Using training impulse and monotony methods to monitor aerobic training load in rats.

This study is the first to apply training impulse (TRIMP) and Training Monotony (TM) methodologies, within the realm of sport science, in animal model studies. Rats were divided into Sedentary (SED, n=10) and Training (TR, n=13). TR performed a four-week moderate-intensity interval training with load progression. Lactate kinetics, lactate training impulse (TRIMPLac), maximal speed training impulse (TRIMPSmax) and TM were utilized to develop and monitor training protocol. TR showed an 11.9% increase in time to exhaustion at the second maximum incremental test and a 17.5% increase at the third test. External work was increased by 17.8% at the second test and 30.3% at the third. There was a 10.6% increase in external work at the third test compared to the second for TR. No difference in TRIMPLac between the 1st week (94±9 A.U) and 3rdweek (83±10 A.U) were seen. TRIMPSmax was 2400 A.U. in the 1st week, 2760 A.U. in the 2nd and 3rd weeks, and 3120 A.U. in the 4th week. The TM remained at 1.24 A.U throughout the protocol and there was no dropouts. TRIMPLac and TRIMPSmax contributed to the development and monitoring loads, demonstrating their potential to improve the accuracy of training protocols in animal model research.

Reliability of Anaerobic Contributions during a Single Exhaustive Knee-extensor Exercise.

The total anaerobic contribution (AC[La-]+PCr) is a valid and reliable methodology. However, the active muscle mass plays an important role in the AC[La-]+PCr determination, which might influence its reliability. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of two exhaustive intensities on the reliability of the AC[La-]+PCr during a one-legged knee extension (1L-KE) exercise. Thirteen physically active males were submitted to a graded exercise to determine the peak power output (PPO) in the 1L-KE. Then, two constant-load exercises were conducted to task failure at 100% (TTF100) and 110% (TTF110) of PPO, and the exercises were repeated on a third day. The blood lactate accumulation and the oxygen uptake after exercise were used to estimate the anaerobic lactic and alactic contributions, respectively. Higher values of AC[La-]+PCr were found after the TTF100 compared to TTF110 (p=0.042). In addition, no significant differences (p=0.432), low systematic error (80.9 mL), and a significant ICC (0.71; p=0.004) were found for AC[La-]+PCr in the TTF100. However, an elevated coefficient of variation was found (13.7%). In conclusion, we suggest the use of the exhaustive efforts performed at 100% of the PPO with the 1L-KE model, but its elevated individual variability must be carefully considered in future studies.

3-min All-out Test to Evaluate Aerobic and Anaerobic Indexes in Court Team Sports.

This study aimed to test the reproducibility of the 3-min all-out effort applied using shuttle running and compare its values to aerobic parameters. On the first day, 14 futsal players underwent an exhaustive test to determine the maximal incremental speed (MIS) and anaerobic threshold (AnT). On the second day, the participants performed the 3-min all-out effort (n=14), which was repeated after 48 h (third day) to test its reproducibility (n=11). Peak oxygen consumption (V̇ O2PEAK) and peak blood lactate concentrations ([La-]) were determined from 3-min all-out efforts performed through a 20-m shuttle run on the official court. The distance covered, mean speed, and critical speed (CS) during the 3-min all-out presented direct relationships with aerobic parameters determined through the incremental test (r>0.62). The distance covered above CS (D') presented a direct relationship with peak lactate concentrations induced by a 3-min all-out effort (r=0.81). Despite the acceptable levels of reproducibility observed for most of the 3-min all-out variables, the minimal detectable change for D' was high (72%). Our results demonstrated the potential use of mean speed to evaluate aerobic fitness. However, the applicability of the 3-min all-out shuttle run test to monitor training adaptations should be avoided, at least in nonexperienced athletes.

