Variability of the Positive Predictive Value of PI-RADS for Prostate MRI across 26 Centers: Experience of the Society of Abdominal Radiology Prostate Cancer Disease-focused Panel.

Background Prostate MRI is used widely in clinical care for guiding tissue sampling, active surveillance, and staging. The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) helps provide a standardized probabilistic approach for identifying clinically significant prostate cancer. Despite widespread use, the variability in performance of prostate MRI across practices remains unknown. Purpose To estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of PI-RADS for the detection of high-grade prostate cancer across imaging centers. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was compliant with the HIPAA. Twenty-six centers with members in the Society of Abdominal Radiology Prostate Cancer Disease-focused Panel submitted data from men with suspected or biopsy-proven untreated prostate cancer. MRI scans were obtained between January 2015 and April 2018. This was followed with targeted biopsy. Only men with at least one MRI lesion assigned a PI-RADS score of 2-5 were included. Outcome was prostate cancer with Gleason score (GS) greater than or equal to 3+4 (International Society of Urological Pathology grade group ≥2). A mixed-model logistic regression with institution and individuals as random effects was used to estimate overall PPVs. The variability of observed PPV of PI-RADS across imaging centers was described by using the median and interquartile range. Results The authors evaluated 3449 men (mean age, 65 years ± 8 [standard deviation]) with 5082 lesions. Biopsy results showed 1698 cancers with GS greater than or equal to 3+4 (International Society of Urological Pathology grade group ≥2) in 2082 men. Across all centers, the estimated PPV was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%, 43%) for a PI-RADS score greater than or equal to 3 and 49% (95% CI: 40%, 58%) for a PI-RADS score greater than or equal to 4. The interquartile ranges of PPV at these same PI-RADS score thresholds were 27%-44% and 27%-48%, respectively. Conclusion The positive predictive value of the Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System was low and varied widely across centers. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Milot in this issue.

Lessons learned from a single-surgeon series of paediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic urological procedures: predictors of high-grade postoperative complications.

OBJECTIVES: To describe postoperative complications after robot-assisted laparoscopic urological surgery in children, and identify potential predictors of these complications by analysing the outcomes of a large-volume single-surgeon experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed our institutional database to identify all robot-assisted laparoscopy (RAL) cases performed between December 2007 and December 2017. Patients were grouped into three cohorts based on the anatomical location of the procedure: upper urinary tract (kidney and renal pelvis); lower urinary tract (ureter); and lower urinary tract reconstruction with bowel (bladder reconstruction). A descriptive analysis of baseline characteristics, intra-operative variables and postoperative outcomes was carried out. All complications were graded using the Clavien-Dindo scale, and grouped based on type and time of occurrence (<30, 30-90, >90 days). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of high-grade complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ III). We also measured complication rates based on year of surgery and surgical caseload. RESULTS: Our database included a total of 326 patients, of whom 57% (n = 186) underwent upper urinary tract procedures, 30% (n = 97) ureteric procedures, and 13% bladder reconstruction. The median follow-up for each procedure was 13, 11 and 57 months, respectively. Of the total, 10 cases were converted to an open approach and excluded from further analysis. The most common types of complication in all groups were infections (urinary tract infections) and urinary complications (urine leaks and urolithiasis). Bladder reconstructive procedures, which require the use of bowel, presented the highest rate of high-grade complications (32%). Length of hospital stay (LOS; odds ratio [OR] 1.33, confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.53), estimated blood loss (EBL) in surgery (OR 1.01, CI 1.002-1.019) and operating time (OR 1.004, CI 1.002-1.006) were all associated with increased odds of high-grade complications on multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this single-surgeon series, we have described the most commonly encountered complications after RAL in paediatric urology, finding rates similar to the complication rates reported in the current literature on other surgical approaches. In addition, LOS, operating time and EBL, which are probable surrogates of case complexity, were associated with increased odds of high-grade complications.

