[Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from gastric cancer]. / Chimiohyperthermie intrapéritonéale dans le traitement des carcinoses péritonéales d'origine gastrique.

Since 20 years, treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis has been developed in expert centers. Cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy, especially hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, was assessed by many nonrandomised studies for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from gastric cancer. Results described increased survival, especially for the most favourable cases: limited carcinomatosis and complete cytoreductive surgery. A strict selection of the patients is necessary because of the important morbidity of those treatments. Only patients with good general health, able to tolerate a threatening treatment, with possible complete cytoreduction, may benefit from those treatments. Many japanese studies had demonstrated the efficacy of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the prophylactic treatment of carcinomatosis in advanced-gastric cancers. These results have to be confirmed by european randomised studies.

[Peritoneal mesothelioma: treatment with cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy]. / Mésothéliome péritonéal: traitement par l'association chirurgie de cytoréduction et chimiothérapie hyperthermique intrapéritonéale.

UNLABELLED: Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare and lethal disease. Locoregional treatments combining cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) seem to improve prognosis. METHODS: Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC was performed in 22 patients at the Centre Hospitalier-Lyon Sud between 1989 and 2006. A retrospective analysis of survival was carried out to assess clinical and histological prognostic factors. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma were included (16 epithelial, 3 biphasic and 3 multicystic forms). Sixteen patients presented stage 3 or 4 peritoneal mesothelioma according to the Gilly classification. Optimal cytoreductive surgery was performed for 11 patients (complete macroscopic resection or residual tumor nodules less than 2.5mm). No post-operative deaths occurred but 9 patients (47%) presented grade III or IV post-operative complications. The overall median survival was 36.9 months; completeness of cytoreduction was the only significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: Cytoreductive surgery combined with HIPEC may improve the length of survival for patients with diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma; such patients should be treated in specialized centers.

Quantitative prognostic indices in peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Five different descriptions quantitating peritoneal carcinomatosis are available: the Lyon staging system, the Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI), the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer carcinomatosis staging (JRSGS), the Dutch simplified peritoneal carcinomatosis assessment and the Completeness of Cytoreduction Score (CCR). These five staging systems are described and discussed. Combinations of these to achieve a complete description of peritoneal lesions prior to and following treatment assist in a correct prognostic assessment for these patients and in a selection of treatment options.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis in digestive cancers: cytoreductive surgery combined with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia. The experience in Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Lyon Sud (CHLS).

Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH) with Cytoreductive surgery (CS) has been used in Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Lyon Sud (CHLS) since 1989. Up to 2005, 420 patients were involved in different phase II studies for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from colorectal, gastric or ovarian origin, as well as for pseudomyxoma peritonei and peritoneal mesothelioma. Encouraging results were achieved in case of optimal PC cytoreduction. The CHLS experience, as well as the Dutch randomized trial and the international registration, underline the advantage of such an aggressive combined therapy for selected patients in experienced multidisciplinary centers.

[Therapeutic innovations in the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis from digestive origin: cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy]. / Nouveautés thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge des carcinoses péritonéales d'origine digestive: chirurgie de cytoréduction et chimiothérapie intrapéritonéale.