Three Simulated Goalball Games in the Same Day Cause Central Fatigue and Can Impair Game Technical Performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three simulated goalball games on neuromuscular, physiological, perceptual, and technical parameters. Ten male players underwent assessments before and immediately after each game. Heart rate was recorded at rest and during all games that were entirely filmed for further technical performance analysis. Exercise significantly decreased knee extensor muscles peak force and percentage of voluntary activation after the second and third games, indicating the presence of central fatigue. Heart rate responses remained predominantly in a range equivalent to moderate activity intensity in all games. In addition, perceptual parameters were associated with reduced frequency of throws and density of actions. These findings suggest significant implications for the management of physical training, game strategy during a competition, and fixture change from three to two games per day.

Parkinson's Critical Heart Rate Test: Applying the Critical Power Model for People with Parkinson's Disease.

Aerobic exercise with the correct intensity can attenuate motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and improve the quality of life. However, a specific, validated, non-invasive, and outside the laboratory protocol that assesses physiological variables to prescribe optimal aerobic exercise intensity for people with PD is nonexistent. Therefore, this study aimed to propose a protocol, the Parkinson's critical heart rate test (Parkinson-CHR test), to determine the critical heart rate (CHR) in individuals with PD and verify its validity, reliability, and sensitivity. Fifteen people with idiopathic PD, who were able to practice exercises, were recruited to participate in the study (71.1 ± 6.6 years). The study consisted of two experiments: i) the first one aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the protocol, with participants performing the test twice at a one-week interval; ii) the second experiment aimed to investigate the protocol sensitivity, with individuals being evaluated before and after an 8-week training program according to Parkinson-CHR intensity. In experiment 1, no differences between test and retest were observed in the time to cover the distances (400, 800 and 1200 m), the total heart rate, the critical heart rate, and critical speed (p > 0.05). In experiment 2, there was a reduction in time to cover 400 and 800 m as well as in the total heart rate for all distances after the 8-week training program. The Parkinson-CHR test is a reliable, reproducible, inexpensive, and non-invasive protocol to assess, prescribe, and monitor aerobic exercise intensity in people with PD.

Is There Agreement and Precision between Heart Rate Variability, Ventilatory, and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Adults?

This study aims to analyze the agreement and precision between heart rate variability thresholds (HRVT1/2) with ventilatory and lactate thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1/2 and LT1/2) on a treadmill. Thirty-four male students were recruited. Day 1 consisted of conducting a health survey, anthropometrics, and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPx). On Day 2, after 48 h, a second incremental test was performed, the Cardiopulmonary Stepwise Exercise Test consisting of 3 min stages (CPxS), to determine VT1/2, LT1/2, and HRVT1/2. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA and effect size (ηp2) were used, followed by Sidak's post hoc. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Typical Error (TE) were applied to verify the precision. Bland Altman and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were applied to confirm the agreement. HRVT1 showed different values compared to LT1 (lactate, RER, and R-R interval) and VT1 (V̇E, RER, V̇CO2, and HR). No differences were found in threshold 2 (T2) between LT2, VT2, and HRVT2. No difference was found in speed and V̇O2 for T1 and T2. The precision was low to T1 (CV > 12% and TE > 10%) and good to T2 (CV < 12% and TE < 10%). The agreement was good to fair in threshold 1 (VT1, LT1, HRVT1) and excellent to good in T2 (VT1, LT1, HRVT1). HRVT1 is not a valid method (low precision) when using this protocol to estimate LT1 and VT1. However, HRVT2 is a valid and noninvasive method that can estimate LT2 and VT2, showing good agreement and precision in healthy adults.