Growth kinetics of venous tumor thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Some patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) present with venous tumor thrombus (VTT). The extent of the VTT is related to survival, so prompt surgical care is recommended. However, studies evaluating the natural history of VTT in patients with RCC are rare. We sought to evaluate the growth kinetics of VTT in patients with RCC using preoperative cross-sectional images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified patients who underwent radical nephrectomy and venous tumor thrombectomy at our institution from 01/2009 to 02/2022. We included those with a minimum of 2 adequate preoperative imaging studies (contrast-enhanced Computerized Tomography (CT), noncontrast Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or contrast-enhanced MRI), at least 14 days apart. We measured VTT in each study to calculate growth rate, and evaluated predictors of faster growth (demographics, histology, laterality, tumor diameter, and staging). To assess the relation between clinical variables and VTT growth, we used the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were included in the analysis. The median time interval between studies was 33 days. Patients were mostly Caucasian and Males (90% and 70%, respectively). Most patients underwent a CT scan as their initial imaging study (66%), followed with an MRI as second study (73%). The mean venous tumor thrombus growth rate was 0.3 mm/d (standard deviation of 0.5mm), and only rhabdoid/sarcomatoid differentiation showed an association with tumor thrombus growth rate (0.3 vs. 0.63 mm/d, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the natural growth rate of venous tumor thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma. We found that tumor thrombi grew an average of 0.3 mm/d (1.0 cm/month) and that those with sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid differentiation grew faster (0.63 mm/d). Further studies are needed to validate these results and provide a better understanding of tumor thrombus kinetics.

Comparing Bladder Neck Contracture Rate Between Robotic Intracorporeal and Extracorporeal Neobladder Construction.

Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has become more accessible to surgeons worldwide, and descriptions of intracorporeal urinary diversion techniques, such as orthotopic neobladder construction, have increased. In this study, we aim to compare the rate of bladder neck contracture (BNC) formation between RARC and two different urinary diversion techniques. We retrospectively reviewed our institutional database for patients with bladder cancer who underwent RARC with intracorporeal neobladder (ICNB) construction (n = 11) or extracorporeal neobladder (ECNB) construction (n = 11) between 2012 and 2020. BNC was defined by the need for an additional surgical procedure (e.g., dilatation, urethrotomy). Patients who underwent RARC with ICNB (n = 11) were compared to patients who underwent RARC with ECNB (n = 11) across patient characteristics and postoperative BNC formation rates. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for freedom from BNC based on the neobladder approach and compared with the log-rank test. For patients who received an ECNB, 73% (8/11) developed a BNC; in comparison, none of the patients in the ICNB group experienced a BNC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrates the ECNB group's median probability of freedom from BNC as 1.3 years, while the ICNB group was free of BNC over the study period (p < 0.001). RARC with ICNB creation demonstrated a significantly reduced BNC rate in contrast to RARC with ECNB construction. Longer-term follow-up is needed to assess the durability of this difference in BNC rates.

Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Imaging and Its Correlation with HOXB13 Expression.

Homeobox 13 (HOXB13) is an oncogenic transcription factor that directly regulates expression of folate hydrolase 1, which encodes prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). HOXB13 is expressed in primary and metastatic prostate cancers (PCs) and promotes androgen-independent PC growth. Since HOXB13 promotes resistance to androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies and regulates the expression of folate hydrolase 1, we investigated whether SUVs on PSMA PET would correlate with HOXB13 expression. Methods: We analyzed 2 independent PC patient cohorts who underwent PSMA PET/CT for initial staging or for biochemical recurrence. In the discovery cohort, we examined the relationship between HOXB13, PSMA, and AR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in prostate biopsy specimens from 179 patients who underwent PSMA PET/CT with 18F-piflufolastat. In the validation cohort, we confirmed the relationship between HOXB13, PSMA, and AR by comparing protein expression in prostatectomy and lymph node (LN) sections from 19 patients enrolled in 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 PET clinical trials. Correlation and association analyses were also used to confirm the relationship between the markers, LN positivity, and PSMA PET SUVs. Results: We observed a significant correlation between PSMA and HOXB13 mRNA (P < 0.01). The association between HOXB13 and 18F-piflufolastat SUVs was also significant (SUVmax, P = 0.0005; SUVpeak, P = 0.0006). Likewise, the PSMA SUVmax was significantly associated with the expression of HOXB13 protein in the 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 PET cohort (P = 0.008). Treatment-naïve patients with LN metastases demonstrated elevated HOXB13 and PSMA levels in their tumors as well as higher PSMA tracer uptake and low AR expression. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that HOXB13 correlates with PSMA expression and PSMA PET SUVs at the mRNA and protein levels. Our study suggests that the PSMA PET findings may reflect oncogenic HOXB13 transcriptional activity in PC, thus potentially serving as an imaging biomarker for more aggressive disease.

Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with Suppressed Epigenetic Regulator HOXB13 Shows a Lower Incidence of Prostate Cancer Development.

