, p = 0.006) abundance controlling for BMI. BCS without obesity had a significantly higher relative abundance of Ruminococcus (p = 0.003), Streptococcus (p = 0.049), Roseburia (p = 0.035), and Dorea (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Fecal microbial composition differed between BCS with and without obesity, with associations between QOL and several microbial taxa. Several of these genera, previously identified as potentially beneficial, may also influence QOL in BCS. These results support further studies to determine the role of individual microbiota in QOL and obesity in cancer survivors.

Lessons Learned from the Young Breast Cancer Survivorship Network.

The Young Breast Cancer Survivors Network (Network) is an academic and community-based partnership dedicated to education, support, and networking. The Network used a multi-pronged approach via monthly support and networking, annual education seminars, website networking, and individual survivor consultation. Formative and summative evaluations were conducted using group survey and individual survivor interviews for monthly gatherings, annual education meetings, and individual consultation. Google Analytics was applied to evaluate website use. The Network began with 4 initial partnerships and grew to 38 in the period from 2011 to 2017. During this 5-year period, 5 annual meetings (598 attendees), 23 support and networking meetings (373), and 115 individual survivor consultations were conducted. The Network website had nearly 12,000 individual users and more than 25,000 page views. Lessons learned include active community engagement, survivor empowerment, capacity building, social media outreach, and network sustainability. The 5-year experiences with the Network demonstrated that a regional program dedicated to the education, support, networking, and needs of young breast cancer survivors and their families can become a vital part of cancer survivorship services in a community. Strong community support, engagement, and encouragement were vital components to sustain the program.

A home-based mentored vegetable gardening intervention demonstrates feasibility and improvements in physical activity and performance among breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: The current study assessed the feasibility of a mentored home-based vegetable gardening intervention and examined changes in health-related outcomes among breast cancer survivors (BCS). METHODS: BCS were randomized to either a year-long vegetable gardening intervention to begin immediately or a wait-list control. Master Gardeners mentored participants in planning, planting, and maintaining 3 seasonal gardens over the course of 1 year. Participant accrual, retention, and satisfaction rates of ≥80% served as feasibility (primary outcome) benchmarks. Secondary outcomes (ie, vegetable consumption, physical activity, performance and function, anthropometrics, biomarkers, and health-related quality of life) were collected at baseline and post-intervention (1-year follow-up) using subjective and objective measures. RESULTS: The trial surpassed all feasibility benchmarks at 82% of targeted accrual, 95% retention, and 100% satisfaction (ie, experience ratings of "good to excellent" and willingness to "do it again"). Compared with the controls, intervention participants reported significantly greater improvements in moderate physical activity (+14 vs -17 minutes/week) and demonstrated improvements in the 2-Minute Step Test (+22 vs + 10 steps), and Arm Curl (+2.7 vs + 0.1 repetitions) (P values < .05). A trend toward improved vegetable consumption was observed (+0.9 vs + 0.2 servings/day; P = .06). Approximately 86% of participants were continuing to garden at the 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that a mentored, home-based vegetable gardening intervention is feasible and offers an integrative and durable approach with which to improve health behaviors and outcomes among BCS. Harvest for Health led to the establishment of a group of trained Master Gardeners and gave rise to local and global community-based programs. Larger studies are needed to confirm the results presented herein and to define applicability across broader populations of survivors.

Speed of processing training in middle-aged and older breast cancer survivors (SOAR): results of a randomized controlled pilot.

PURPOSE: Cognitive changes are common among breast cancer survivors. There is limited evidence to guide management of cognitive changes. This randomized controlled pilot evaluated the preliminary efficacy of a speed of processing (SOP) training among middle-aged and older breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Sixty breast cancer survivors  with self-reported cognitive changes were recruited to the SOAR study. Participants were randomized to either a home-based SOP training (n = 30) or no-contact control group (n = 30). Primary outcomes were SOP (Useful Field of View Test®), and executive function (NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery). Neuropsychological assessments were completed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months post study entry. Data were analyzed using repeated measures t tests, analysis of covariance, and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: SOP training resulted in improvement in objective measures of SOP and executive function. Immediate (6 week) posttest and 6-month follow-up demonstrated large SOP training effects over time. Large representation of African American women (51.2%) and 96% retention in the SOAR study add to study strengths. CONCLUSION: Home-based SOP training shows promise for remediating cognitive changes following breast cancer treatment, particularly improved SOP, and executive function.

Harvest for health in survivors of chronic disease: A demonstration project in the Alabama Black Belt and Mississippi Delta Region.

