Evaluation of benzocaine-based anesthetic gel in anuran skins extracts: A case study using the frog Lithodytes lineatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae).

Extracts made from the skin of dead Lithodytes lineatus frog individuals with the application of the benzocaine-based anesthetic gel, introduced into the oral cavity, were analyzed by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to investigate whether the application of this product (oral) can make studies that use extracts from the skins of these animals unfeasible. For comparison, we used skins of another species of anuran following the same death protocol. No trace of the benzocaine substance was found in the 1H-NMR spectra of the skin extracts from any of the tested anuran species. Still, using the hierarchical clustering model, it was possible to observe the formation of well-defined groups between the skin extracts of anurans and the anesthetic used to kill these animals. Our results suggest that the lethal dose of benzocaine in gel used inside the mouth of frogs may have no influence on potential results regarding the chemical composition or even bioassays using extracts made from the skin of these animals killed under this protocol since there was no detection of this substance for the analyzed samples.

Intoxicação de cães por venenos de anuros: prevalência, danos aos animais e protocolos clínicos / Dog poisoning by anuran poisons: prevalence, animal damage and clinical protocols

Indivíduos da família Bufonidae são comumente associados a casos de intoxicação de cães após contato com o veneno secretado nas glândulas presentes no tegumento, reforçando a importância de tratamentos efetivos após esta interação. Neste trabalho apresentamos uma revisão sobre casos de intoxicação de cães por venenos de anuros, relacionando os principais sintomas nos cães e os protocolos clínicos utilizados. Realizamos uma busca por artigos que relatem casos de intoxicação de cães por anuros nos repositórios Google Scholar, Scielo e PubMed. Utilizamos palavras-chave nos idiomas português e inglês. Um total de 430 artigos foram encontrados, sendo apenas 17 de acordo com a proposta da pesquisa. Os registros encontrados foram para o Brasil, Austrália e Estados Unidos. As espécies de anuros reportadas na literatura foram exclusivamente as do gênero Rhinella. O maior número dos casos registrados no Brasil ocorreu em ambiente urbano. Os principais sintomas descritos após intoxicação de cães foram salivação em excesso, convulsão e vômito. Óbitos também foram encontrados durante a busca. Principais protocolos para o tratamento após envenenamento foram lavagem da cavidade oral do cão, e administração de atropina, diazepam e fluidoterapia. Foi observado que há influência do tamanho dos cães na severidade após intoxicação, sendo os de pequeno porte mais suscetíveis a quadros letais. Sugerimos, por conta do baixo número de registros, que possivelmente a quantidade de casos acerca desta temática seja subestimado. Neste estudo evidenciamos que os protocolos utilizados para o cuidado dos cães intoxicados não são realizados de forma padrão, alterando de acordo com o quadro clínico apresentado.

Individuals of the Bufonidae family are commonly associated with cases of poisoning in dogs after contact with the venom secreted in glands present in the tegument, reinforcing the importance of effective treatments after this interaction. In this paper, we present a review of cases of poisoning in dogs by anuran venom, relating the main symptoms in dogs and the clinical protocols used. We performed a search for articles reporting cases of anuran poisoning in dogs in the Google Scholar, Scielo, and PubMed repositories. We used keywords in Portuguese and English. A total of 430 articles were found and only 17 of which were in accordance with the research proposal. The records found were for Brazil, Australia, and the United States. The species of anurans reported in the literature were exclusively those of the genus Rhinella. The greatest number of cases registered in Brazil occurred in an urban environment. The main symptoms described after intoxication in dogs were excessive salivation, convulsion, and vomiting. Deaths were also found during the search. The main protocols for treatment after poisoning were washing the dog's oral cavity, and administration of atropine, diazepam, and fluid therapy. It was observed that the size of the dogs influences the severity after intoxication, with small dogs being more susceptible to lethal conditions. Due to the low number of records, we suggest that the number of cases on this topic is possibly underestimated. In this study, we showed that the protocols used for the care of intoxicated dogs are not performed in a standard way, changing according to the clinical picture presented.