Our objective was to identify variations in gene expression that could help elucidate the pathways for the development of prostate cancer (PCa) in men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). We included 98 men with BPH, a positive prostate MRI (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System; PIRADS ≥ 4), and a negative biopsy from November 2014 to January 2018. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on tissue cores from the MRI lesion and a geographically distant region (two regions per patient). All patients were followed for at least three years to identify who went on to develop PCa. We compared the gene expressions of those who did not develop PCa ("BPH-only") vs. those who did ("BPH/PCa"). Then, we identified the subset of men with BPH who had the highest American Urological Association (AUA) symptom scores ("symptomatic BPH") and compared their gene expression to the BPH/PCa group. At a median follow-up of 47.5 months, 15 men had developed PCa while 83 did not. We compared gene expressions of 14 men with symptomatic BPH (AUAss ≥ 18) vs. 15 with BPH/PCa. We found two clusters of genes, suggesting the two groups had distinctive molecular features. Differential analysis revealed genes that were upregulated in BPH-only and downregulated in BPH/PCa, and vice versa. Symptomatic BPH men had upregulation of T-cell activation markers (TCR, CD3, ZAP70, IL-2 and IFN-γ and chemokine receptors, CXCL9/10) expression. In contrast, men with BPH/PCa had upregulation of NKX3-1 and HOXB13 transcription factors associated with luminal epithelial progenitors but depleted of immune cells, suggesting a cell-autonomous role in immune evasion. Symptomatic BPH with immune-enriched landscapes may support anti-tumor immunity. RNA sequencing of benign prostate biopsy tissue showing upregulation of NKX3-1 and HOXB13 with the absence of T-cells might help in identifying men at higher risk of future PCa development, which may be useful in determining ongoing PCa screening.

Factors Associated with Ureteral Stent Failure in Patients with Malignant Ureteral Obstruction.

Introduction: Management of malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) with ureteral stents remains a clinical challenge, often involving frequent stent exchanges attributable to stent failure or other urological complications. We report our institutional experience with ureteral stents for management of MUO, including analysis of clinical factors associated with stent failure. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with indwelling ureteral stents for MUO in nonurothelial malignancies at our tertiary-care institution between 2008 and 2019. Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to identify clinical variables associated with stent failure and stent-related complications. Stent failure was defined as need for unplanned stent exchange, placement of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN), or tandem stents. Results: In our cohort of 78 patients, the median (range) number of stent exchanges was 2 (0-17) during a total stent dwell time of 4.3 (0.1-40.3) months. Thirty-four patients (43.6%) developed a culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI) during stent dwell time. Thirty-five patients (44.8%) had stent failure. Twenty-two patients (28.2%) underwent unplanned stent exchanges, 23 (29.5%) required PCN after initial stent placement, and 6 (7.7%) required tandem stents. Ten (28.6%) patients with stent failure were treated with upsized stents, which led to resolution in seven patients. Stent failure occurred with 20/44 (45.4%) Percuflex™, 15/27 (55.6%) polyurethane, and 2/3 (66.7%) metal stents. In patients with ≥2 exchanges (N = 45), median time between exchanges was 4.1 (2.0-14.8) months. Bilateral stenting and history of radiation predicted UTI development. Median overall patient survival after initial stent placement was 19.9 months (95% CI 16.5-37.9 months). Conclusions: Ureteral stent failure poses a significant medical burden to patients with MUO. Better methods to minimize stent-related issues and improve patient quality of life are needed. Using a shared decision-making approach, clinicians and patients should consider PCN or tandem stents early in the management of MUO.

Advances in Biomarkers for Detection, Surveillance, and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer may present management challenges, as it frequently recurs and can progress when not expeditiously diagnosed and carefully monitored following initial therapy for noninvasive disease. Cystoscopy and cytology have long been the primary tools for the urologist treating bladder cancer. However, as a host of potential biomarkers have been developed, new avenues for noninvasive testing have become available in the detection, surveillance, and prognostic setting. Analysis of urine for mutational signatures at the genetic and epigenetic levels appears promising, but such testing has yet to become widely adopted into clinical practice. Here, we review recent advances in bladder cancer biomarker assays, with particular attention to clinical relevance and potential application.