PURPOSE: Peritoneal carcinomatosis and particularly those from digestive origin has long been considered as an automatically terminal disease in abdominal cancer patients. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: Over the past decade, new locoregional treatments combining cytoreductive surgery, peritonectomy procedures with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (with or without hyperthermia) have been developed by specialized teams. Because of its high but acceptable mortality and morbidity, this aggressive but comprehensive therapeutic strategy requires accurate and strict patient's selection into multidisciplinary and specialized teams. It may allow prolonged survival and cure for patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei, peritoneal mesothelioma, carcinomatosis from colorectal or gastric cancer. Qualitative and quantitative prognostic indicators are needed to assess a patient's eligibility, including tumor histopathology, assessment of carcinomatosis extent or completeness of cytoreduction which appears to be the most important. PERSPECTIVES: Combination of cytoreductive surgery with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy appears to be an adapted therapeutic approach for patients strictly selected, with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Phase III studies are now needed for the validation and the evaluation of the type of intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Surgery combined with peritonectomy procedures and intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia in abdominal cancers with peritoneal carcinomatosis: a phase II study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tolerance of peritonectomy procedures (PP) combined with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH) in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), a phase II study was carried out from January 1998 to September 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients (35 females, mean age 49.3) were included for PC from colorectal cancer (26 patients), ovarian cancer (seven patients), gastric cancer (six patients), peritoneal mesothelioma (five patients), pseudomyxoma peritonei (seven patients), and miscellaneous reasons (five patients). Surgeries were performed mainly on advanced patients (40 patients stages 3 and 4 and 16 patients stages 2 and 1) and were synchronous in 36 patients. All patients underwent surgical resection of their primary tumor with PP and IPCH (with mitomycin C, cisplatinum, or both) with a closed sterile circuit and inflow temperatures ranging from 46 degrees to 48 degrees C. Three patients were included twice. RESULTS: A macroscopic complete resection was performed in 27 cases. The mortality and morbidity rates were one of 56 and 16 of 56, respectively. The 2-year survival rate was 79.0% for patients with macroscopic complete resection and 44.7% for patients without macroscopic complete resection (P =.001). For the patients included twice, two are alive without evidence of disease, 54 and 47 months after the first procedure. CONCLUSION: IPCH and PP are able to achieve unexpected long-term survival in patients with bulky PC. However, one must be careful when selecting the patients for such an aggressive treatment, as morbidity rate remains high even for an experienced team.

Pattern of failures in gastric cancer patients with lymph node involvement treated by surgery, intraoperative and external beam radiotherapy.

AIMS: High local failure rates in gastric cancer have been reported, up to 67%. To achieve a better local control, we evaluated intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in association with surgery for gastric cancer patients with lymph node involvement. We report here the analysis of the patterns of failure for patients involved in this IORT protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-two positive lymph node (N+) gastric cancer patients were operated on (31 total, three subtotal and eight extended gastrectomies) with IORT procedure between 1985 and 1997 (33 males, nine females, mean age 61.3 years). IORT was focused on coeliac area (mean dose 15 Gy), followed by EBRT (46 Gy) in 36 patients. Ten patients were pN1 and 32 were pN2. A concurrent systemic chemotherapy (five Fluoro-Uracil and Cisplatinum) was performed in 14 patients. RESULTS: One patient died postoperatively. Actuarial pN+ 10 year survival rate was 44.8%. The 5 year actuarial local control and disease-free survival rates were 78.8 and 47.5%, respectively. As far as patterns of failure were explored, 5 patients have a local coeliac recurrence (12%) and 12 have distant metastases with no evidence of coeliac recurrence. CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis suggests a potential effect of IORT and/or EBRT in promoting local control and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients with lymph node involvement.

Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia for peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from gastric cancer.

HYPOTHESIS: The most common cause of palliative resection and recurrence in gastric cancer is peritoneal seeding. This study evaluates the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia after cytoreductive surgery in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from gastric cancer. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. SETTING: Surgical department at a university academic hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-nine consecutive patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis treated between January 1, 1989, and February 29, 2000. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia with mitomycin C (40-60 mg); 21 patients had previously undergone extensive cytoreductive surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinicopathologic factors that affect overall survival rates. RESULTS: With median follow-up of 99 months, overall median survival was 10.3 months. Two factors were significant independent predictors of survival by multivariate analysis: preoperative ascites (P =.04) and completeness of cancer resection (CCR) by cytoreductive surgery (P<.001). Median survival was 21.3 months for patients with CCR-0 (macroscopic complete resection) or CCR-1 (diameter of residual nodules <5 mm) and 6.1 months for patients with CCR-2 (diameter of residual nodules >5 mm) (P<.001). Four patients survived longer than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: An aggressive management strategy combining intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia with cytoreductive surgery is effective for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from gastric cancer. In highly selected patients (good general status, resectable primary tumor, resectable peritoneal carcinomatosis), this therapy may result in long-term survival.

