Comparing a 7-day diary vs. 24 h-recall for estimating fluid consumption in overweight and obese Mexican women.

BACKGROUND: High intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is linked to increased weight, energy intake, and diabetes. Even though the increasing interest on beverages and water intake, there are few dietary tools carefully validated. The purpose of this paper is to compare a fluid intake 7-day diary against a 24-h recall questionnaire to estimate the fluid consumption in overweight and obese women participating in a randomized controlled trial in Mexico. METHODS: This cross-sectional study explored the correlation of reported fluid consumption between two methods: 3-day 24-hr recalls and 7-day diary beverage registry in overweight and obese Mexican women aged 18-45 y (n = 190). RESULTS: There was no difference on median estimated volume (mL/d), nor the median estimated energy (kcal/d) from total beverage consumption registered by the two dietary tools. The crude and rank correlation among the two dietary instruments was high for total fluid consumption in mL/d r = 0.7, p < 0.001 (crude and rank correlation) and for fluid consumption measured as energy intake: r = 0.7; p < 0.001 crude, and r = 0.5; p < 0.001 rank correlation. By type of beverage, the more meaningful rank correlations were for fluid intake in: mL/d, water, alcohol beverages, and SSB; and in kcal/d, alcohol beverages and SSBs (rank correlation ≥ 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the 7-day diary showed high and strong rank correlations with that reported in the 24-h recall, suggesting that the diary method is a valid dietary tool to evaluate total fluid, water and SSB intake in this population.

[Consensus of diagnosis and treatment of obesity in women in reproductive age and climacterium]. / Consenso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la obesidad en la mujer en edad reproductiva y en el climaterio.

BACKGROUND: The development of obesity is complex and multifactorial, with genetic, biological, environmental and lifestyle of each individual etiology. The different changes in metabolism of women, amongst other factors, lead to disorganization in the distribution of lipids, which gathered in large quantities within the viscera, increases cardiovascular mortality and it is a major determinant factor of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To homologate and to apply concepts of evidence-based clinical practice in diagnosis and treatment of obesity in women in reproductive age and climacterium. METHOD: The experts' consensus was done by specialized physicians properly endocrinologists, gynecologists, surgeons, psychologists, nutrition specialists, physical activity and public health, according to their expertise and clinical judgment. The recommendations were based in diagnostic criteria aside from the level of evidence of previously established treatment guidelines, controlled clinical trials and standardized guides for women in reproductive age and climacterium with obesity. RESULTS: The establishment of a nutritional intervention amongst other aspects of lifestyle is the first-line in the treatment of obesity. Current pharmacological treatments offer modest results in efficiency and security in weight reduction so these must go along with real changes in lifestyle in order to obtain better results in the short and long term. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in our country, especially in women in reproductive age, compels us to pose and work in prevention strategies as well as diverse therapeutic plans favoring safe weight loss and results in the long term.

[Knowledge about consumption of plain water in adults of low socioeconomic status of the city of Cuernavaca, México]. / Conocimiento sobre el consumo de agua simple en adultos de nivel socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad de Cuernavaca, México.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the everyday knowledge about plain water consumption among "small" and "big drinkers". MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted between April and August 2010 in Mexico. Eight focus groups with low socioeconomic status adults as key informants were conformed; half of the groups were conducted with men and half with women. Data analysis was conducted with: a) coding and categorization according to hydration literature review b) conceptual mapping, recognizing propositions and affirmations made by the participants. RESULTS: Small and big drinkers have similar everyday knowledge about plain water intake. Both groups use the same epistemological axes to explain its intake: "what the body needs". Both groups have the notion that plain water and other beverages such as soda "may be harmful" if you drink them in excess. CONCLUSIONS: Everyday knowledge about water is related to soda and drinks used to substitute water intake. The characteristics of water and soda intake are constructed based on personal experience and insights on their effect on the body and mind. These representations can be used to assess fluid intake and may constitute barriers to the consumption of plain water.

[Hypertension: prevalence, early diagnosis, control and trends in Mexican adults]. / Hipertensión arterial: prevalencia, diagnóstico oportuno, control y tendencias en adultos mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to describe the prevalence, distribution and trends of hypertension (HT) in Mexican adults ≥20 years, and to describe the prevalence of early diagnosis and treatment of HT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 10 898 adults were considered. The measurement of blood pressure was performed following the procedures recommended by the American Heart Association. An adult was considered, hypertensive when he met the diagnostic criteria of JNC-7. RESULTS: The prevalence of HT was 31.5%, of which 47.3% were unaware of their condition. Pharmacological treatment was not associated with a higher percentage of subjects under control. CONCLUSION: Prevalences from 2000, 2006 and 2012 suggest that there is a stabilization. A health problem of this magnitude requires better diagnosis, care and training of the medical sector so that appropriate treatments are prescribed and HT control can be enhanced.