This demonstration project expands upon the Harvest for Health vegetable gardening intervention for cancer survivors by: (i) including survivors of other chronic diseases (i.e. heart disease and diabetes); and (ii) targeting an area with known health inequities (Alabama Black Belt and Mississippi Delta Region). To assess: (i) gardening acceptability (engagement, satisfaction, sustainability, and safety); and (ii) changes over time in health behaviors (fruit and vegetable [F&V] intake, and physical activity) and outcomes (physical performance and anthropometrics). Chronic disease survivors (CDS) were recruited across 15 counties in Alabama and Mississippi and provided with gardening supplies and paired with a master gardener (MG). MGs mentored participants in planning, planting, and maintaining a vegetable garden over a 3-month period. Data collection consisted of an electronic survey (baseline, post-intervention, 6-month follow-up) and community-based physical assessments (baseline and post-intervention). Participants (n = 137; 92% African American; Mage = 65) included individuals with a history of diabetes (56%), heart disease (29%), and cancer (26%). Seventy-five percent of participants engaged in gardening ≥3 times a week. Significant improvements in F&V intake (+0.73, P = .04), physical activity (+49.6, P < .01), and 4 of 7 physical performance measures were observed, while positive trends were seen in others. Eighteen participants withdrew (13% attrition rate). No adverse events occurred. Participants were satisfied with their gardening experience (90%) and were still gardening at 6-month follow-up (85%). Seventy-two percent of participants expanded, or planned on expanding, their garden at 6-month follow-up. Harvest for Health was acceptable and associated with improved health behaviors and outcomes.

In the Alabama Black Belt and Mississippi Delta region of the USA, incidence and mortality rates of high-burden chronic diseases (cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes) are among the highest in the nation. Behavioral risk factors associated with chronic disease include low fruit and vegetable intake and physical inactivity. Vegetable gardening is a holistic approach to improving these health behaviors. Harvest for Health, a mentored home-based vegetable gardening intervention, pairs cancer survivors with master gardener (MG) mentors to guide survivors in planning, planting, and maintaining a vegetable garden. The current demonstration project expands upon Harvest for Health by: (i) including survivors of cardiovascular disease and diabetes (in addition to cancer); and (ii) targeting an area with known health inequities (Alabama Black Belt and Mississippi Delta). One hundred thirty-seven chronic disease survivors (CDS) enrolled in the 3-month demonstration project. Participants were provided gardening supplies for a summer garden and MG mentorship over a 3-month period. Participants engaged in gardening several times a week, reported satisfaction with their gardening experience, and were still gardening at 6-month follow-up. Improvements among CDS were seen in health behaviors (fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity) and physical well-being (physical function battery and weight).

Vegetable Gardening and Health Outcomes in Older Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Cancer survivors experience accelerated functional decline that threatens independence and quality of life. Previous studies have suggested that vegetable gardening may improve diet, physical activity, and physical function in this vulnerable population, which comprises more than 5% of the US population. Objective: To assess whether diet, physical activity and functioning, and other outcomes improved in older cancer survivors assigned to a vegetable gardening intervention compared with a waitlist. Design, Setting, and Participants: From May 11, 2016, to May 2, 2022, a 2-arm, assessor-blinded, crossover-designed, intent-to-treat, randomized clinical trial was conducted at cancer survivors' homes across Alabama. Medicare-eligible survivors of cancers with 5-year survival of 60% or more were registry ascertained and screened for suboptimal vegetable and fruit consumption (<5 servings per day), physical activity (<150 moderate-to-vigorous minutes per week), and physical function (36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36] subscale score ≤90). Consented participants underwent baseline assessments, were randomly assigned to intervention or waitlisted arms, and were reassessed at 1-year follow-up. Intervention: One-year, home-based vegetable gardening intervention providing gardening supplies and mentorship by cooperative extension-certified master gardeners to plant and maintain spring, summer, and fall gardens. Waitlisted participants received the identical intervention after 12 months. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was a composite index of improvements in self-reported vegetable and fruit consumption, physical activity, and physical function corroborated by plasma α-carotene levels, accelerometry, and physical performance assessments, respectively. Results: Of 381 enrolled participants (mean [SD] age, 69.8 [6.4] years; range, 50-95 years; 263 [69.0%] female), 194 were assigned to the gardening intervention and 187 were waitlisted (attrition rates, 7.2% and 7.0%, respectively). Intent-to-treat analyses did not detect a significant improvement in the composite index of vegetable and fruit intake, moderate-vigorous physical activity, and physical function (intervention arm vs waitlisted arm, 4.5% vs 3.1%; P = .53) or between-arm differences in vegetable and fruit intake (mean difference, 0.3 [95% CI, -0.1 to 0.7] servings per day; P = .10). The intervention arm experienced a significant improvement in vegetable and fruit intake (mean increase, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.0-0.6] servings per day; P = .04). Significant improvements also were observed in the intervention arm vs waitlisted arm in physical performance (mean difference for 2-minute step test, 6.0 [95% CI, 0.8-11.2] steps; P = .03; for 30-second chair stand, 0.8 [95% CI, 0.1-1.5] repetitions; P = .02), perceived health (8.4 [95% CI, 3.0-13.9] points on a 100-point scale [higher scores indicate better health]; P = .003), and gut microbiome alpha diversity (84.1 [95% CI, 20.5-147.6] more observed species; P = .01). The COVID-19 pandemic significantly moderated effects (eg, odds of improvement in self-reported physical functioning were greater before vs during the pandemic: odds ratio, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.12-4.22; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial including older cancer survivors, a vegetable gardening intervention did not significantly improve a composite index of diet, physical activity, and physical function; however, survivors assigned to the intervention had significantly increased vegetable and fruit consumption and, compared with waitlisted survivors, experienced significant improvements in perceived health and physical performance. Further study in broader populations and during pandemic-free periods is needed to determine definitive benefits. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02985411.