Intraoperative radiotherapy and external beam radiation therapy in gastric adenocarcinoma with R0-R1 surgical resection.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to evaluate the results of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) and external beam therapy (EBRT) in the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS: From 1986 to 1999, 87 patients who underwent surgical resection for gastric adenocarcinoma combined with IORT were reviewed. A R0 surgical resection was performed in 82 patients and five underwent R1 resection. The stage was: pT1 in 12, pT2 in 19, pT3 in 44 and pT4 in seven. Thirteen patients were pN1 and 43 were pN2, The IORT dose ranged from 12 to 23 Gy. Patients with pT3 and/or pN tumours underwent EBRT with a standard dose of 44-46 Gy. RESULTS: The post-operative mortality and morbidity rates were 2.3 and 6.8%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate for R0 patients was 60%, for R0-pN0 was 90% and for R0-pN+ patients was 55%. The local failure rate in the 19 pN+ patients was 21%. CONCLUSION: IORT and EBRT combined with surgical resection may provide overall survival, improving the local control after gastrectomy.

Intraperitoneal chemo-hyperthermia with mitomycin C for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the tolerance and efficacy of Intraperitoneal Chemo-hyperthermia (IPCH) with Mitomycin C (MMC) associated with surgery, in peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin. BACKGROUND: Most patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin die within 6 months, and IPCH associated with surgery has been reported as a possible new therapeutic approach. METHODS: A prospective non randomized trial was carried out on 42 patients with gastric cancers and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Fourty-three IPCH with MMC were used as complementary treatment after surgery (peritoneal perfusate with a 10 mg/l dose of MMC, inflow temperature 46 to 49 degrees C, use of a closed circuit, duration 90 minutes). Fourteen primary tumors were unresectable ones and 12 patients had large malignant preoperative ascites. RESULTS: Mortality and morbidity rates were 2/42 and 4/42 respectively. For resectable gastric cancers with stage 1 and 2 carcinomatosis (malignant granulations less than 5 mm in diameter), one, two and three year survival rates were 80, 61 and 41% respectively. For unresectable primary tumors and for stage 3 and 4 carcinomatosis (granulations larger than 5 mm in diameter), six and twelve month survival rates were 50% and 10% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IPCH appears as a safe new therapeutic approach in gastric cancers with peritoneal carcinomatosis with small malignant granulations (stage 1 and 2) and randomized trials are now needed to clearly evaluate its efficacy.

[Intraperitoneal chemo-hyperthermia with mitomycin C in cancer of the stomach with peritoneal carcinosis]. / Chimiohyperthermie intrapéritonéale avec mitomycine C dans les cancers de l'estomac avec carcinose péritonéale.

We report 42 cases of gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinosis treated with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia. Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia was achieved with a closed sterile circuit containing mitomycin C, 10 mg/l producing an input temperature varying from 46 to 49 degrees C for 90 minutes. There were three postoperative deaths: one pulmonary embolism at day 4, one multiple organ failure et day 4, and one septic shock at day 25 due to a colonic fistula. Two patients suffered complications: one opening of the duodenal stump requiring reoperation on day 5, and one prolonged postoperative ileus lasting to day 10. Of the 12 patients with ascites, resorption was achieved in 8. In patients with early-stage peritoneal carcinosis (granulations less than 5 mm) survival at 1, 2 and 3 years was 90%, 61% and 41% respectively. For those with more extensive carcinosis, survival at 1 year was 10%. Five patients survived more than 30 months, three have survived to 34, 43 and 73 months. Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia is a new treatment for carcinosis of gastric origin. These early results must be assessed further with larger controlled.