Multi-institutional Clinical Tool for Predicting High-risk Lesions on 3Tesla Multiparametric Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for prostate cancer detection without careful patient selection may lead to excessive resource utilization and costs. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a clinical tool for predicting the presence of high-risk lesions on mpMRI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Four tertiary care centers were included in this retrospective and prospective study (BiRCH Study Collaborative). Statistical models were generated using 1269 biopsy-naive, prior negative biopsy, and active surveillance patients who underwent mpMRI. Using age, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate volume, a support vector machine model was developed for predicting the probability of harboring Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 4 or 5 lesions. The accuracy of future predictions was then prospectively assessed in 214 consecutive patients. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Receiver operating characteristic, calibration, and decision curves were generated to assess model performance. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: For biopsy-naïve and prior negative biopsy patients (n=811), the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.730 on internal validation. Excellent calibration and high net clinical benefit were observed. On prospective external validation at two separate institutions (n=88 and n=126), the machine learning model discriminated with AUCs of 0.740 and 0.744, respectively. The final model was developed on the Microsoft Azure Machine Learning platform (birch.azurewebsites.net). This model requires a prostate volume measurement as input. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who are naïve to biopsy or those with a prior negative biopsy, BiRCH models can be used to select patients for mpMRI. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this multicenter study, we developed and prospectively validated a calculator that can be used to predict prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results using patient age, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate volume as input. This tool can aid health care professionals and patients to make an informed decision regarding whether to get an MRI.

Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy.

Adrenalectomies are increasingly performed using minimally invasive approaches. The widespread adoption of robot-assisted laparoscopy for other urologic surgeries has dramatically increased the popularity of this approach for adrenal surgery.

Bladder Reconstruction with Bowel: Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Ileocystoplasty with Mitrofanoff Appendicovesicostomy in Pediatric Patients.

Neurogenic bladder occur as a consequence of several conditions, most commonly posterior urethral valves syndrome, spina bifida, tethered cord, sacral agenesis, and Arnold-Chiari malformation. It is characterized by diminished bladder capacity and/or reduced compliance, associated with high-pressure voiding that can lead to deterioration of renal function if left untreated. When medical management fails, bladder reconstruction with bowel (aumentation ileocystoplasty) becomes the treatment of choice for these patients. In most cases, it is accompanied by the creation of a continent catheterizable channel, with the appendix being the most commonly used conduit (Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy). Conventional open surgery has proven to be an efficient and safe approach in these patients. However, robot-assisted surgery not only offers a cosmetic advantage, but also results in a shorter hospital stay, less postoperative pain, and even decreased number of adhesions (as shown in porcine models). Nevertheless, the complexity of this technique has limited the wide adoption of this approach. We seek to provide a technical guide to robot-assisted laparoscopic ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy in pediatric patients, as well as a critical review of literature about the perioperative care of these patients.

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes for Rectal Injury During Radical Prostatectomy: A Population-based Study.

BACKGROUND: Rectal injury (RI) is a rare but potentially serious complication of radical prostatectomy (RP). Current evidence is limited owing to relatively small cohorts from select, tertiary referral centers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of and potential risk factors for RI during radical RP at a population level in the USA. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using the National Inpatient Sample database (2003-2012), we identified patients with prostate cancer who underwent RP. Survey-weighted cohorts were created based on the diagnosis and repair of RI during initial hospitalization. Data included demographics, hospital characteristics, surgical details, complications, and perioperative outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for RI. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 614 294 men who underwent RP, there were 2900 (0.5%) RIs, with a 26% decline from 2003-2006 to 2009-2012 (p<0.01). Patients with RI were slightly older (62.0 vs 61.2 yr; p<0.01) and more commonly of African ancestry (0.8% vs 0.4% Caucasians; p<0.01). RI was more common among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), metastatic disease, and low body mass index (BMI; p<0.05). The RI incidence was higher for open (0.6%) compared to laparoscopic (0.4%) and robotic RP (0.2%; p<0.01). RI was more common at rural (0.8% vs 0.5% urban), nonteaching (0.6% vs 0.4% teaching), and low-volume hospitals (0.6% vs 0.3% high-volume; p<0.01). Complication rates (28% vs 11%; p<0.01) and length of stay (4.8 vs 2.3 d; p<0.01) were greater in the RI group. Multivariable analysis identified African ancestry, BPH, and metastatic cancer as predictors of RI, while robotic approach, high-volume hospital, and obesity reduced the risk (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: RI during RP is a rare complication, but is more common among men with African ancestry and for procedures carried out using an open surgical technique or in low-volume hospitals, and among those with low BMI, BPH, or metastatic disease. PATIENT SUMMARY: In a large US population, we found that rectal injury (RI) is a rare complication of radical prostatectomy, and that the risk of RI can increase according to patient- and hospital-specific characteristics.