Cognitive intra-individual variability in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review.

Subjective and objective cognitive impairments in Breast Cancer Survivors (BCS) often do not correlate. One important contribution to the reported disparities may be the reliance on mean-based cognitive performance. Cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) may provide important insights into these reported disparities. Cognitive IIV refers to the fluctuation in performance for an individual on either one cognitive task across a trial or dispersed across tasks within a neuropsychological test battery. The purpose of this systematic review was to search for and examine the literature on cognitive IIV in BCS. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach was used to search for all articles related to cognitive IIV in BCS. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, and Scopus databases were searched using detailed search terms and strategies. Initially, 164 articles were retrieved but only 4 articles met the criteria for this systematic review. BCS differed from healthy controls in similar ways across the four studies, generally demonstrating similar performance but showing increased cognitive IIV for the more difficult tasks. Differences were enhanced later during chemotherapy. The four studies provide support for cognitive IIV as a useful measure to detect the subtle objective cognitive change often reported by BCS but frequently not detected by standard normed-based cognitive testing. Unexpectedly, measures of cognitive IIV were not consistently associated with self-reported measures of cognition.

Harvest for Health, a Randomized Controlled Trial Testing a Home-Based, Vegetable Gardening Intervention Among Older Cancer Survivors Across Alabama: An Analysis of Accrual and Modifications Made in Intervention Delivery and Assessment During COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Accelerated functional decline is a concern among older cancer survivors that threatens independence and quality of life. Pilot studies suggest that vegetable gardening interventions ameliorate functional decline through improved diet and physical activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to describe the rationale, recruitment challenges, and enrollment for the Harvest for Health randomized controlled trial (RCT), which will test the impact of a home-based, vegetable gardening intervention on vegetable and fruit consumption, physical activity, and physical functioning among older cancer survivors. Modifications made to the intervention and assessments to assure safety and continuity of the RCT throughout the COVID-19 pandemic also are reported. DESIGN: Harvest for Health is a 2-year, 2-arm, single-blinded, wait-list controlled RCT with cross-over. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Medicare-eligible survivors of cancers with ≥60% 5-year survival were recruited across Alabama from October 1, 2016 to February 8, 2021. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to a wait-list control or a 1-year home-based gardening intervention and individually mentored by extension-certified master gardeners to cultivate spring, summer, and fall vegetable gardens. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Although the RCT's primary end point was a composite measure of vegetable and fruit consumption, physical activity, and physical functioning, this article focuses on recruitment and modifications made to the intervention and assessments during COVID-19. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: χ2 and t tests (α < .05) were used to compare enrolled vs unenrolled populations. RESULTS: Older cancer survivors (n = 9,708) were contacted via mail and telephone; 1,460 indicated interest (15% response rate), 473 were screened eligible and consented, and 381 completed baseline assessments and were randomized. Enrollees did not differ from nonrespondents/refusals by race and ethnicity, or rural-urban status, but comprised significantly higher numbers of comparatively younger survivors, those who were female, and survivors of breast cancer (P < .001). Although COVID-19 delayed trial completion, protocol modifications overcame this barrier and study completion is anticipated by June 2022. CONCLUSIONS: This RCT will provide evidence on the effects of a mentored vegetable gardening program among older cancer survivors. If efficacious, Harvest for Health represents a novel, multifaceted approach to improve lifestyle behaviors and health outcomes among cancer survivors-one with capacity for sustainability and widespread dissemination.