Motor strategy during postural control is not muscle fatigue joint-dependent, but muscle fatigue increases postural asymmetry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ankle and hip muscle fatigue on motor adjustments (experiment 1) and symmetry (experiment 2) of postural control during a quiet standing task. Twenty-three young adults performed a bipedal postural task on separate force platforms, before and after a bilateral ankle and hip muscle fatigue protocol (randomized). Ankle and hip muscles were fatigued separately using a standing calf raise protocol (ankle fatigue) on a step and flexion and extension of the hip (hip fatigue) sitting on a chair, at a controlled movement frequency (0.5Hz), respectively. In both experiments, force, center of pressure, and electromyography parameters were measured. The symmetry index was used in experiment 2 to analyze the postural asymmetry in the parameters. Our main findings showed that muscle fatigue impaired postural stability, regardless of the fatigued muscle region (i.e., ankle or hip). In addition, young adults used an ankle motor strategy (experiment 1) before and after both the ankle and hip muscle fatigue protocols. Moreover, we found increased asymmetry between the lower limbs (experiment 2) during the quiet standing task after muscle fatigue. Thus, we can conclude that the postural motor strategy is not muscle fatigue joint-dependent and a fatigue task increases postural asymmetry, regardless of the fatigued region (hip or ankle). These findings could be applied in sports training and rehabilitation programs with the objective of reducing the fatigue effects on asymmetry and improving balance.

Corrigendum: Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580711.].

Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance.

This study aimed to propose a conditioning activity (CA) model to stimulate improvement on neuromuscular responses, mechanical parameters and for the 50-m freestyle swimming. Thirteen male swimmers (19 ± 3 years and performances of 77% in relation to World Championship records) performed four CA protocols followed by a maximum performance in the 50-m freestyle. In the first protocol (P1) swimmers performed a standard warm-up (∼15 min); in the second protocol (P2) lunges (3 × 85% of the one-repetition maximum); in the third (P3) pull-ups (3 maximum repetitions) and box jumps 40 cm high and 60 cm deep (1 × 5 with 10% of the corporal weight); and in the fourth protocol (P4) a combination of exercises from the second and third protocols. CA protocols had no effect on the standard warm-up. However, P2 performance (27.01 ± 1.25 s) was similar to P1 (27.01 ± 1.18 s) and presented higher positive effects in mechanical parameters for the swim start performance in comparison to other protocols, contributing to improvements in the 50-m freestyle. In addition, turnaround time also had a negative effect, mainly in P3 (3.12 ± 0.28 s), signaling the improvement of this variable in all protocols (P1: 3.30 ± 0.38 s; P2: 3.17 ± 0.30 s; P4: 3.17 ± 0.34 s). P2 (after: 80 ± 11%; before: 82.7 ± 9.9%) and P3 (after: 82.7 ± 9.9%; before: 85.1 ± 9.7%) presented a possible positive effect on the percentage of voluntary activation in relation to P1 (after: 79.3 ± 10.7%; before: 76.3 ± 12%). In conclusion, the proposed conditioning activity protocols were not efficient for performance improvement in the 50-m freestyle compared to the standard model and seem to specifically influence each phase of the event.

Correction to: Beta alanine supplementation effects on metabolic contribution and swimming performance.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Beta alanine supplementation effects on metabolic contribution and swimming performance.

BACKGROUND: Investigations of ß-alanine supplementation shows effects on metabolic (aerobic and anaerobic) participation and performance on swimming by a possible blood acidosis buffering. Considering this background, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of ß-alanine supplementation on metabolic contribution and performance during 400-m swim. METHODS: Thirteen competitive swimmers underwent a 6-week, double-blind placebo-controlled study, ingesting 4.8 g.day- 1 of ß-alanine or placebo. Before and after the supplementation period, the total anaerobic contribution (TAn) and 30-s all-out tethered swimming effort (30TS) were assessed. Anaerobic alactic (AnAl) and lactic energy (AnLa) was assumed as the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and net blood lactate accumulation during exercise (∆[La-]), respectively. Aerobic contribution (Aer) was determined by the difference between total energy demand and TAn. In addition to conventional statistical analysis (Repeated measures ANOVA; p > 0.05), a Bayesian repeated measures ANOVA was used to evidence the effect probability (BFincl). RESULTS: No differences and effects were found between groups, indicating no supplementation effects. Repeated measures ANOVA, with confirmation of effect, was indicate reduce in ∆Lactate (p: 0.001; BFincl: 25.02); absolute AnLa (p: 0.002; BFincl: 12.61), fatigue index (p > 0.001; BFincl: 63.25) and total anaerobic participation (p: 0.008; BFincl: 4.89). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the results demonstrated that all changes presented were evidenced as a result of exposure to the training period and ß-alanine supplementation doesn't affect metabolic contribution and performance during 400-m freestyle.