[Obesity in Mexico: epidemiology and health policies for its control and prevention]. / Obesidad en México: epidemiología y políticas desalud para su control y prevención.

Obesity is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemias, musculoskeletal diseases, and certain types of cancer. In Mexico the prevalence of overweight and obesity is 16.7% in preschool children, 26.2% in school children, and 30.9% in adolescents. For adults, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is 39.7 and 29.9%, respectively (ENSANUT 2006). Based on an analysis of the situation in Mexico, the need for a comprehensive, multisectoral, multilevel policy and an effective coordination policy have been clearly identified to achieve changes in eating patterns and physical activity to enable the prevention of chronic diseases and to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity The combination of strategies and actions of the Mexican National Agreement for Healthy Nutrition proposed by the federal government proposes among its aims for 2012: a reversal in the prevalence of overweight and obesity for children aged 2-5 years in comparison with ENSANUT to stop the increasing prevalence in this condition for school children and adolescents (aged 5-19 years), and to slow down the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults. This challenge will require important regulatory actions, efficient and adaptable implementation, and participation of all sectors of society.

[Obesity and metabolic syndrome. A challenge for the Mexican Institutes of Health]. / La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico. Un reto para los Institutos Nacionales de Saluda.

Numerous efforts for the development of basic and clinical research in obesity are being made by the National Institutes of Health and Federal Reference Hospitals in Mexico. However, greater interaction among researchers and stronger efforts towards the dissemination of the results are needed. The document outlines the general ideas and proposals of the Academic Group for the Study, Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome of the Coordinating Committee of the National Institutes of Health and High Specialty Hospitals (CCINSHAE). This is the first step in developing common objectives, with the aim of understanding the effect of these entities in public health and to establish guidelines to limit and eventually overcome them. We discuss the appropriateness of analyzing obesity and the metabolic syndrome together, and the current management of these entities at the National Institutes of Health in Mexico. The problems that arise in clinical practice lead to the need to generate a new model of medical care, including a new health worker and a new patient. It is imperative to establish permanent lines of communication and education with health personnel and with patients. The group proposes an integrated approach for research in these areas. Finally, a master plan that links the National Institutes of Health, particularly in the areas of research and programs within the institutions, is required as a first step in seeking answers useful in solving the problem. The second step would be linking the first and second levels of care through concrete actions needed to limit and reduce obesity and metabolic syndrome in the population.

Altered erythrocyte morphology in Mexican adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus evaluated by scanning electron microscope.

AIM: To evaluate the erythrocyte morphology in people with prediabetes, T2DM and healthy subjects in a Mexican population and its association with biochemical parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional study consisted of three groups: healthy (HG), people with prediabetes (PG) and with T2DM (DMG). A blood sample was obtained from all participants to assess the erythrocyte morphology, and levels of HbA1c, glucose and lipid profile. Anthropometrical parameters were also evaluated. RESULTS: It was observed that compared with healthy individuals, people with prediabetes presented a significant decrease in the diameter (-0.08 µm, P = 0.014) and height (-0.07 µm, P = 0.004), as well as people with T2DM (-0.33 µm, P < 0.001 in diameter; and -0.36 µm, P < 0.001 in height). Besides, it was found a significant difference in diameter (-0.25 µm, P < 0.001) and height (-0.29 µm, P < 0.001) between the PG and DMG. No significant differences in the axial ratio between groups. Also, HbA1c, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference were significantly associated with diameter and height. CONCLUSIONS: Erythrocyte morphological alterations can serve as an indicator of early diagnosis of T2DM and a factor implicated in the course of the clinical condition, so the correction of these alterations could serve as a treatment for prediabetes and T2DM. It is essential to promote constantly checkups of biochemical and anthropometrical parameters, as well as erythrocyte morphological alterations to prevent the onset of prediabetes and T2DM and possible clinical complications.

Hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y estilos de vida en adolescentes escolarizados de la Ciudad de México y del Estado de Michoacán / Eating habits, physical ctivity and lifestyles among adolescents in Mexico City and the State of Michoacán

Fundamentos: La adolescencia se considera un periodo crítico en la adquisición y formación de hábitos alimentarios y de un estilo de vida saludable para el futuro joven, y que probablemente perdurarán en la edad adulta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las conductas alimentarias y de estilo de vida en adolescentes escolarizados de la Ciudad de México (CDMX) y del Estado de Michoacán. Métodos: Se les aplicó la encuesta Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) a 956 adolescentes mexicanos, que participaron voluntariamente, bajo la firma de un consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los adolescentes de la CDMX presentaron un consumo mayor de bebidas azucaradas en comparación con los de Michoacán lo que representa que el 94,2% y 91,44%, respectivamente los consumen regularmente. Los adolescentes de la CDMX y Michoacán, reportan un bajo consumo de frutas representado por el 16,3% y 14.86% respectivamente, y de verduras del 10,3% y 16,00% respectivamente, las consumen a diario o más de una verdura al día. Se encontró un alto porcentaje de estudiantes que realizaban actividades sedentarias durante el día. Conclusiones: La baja actividad física aunada al bajo consumo de frutas y verduras y el alto consumo de bebidas gaseosas predispone a los adolescentes a presentar mayor riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles (AU)

Background: Adolescence is considered a critical period in the acquisition and formation of eating habits and a healthy lifestyle for the young future and that will probably be enduring in adulthood. The objective of the present study was to determine the dietary and lifestyle behaviors among adolescents in Mexico City (CDMX) and the State of Michoacán. Methods: The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HSBC) survey was applied to 956 Mexican adolescents, who participated voluntarily, under the signing of an informed consent. Results: The adolescents of the CDMX show a greater consumption of sweetened beverages compared to those of Michoacán, which means that 94.2% and 91.44%, respectively, consume them regularly. The adolescents of the CDMX and Michoacán, report a low consumption of fruits represented by 16.3% and 14.86% respectively, and vegetables 10.3% and 16.00% respectively, consume them daily or more than one a day. We found a high percentage of students performing sedentary activities during the day. Conclusions: Low physical activity coupled with low consumption of fruits and vegetables and high consumption of soft drinks predisposes adolescents to present an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (AU)

Hipertensión arterial: prevalencia, diagnóstico oportuno, control y tendencias en adultos mexicanos / Hypertension: prevalence, early diagnosis, control and trends in Mexican adults

Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia, distribución y tendencias de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) en los adultos mexicanos de 20 años o más, así como conocer la prevalencia de diagnóstico oportuno y control de HTA. Material y métodos. Se consideró un total de 10 898 adultos. La medición de la tensión arterial se realizó mediante el uso del esfigmomanómetro de mercurio siguiendo los procedimientos recomendados por la American Heart Association. Se consideró que un adulto era hipertenso cuando cumplía con los criterios diagnósticos del JNC-7. Resultados. La prevalencia de HTA fue de 31.5%, del cual 47.3% desconocía que padecía esta enfermedad. Recibir tratamiento farmacológico no estuvo asociado con un mayor porcentaje de población bajo control. Conclusión. La tendencia entre los años 2000, 2006 y 2012 sugiere una estabilización. Un problema de salud con esta magnitud requiere mejor diagnóstico, atención y capacitación del sector médico para que éste prescriba tratamientos adecuados y mejore el control de la HTA.

Objective. The present study aims to describe the prevalence, distribution and trends of hypertension (HT) in Mexican adults ≥20 years, and to describe the prevalence of early diagnosis and treatment of HT. Materials and methods. A total of 10 898 adults were considered. The measurement of blood pressure was performed following the procedures recommended by the American Heart Association. An adult was considered, hypertensive when he met the diagnostic criteria of JNC-7. Results. The prevalence of HT was 31.5%, of which 47.3% were unaware of their condition. Pharmacological treatment was not associated with a higher percentage of subjects under control. Conclusion. Prevalences from 2000, 2006 and 2012 suggest that there is a stabilization. A health problem of this magnitude requires better diagnosis, care and training of the medical sector so that appropriate treatments are prescribed and HT control can be enhanced.

Conocimiento sobre el consumo de agua simple en adultos de nivel socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad de Cuernavaca, México / Knowledge about consumption of plain water in adults of low socioeconomic status of the city of Cuernavaca, México