National Surgical Quality Improvement Program surgical risk calculator poorly predicts complications in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Programs (ACS-NSQIP) surgical risk calculator in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) with urinary diversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative characteristics of patients who underwent RC with ileal conduit or orthotropic neobladder (ONB) between 2007 and 2016 were entered into the proprietary online ACS-NSQIP calculator to generate 30-day predicted risk profiles. Predicted and observed outcomes were compared by measuring Brier score (BS) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Of 954 patients undergoing RC, 609 (64%) received ileal conduit and 345 (36%) received ONB. The calculator underestimated most risks by 10%-81%. The BSs exceeded the acceptable threshold of 0.01 and AUC were less than 0.8 for all outcomes in the overall cohort. The mean (standard deviation) predicted vs. observed length of stay was 9 (1.5) vs. 10.6 (7.4) days (Pearson's r = 0.09). Among patients who received ONB, adequate BS (<0.01) was observed for pneumonia, cardiac complications, and death. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed moderate accuracy of calculator for cardiac complications (AUC = 0.69) and discharge to rehab center (AUC = 0.75) among patients who underwent RC with ONB. CONCLUSIONS: The universal ACS-NSQIP calculator poorly predicts most postoperative complications among patients undergoing RC with urinary diversion. A procedure-specific risk calculator is required to better counsel patients in the preoperative setting and generate realistic quality measures.

MEIS1 and MEIS2 Expression and Prostate Cancer Progression: A Role For HOXB13 Binding Partners in Metastatic Disease.

Purpose: Germline mutations within the MEIS-interaction domain of HOXB13 have implicated a critical function for MEIS-HOX interactions in prostate cancer etiology and progression. The functional and predictive role of changes in MEIS expression within prostate tumor progression, however, remain largely unexplored.Experimental Design: Here we utilize RNA expression datasets, annotated tissue microarrays, and cell-based functional assays to investigate the role of MEIS1 and MEIS2 in prostate cancer and metastatic progression.Results: These analyses demonstrate a stepwise decrease in the expression of both MEIS1 and MEIS2 from benign epithelia, to primary tumor, to metastatic tissues. Positive expression of MEIS proteins in primary tumors, however, is associated with a lower hazard of clinical metastasis (HR = 0.28) after multivariable analysis. Pathway and gene set enrichment analyses identified MEIS-associated networks involved in cMYC signaling, cellular proliferation, motility, and local tumor environment. Depletion of MEIS1 and MEIS2 resulted in increased tumor growth over time in vivo, and decreased MEIS expression in both patient-derived tumors and MEIS-depleted cell lines was associated with increased expression of the protumorigenic genes cMYC and CD142, and decreased expression of AXIN2, FN1, ROCK1, SERPINE2, SNAI2, and TGFß2.Conclusions: These data implicate a functional role for MEIS proteins in regulating cancer progression, and support a hypothesis whereby tumor expression of MEIS1 and MEIS2 expression confers a more indolent prostate cancer phenotype, with a decreased propensity for metastatic progression. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3668-80. ©2018 AACR.

Síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño y su asociación con las enfermedades cardiovasculares / Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome and its association with cardiovascular disease

Introducción:El síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño, es una entidad que ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años, con una prevalencia estimada en adultos de edad media cercana al 4 y al 2% en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, y que por su frecuencia constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivo:Exponer, tras un análisis exhaustivo de la literatura disponible, la asociación entre el síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Método: Se hizo una revisión narrativa a partir de la literatura encontrada en las bases de datos más reconocidas. Se incluyeron 59 estudios publicados en los últimos treinta años y se excluyeron reportes y series de casos. Conclusiones: El síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño se reconoce hoy en día como un problema de salud pública mundial. En Latinoamérica, más específicamente en Colombia, se requieren estudios prospectivos de cohorte que sirvan de pauta para la población del continente e indiquen posibles diferencias respecto a la comunidad internacional en cuanto a su tratamiento y diagnóstico oportunos, así como acerca del impacto de estos en lo concerniente a los desenlaces cardiovasculares de los pacientes.

Introduction: The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome has gained importance has gained importance in recent years, with an estimated prevalence in population of middle-aged adults around 4 and 2% in men and women respectively, and that given its frequency constitutes a public health problem. Objective: To show, after a thorough analysis of the available literature, the association between the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Method: A narrative review was made from the literature found at the most recognized databases. Fifty nine studies published in the last thirty years were included and reports and case series were excluded. Conclusions: The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome is recognized today as a global public health problem. Latin America, specifically Colombia, requires prospective cohort studies that serve as a guideline for the continent's population and that could indicate possible differences compared to the international community regarding early diagnosis and treatment, and its impact in cardiovascular outcomes of these patients.