Physiology Responses and Players' Stay on the Court During a Futsal Match: A Case Study With Professional Players.

Physiological responses in futsal have not been studied together with temporal information about the players' stay on the court. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La-]) responses between 1-H and 2-H considering the time of permanency of the players on the court at each substitution in a futsal match. HR was recorded during entire match and [La-] was analyzed after each substitution of seven players. %HRmean (89.61 ± 2.31 vs. 88.03 ± 4.98 %HRmax) and [La-] mean (8.46 ± 3.01 vs. 8.17 ± 2.91 mmol·L-1) did not differ between 1-H and 2-H (ES, trivial-small). Time in intensity zones of 50-100 %HRmax differed only in 60-70 %HRmax (ES, moderate). HR coefficient of variation throughout the match was low (7%) and among the four outfield players on the court (quartets, 5%). Substitutions (2 player's participation in each half), time of permanence on the court (7.15 ± 2.39 vs. 9.49 ± 3.80 min), ratio between time in- and out-ratio on the court (In:Outcourt = 1:1.30 ± 1:0.48 vs. 1:1.05 ± 1:0.55 min) also were similar between 1-H and 2-H (ES, moderate and small, respectively). Balancing the number of substitutions, and the In:Outcourt ratio of players in both halves of the match, playing lower time at 1-H, ~8 min for each participation in the match, made it possible to maintain intensity of the match in 2-H similar to the 1H. These results are a good guidance to coaches and for application in future studies.

Cardiorespiratory fitness level influences the ventilatory threshold identification / Nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória influencia a identificação do limiar ventilatório

ABSTRACT We aimed to analyze the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on ventilatory threshold identification (VT1) using the Ventilatory Equivalents (VEq) and V-slope methods. Twenty-two male runners (32.9 ± 9.4 years) were divided into two groups: G1 - group with less cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF: VO2max 40 to 51 ml·kg-1·min-1) and G2 - higher CRF (G1; VO2max ?56,4 to 72 ml·kg-1·min-1) divided by the 50th percentile. An incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test was applied to identify VT1 using VEq and V-slope methods to compare heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), and speed. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare HR, VO2, and speed (groups vs. methods). The Effect size was calculated using Cohen's d. The intraclass correlation coefficient, variation coefficient, typical error, and Bland Altman were applied to verify reliability and agreement. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between methods for G1 (VO2, HR, and speed), and Bland Altman showed good agreement (mean difference: VO2 0.35ml·kg-1·min-1; HR 2.58bpm; speed 0.33km·h-1). However, G2 presented statistical differences between methods (VO2 and speed) and a more significant mean difference (VO2 2.68ml·kg-1·min-1; HR 6.87 bpm; speed 0.88km·h-1). The small effect size was found in G1 between methods (VO2: 0.06; speed: 0.20; HR: 0.14), and small and moderate effects were found in G2 between methods (VO2: 0.39; speed: 0.43; HR: 0.51). In conclusion, runners with lower CRF have a better agreement for the V-slope and VEq methods than those with a higher CRF.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência do nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) entre os métodos Equivalente Ventilatório (VEq) e V-slope para determinação do Limiar Ventilatório 1 (LV1). 22 homens corredores (32,9 ± 9,4 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos: G1 - grupo com menor aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR:VO2máx 40 a 51 ml·kg-1·min-1) e G2 - maior ACR (VO2máx 56,4 a 72 ml·kg-1·min-1), divididos pelo percentil 50. Foi aplicado um teste incremental cardiopulmonar para identificar o LV1 através dos métodos VEq e V-slope, comparando as seguintes variáveis: Frequência Cardíaca (FC), Consumo de Oxigênio (VO2) e velocidade. Para comparações entre FC, VO2 e velocidade (grupos vs. métodos) empregou-se ANOVA de duas vias. O tamanho do efeito foi calculado utilizando d'Cohen. Para verificar a confiabilidade e a concordância, foram aplicados o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, coeficiente de variação, erro típico e Bland Altman. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre métodos para G1 (VO2, FC e velocidade) e Bland Altman revelou boa concordância (diferença média: VO2 0,35ml·kg-1·min-1; FC 2,58bpm; velocidade 0,33km·h-1). Contudo, G2 apresentou diferenças estatísticas entre métodos (VO2 e velocidade) e maior diferença média (VO2 2,68ml·kg-1·min-1; FC 6,87 bpm; velocidade 0,88km·h-1). Tamanho de efeito pequeno foi encontrado no G1 entre os métodos (VO2: 0,06; velocidade: 0,20; FC: 0,14) e efeitos Pequenos e moderados foram encontrados no G2 entre os métodos (VO2: 0,39; velocidade: 0,43; FC: 0,51). Conclui-se que corredores com menor ACR apresentam melhor concordância para os métodos V-slope e VEq em comparação aqueles com maior ACR.