Objetivo. Describir los conocimientos cotidianos acerca del consumo de agua simple en adultos "pequeños bebedores" y "grandes bebedores" de agua simple. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo realizado entre abril y agosto de 2010 en México. Se conformaron ocho grupos focales con informantes clave adultos de nivel socioeconómico bajo; la mitad de los grupos se conformaron con hombres y la mitad con mujeres. El análisis de datos fue realizado mediante: a) codificación y categorización de acuerdo con literatura revisada acerca de hidratación, y b) mapeo conceptual, reconociendo proposiciones y afirmaciones hechas por los participantes. Resultados. Pequeños y grandes bebedores tienen conocimientos cotidianos similares sobre el agua simple; utilizan los mismos ejes epistemológicos para explicar la ingesta de agua simple en función de lo que "el cuerpo necesite". Ambos grupos tienen la noción de que el agua simple y el refresco "pueden ser dañinos" si se beben en exceso. Conclusiones. El conocimiento cotidiano sobre el agua se relaciona con el refresco, bebida que sirve para comparación y como sustituto. Los conceptos sobre el agua y el refresco se construyen con base en la experiencia personal y en las nociones sobre el efecto de ambos en el cuerpo y en la mente. Estas representaciones se utilizan para valorar la ingesta de líquidos y pueden constituirse como barreras para el consumo de agua simple.

Objective. To describe and compare the everyday knowledge about plain water consumption among "small" and "big drinkers". Materials and methods. A qualitative study was conducted between April and August 2010 in Mexico. Eight focus groups with low socioeconomic status adults as key informants were conformed; half of the groups were conducted with men and half with women. Data analysis was conducted with: a) coding and categorization according to hydration literature review b) conceptual mapping, recognizing propositions and affirmations made by the participants. Results. Small and big drinkers have similar everyday knowledge about plain water intake. Both groups use the same epistemological axes to explain its intake: "what the body needs". Both groups have the notion that plain water and other beverages such as soda "may be harmful" if you drink them in excess. Conclusions. Everyday knowledge about water is related to soda and drinks used to substitute water intake. The characteristics of water and soda intake are constructed based on personal experience and insights on their effect on the body and mind. These representations can be used to assess fluid intake and may constitute barriers to the consumption of plain water.

Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo y su asociación con ansiedad y estado nutricio en adolescentes de escuelas secundarias técnicas del distrito federal, México / No disponible

No disponible

[Evaluation of integrated management of childhood illness against malnutrition in urban areas of Nayarit, Mexico]. / Evaluación de una atención integrada contra la desnutrición infantil en áreas urbanas de Nayarit, México.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between coverage of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy and the prevalence of stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two urban areas of Nayarit, Mexico, in August 2002. Anthropometry, health care for mothers and their children, morbidity and socioeconomic data were collected by means of household interviews. Statistical analyses were performed with chi-squared tests, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: IMCI coverage rates were as follows: immunization 97%, vitamin A supplementation 66.9%, deworming with albendazole 91.5%, nutritional surveillance 50%, maternal health education 25.5%, maternal health care 24.4%, and 2.5% overall. The prevalence of stunting was 4.9%, and was statistically associated with incomplete courses of vitamin A supplementation and albendazole deworming. CONCLUSIONS: Coverage of IMCI components varied according to their feasibility and time of implementation. The associations between IMCI and failure to thrive highlight the importance of obtaining more information about its effects on the nutritional status of children. This will help to improve prevention strategies against child malnutrition.

Evaluación de una atención integrada contra la desnutrición infantil en áreas urbanas de Nayarit, México / Evaluation of integrated management of childhood illness against malnutrition in urban areas of Nayarit, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Determinar la cobertura de la Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia y estimar la prevalencia de desmedro en niños de 6 a 36 meses de edad en dos localidades urbanas de Nayarit, México, para analizar su asociación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico, realizado en agosto de 2002 en dos áreas urbanas de Nayarit, México. Se aplicó en el domicilio un cuestionario estructurado para recabar datos socioeconómicos y sobre antropometría, atención a la salud del niño y la madre, y morbilidad. Se compararon grupos con pruebas de Ji² o exacta de Fisher. Las asociaciones fueron analizadas utilizando modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La cobertura de la Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia fue de 97 por ciento en vacunación, 66.9 por ciento en suplementación con vitamina A, 91.5 por ciento en desparasitación intestinal con albendazol, 50 por ciento en vigilancia nutricia, 25.5 por ciento en capacitación materna, 24.4 por ciento en atención a la salud de la madre y 2.5 por ciento global. Se encontró una prevalencia de desmedro de 4.9 por ciento, la cual estuvo asociada significativamente a esquemas incompletos, tanto de vitamina A como de albendazol. CONCLUSIONES: Los componentes de la Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia muestran coberturas acordes con su factibilidad y tiempo de implantación. Los hallazgos de la asociación de la atención integrada de la salud infantil con el desmedro destacan la importancia de reunir mayor evidencia sobre su efecto en el estado nutricio, con el fin de contribuir en el mejoramiento y prevención de la desnutrición infantil.