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on PPARG mRNA expression using monozygotic twin case control.

The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) on anthropometric variables and PPARG mRNA expression was investigated. Monozygotic twin pairs aged 11-18 years were grouped into discordant (D) and concordant (C) high and low VO2max groups. VO2max was determined by progressive maximal exercise test on treadmill with gas exchange analysis. Body mass (BM), BMI, waist circumference (WC), triceps (TR), and subscapular (SB) skinfold thicknesses were measured. Twins from the discordant group had differences in VO2max values (D-high = 45.9 ± 10.0 versus D-low = 32.4 ± 10.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.025), while no differences were found in the concordant group (C-high = 42.4 ± 9.2 versus C-low = 38.8 ± 9.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.952). In discordant group, VO2max was negatively correlated with TR + SB (r = -0.540, P = 0.021) and positively correlated with PPARG expression in leukocytes (r = 0.952, P = 0.001). Moreover, PPARG expression was directly correlated with BM (r = 0.714, P = 0.047) and height (r = 0.762, P = 0.028). In concordant twins, VO2max was inversely correlated with BM (r = -0.290, P = 0.027), BMI (r = -0.472, P = 0.001), WC (r = -0.426, P = 0.001), and TR + SB (r = -0.739, P = 0.001). Twins D-high had 1.78-fold greater PPARG expression when compared with twins D-low (P = 0.048). In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory fitness may modulate PPARG expression in childhood and adolescence, independently of the genetic background.

Glucose metabolism in discordant monozygotic twins for cardiorespiratory fitness.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if glucose and insulin concentrations are regulated by cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) regardless of their genetic effects. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 38 pairs of young monozygotic twins (11 to 18 years-old). All subjects underwent a progressive maximal exercise test on a treadmill to determine the VO2max with gas exchange analysis (MedGraphics VO2000® - Medical Graphics Corp., St. Paul, MN). Blood samples were drawn after fasting to determine glucose and insulin levels. Monozygosity was confirmed by genotyping 15 informative genetic markers. Nine pairs had at least 10mL.kg-1.min-1 difference in VO2max and were divided into the more and less active group, according to their VO2max. Mean differences between more and less active groups were evaluated by Wilcoxon's test for paired data. RESULTS: On average, twins from the more active group presented a 17% (13.5±3.7mL.kg-1.min-1) higher VO2max compared to their less active siblings. No significant differences were observed between the groups for fasting insulin (36.5±34.6 versus 25.3±13.7mg/dL; p<0.813). However, the more active twins had lower fasting glucose than the less active ones (82.9±7.3 versus 86.7±7.6mg/dL; p<0.010). CONCLUSIONS: In this case-control study (discordant monozygotic twins), the less active co-twins were characterized by higher fasting plasma glucose levels. This implies that poor cardiorespiratory fitness can be associated with defective glucose metabolism regardless of genetic factors.

Preliminary results on organization on the court, physical and technical performance of Brazilian professional futsal players: comparison between friendly pre-season and official match

The main aim of this study was to verify possible differences between a friendly pre-season match (FM) and an official in-season match (OM) regarding physical, technical, and organizational performances of a professional Brazilian futsal team. Ten professional futsal athletes participated in this study. The matches were monitored with video cameras (30 Hz) and athlete trajectories obtained with automatic tracking. The values obtained for distance covered per minute, percentage of distance covered at moderate intensity, team coverage area, spread, passes, possessions, ball touches and successful passes per minute were greater for the OM than FM. On the contrary, percentage of distance covered, standing and walking was greater for the FM than OM. We concluded that physical, technical, and tactical performances are different between a FM and an OM in futsal and also these parameters mutually influenced each other distinctly. Future studies should verify whether pre-season tournaments reproduce similar demands to a regular season official match

Effects of enriched environment on maximal lactate steady state of wistar rats / Efeitos do ambiente enriquecido na máxima fase estável do lactato de ratos wistar

The enriched environment (EE) is a combination of stimulations inserted in the cage, such as tunnels, exercise wheel and color objects, increased cage size and the number of rats. Although the EE can be promoter of physical activity (PA), the literature lacks studies showing the effects of this accumulation of PA in the rats. In this way, the present study aims to investigate the effects of EE on maximal lactate steady state in rats. To this, adult Wistar rats were randomly distributed into control group (CG), kept in conventional cages, and EE group (EEG), kept in enriched cages. Before and after the experimental period (six weeks) the animals were submitted for the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) test. In the last week, length and body mass was measured. At the end of the experimental period, after euthanasia, blood sample was collected for the analyses of glucose and heart was weighted. To statistical analyses, after the test of normality, the parametric results were analyzed by Student's t test and nonparametric through Mann-Whintey test. There were no differences in serum glucose, body length, body and heart mass. The groups presented similar MLSS at beginning of experiment, however, MLSS load was higher in EE than CG at end of experiment. In conclusion, PA performed in the enriched cage increased the aerobic capacity in comparing to the conventional cage, even in the absence of significant changes in length and body weight and blood glucose.

O ambiente enriquecido (EE) é uma combinação de estímulos inseridos na gaiola, tais como túneis, roda de exercício e objetos coloridos, além de aumento do tamanho da gaiola e do número de ratos. Embora o EE possa ser promotor de atividade física (PA), a literatura carece de estudos mostrando os efeitos dessa acumulação de PA em ratos mantidos no EE. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos do EE sobre a máxima fase estável do lactato. Para isso, ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo controle (CG), mantidos em gaiolas convencionais e grupo AE (EEG), mantidos em gaiolas enriquecidas. Antes e após o período experimental (seis semanas), os animais foram submetidos ao teste de máxima fase estável do lactato (MLSS). Na última semana, comprimento e massa corporal foram registradas. No final do período experimental, após a eutanásia, amostra de sangue foi coletada para análise de glicose e a massa do coração foi registrada. Para as análises estatísticas, após o teste de normalidade, os resultados paramétricos foram analisados pelo teste t de Student e não paramétrico através do teste de Mann-Whintey. Não houve diferença nos níveis de glicose no soro, comprimento corporal e massa cardíaca. Os grupos apresentaram MLSS semelhante no início do experimento, no entanto, no final do experimento, a carga da MLSS foi maior no EEG comparado ao GC. Em conclusão, PA realizada na gaiola enriquecido aumentou a capacidade aeróbia em comparação com o grupo mantido em gaiolas convencionais, mesmo na ausência de mudanças significativas na massa e comprimento corporal e da glicemia.

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on PPARG mRNA expression using monozygotic twin case control

The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) on anthropometric variables and PPARG mRNA expression was investigated. Monozygotic twin pairs aged 11-18 years were grouped into discordant (D) and concordant (C) high and low VO2max groups. VO2max was determined by progressive maximal exercise test on treadmill with gas exchange analysis. Body mass (BM), BMI, waist circumference (WC), triceps (TR), and subscapular (SB) skinfold thicknesses were measured. Twins from the discordant group had differences in VO2max values (D-high = 45.9 ± 10.0 versus D-low = 32.4 ± 10.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.025), while no differences were found in the concordant group (C-high = 42.4 ± 9.2 versus C-low = 38.8 ± 9.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.952). In discordant group, VO2max was negatively correlated with TR + SB (r = -0.540, P = 0.021) and positively correlated with PPARG expression in leukocytes (r = 0.952, P = 0.001). Moreover, PPARG expression was directly correlated with BM (r = 0.714, P = 0.047) and height (r = 0.762, P = 0.028). In concordant twins, VO2max was inversely correlated with BM (r = -0.290, P = 0.027), BMI (r = -0.472, P = 0.001), WC (r = -0.426, P = 0.001), and TR + SB (r = -0.739, P = 0.001). Twins D-high had 1.78-fold greater PPARG expression when compared with twins D-low (P = 0.048). In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory fitness may modulate PPARG expression in childhood and adolescence, independently of the genetic background.

Avaliação de parâmetros de treinamento provenientes de teste indireto em atletas de futsal sub20 e adulto / Evalution of training parameters from indirect test in U20 and adult futsal athletes / Evaluación de los parámetros de formación de prueba indirecta en atletas s20y adultos de fútbol sala

O presente trabalho objetivou verificar as alterações do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), velocidade máxima atingida (Vmax) e distância percorrida (D) de uma equipe de futsal, avaliada pelo Shuttle Run Test (SRT), após um período de treinamento. Quinze atletas, oito da categoria Sub20 e sete da categoria Adulto participaram dos testes antes e após um período de seis semanas de treinamentos baseados em percentuais da Vmax. A periodização realizada foi a mesma para ambas as categorias. As análises estatísticas revelaram como principais resultados a diferença para Vmax e D na categoria Adulto após o período de treinamento. Dessa forma, apesar do VO2max não ter se alterado com o treinamento, o método de avaliação mostrou-­se sensível as alterações fisiológicas de Vmax e D.

The present study aimed to determine changes in maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max), maximum speed (Vmax) and distance (D) of a futsal team, evaluated by Shuttle Run Test (SRT). 15 athletes, eight U20 and seven Adult participated in the tests before and after a period of six weeks of training based on percentages of Vmax. Periodization performed was the same for both categories. Statistical analysis revealed as main results the difference in Vmax and D of the Adult after the training period. In this way, despite the VO2max have not changed with training, the assessment method was sensitive for physiological changes of Vmax and D.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los cambios de consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 max), velocidad máxima (Vmax) y la distancia (D) de un equipo de fútbol sala, evaluada mediante lo Shuttle Run Test (SRT). 15 atletas, ocho en la categoría Sub­20 y siete en la categoría Adulto participaron en las pruebas antes y después de un período de seis semanas de entrenamiento en base a porcentajesde Vmax. La periodización realizó fue el mismo para ambas categorías. Elanálisis estadístico reveló la diferencia entre Vmax y D para la categoría Adultotras el periodo de formación. De esta manera, a pesar de la VO2max no han cambiado con la formación, el método de evaluación fue sensible a los cambios fisiológicos de Vmax y D.