Peritoneal mesothelioma treated by cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy: results of a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare disease with few therapeutic options. Recently, the combination of cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (HIPEC) has shown promising results. METHODS: Fifteen patients with peritoneal mesothelioma who were treated by cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC between 1989 and 2004 were identified from a prospective database. HIPEC was performed with cisplatin and mitomycin C for 90 minutes by using the closed-abdomen technique. RESULTS: All patients but one (multicystic) had malignant disease of the following pathologic types: 12 epithelial and 2 biphasic. After surgical resection, 11 patients were considered to have a CC-0 or CC-1 resection (macroscopic complete resection or diameter of residual nodules <2.5 mm). No postoperative death occurred, and six postoperative complications were recorded. All but one patient had resolution of ascites. The overall median survival for the 14 patients with malignant mesothelioma was 35.6 months. The median survival was 37.8 months for patients treated with a CC-0 or CC-1 resection, whereas it was 6.5 months for those treated with a CC-2 or CC-3 resection (diameter of residual nodules >2.5 mm; P < .001). In a univariate analysis, the only other significant prognostic factor was the carcinomatosis extent (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: A therapeutic strategy combining cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC seems to provide an adequate and efficient locoregional treatment for peritoneal mesothelioma. It is associated with acceptable morbidity when performed by an experienced surgical team. The completeness of cytoreduction is the major determinant of survival.

Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia with mitomycin C for digestive tract cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of digestive tract origin die within 6 months. Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH) associated with surgery has been reported as a possible new therapeutic approach. METHODS: A prospective Phase II trial was carried out with 83 patients who had digestive tract cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis to evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of IPCH with mitomycin C (MMC) associated with surgery. Eighty-six IPCH treatments with MMC were given as complementary therapy after surgery (peritoneal perfusate with a 10 mg/L dose of MMC; inflow temperature, 46-49 degrees C; use of a closed circuit; duration, 90 minutes). Primary tumors were mainly gastric (in 42 cases) or colorectal (in 27 cases). RESULTS: Mortality and morbidity occurred in 3 of 83 cases and 8 of 83 cases, respectively. For patients with resectable tumors, the median survival time was 16 months when carcinomatosis was Stage I and II (malignant granulations less than 5 mm in greatest dimension), whereas it was 6 months when carcinomatosis was Stage III and IV (malignant granulations more than 5 mm in greatest dimension). For patients with resectable gastric cancer and Stage I and II carcinomatosis, 1-, 2-, and 3-year actuarial survival rates were 80%, 61%, and 41%, respectively, whereas the rate was 10% at 1 year for patients with bulky disease (Stage III and IV). CONCLUSIONS: IPCH appears to be a promising new approach to treating patients with digestive tract cancers and peritoneal carcinomatosis with small, malignant granulations (Stage I and II).

Long-term results of intrathoracic chemohyperthermia (ITCH) for the treatment of pleural malignancies.

There is no standard treatment for patients with pleural malignancies. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the toxicity and long-term results of a multimodality treatment consisting of surgery and intrathoracic chemohyperthermia (ITCH) for the treatment of patients with pleural malignancies. From January 1990 to August 2000, 24 patients with mesothelioma (n=17), fibrosarcoma (n=3), pleural adenocarcinoma (n=3) and thymoma (n=1) were included. The mesothelioma stages were T1 or T2 in 10 cases, and T3 or T4 in seven cases. After cytoreductive surgery, ITCH was carried out for over 60 min, at inflow temperatures less than 45 degrees C, either with mitomycin C (n=7) or cisplatin (n=5) or both (n=12). One patient died from major thoracic air leaks after major decortication and pleurectomy. Seven patients had complications, one pleural clotting necessitating reoperation. After a median follow-up of 89 months, the overall 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 74 and 27%, respectively. For T1 and T2 mesothelioma patients, the median survival was 41.3 months, and for T3 and T4 tumours, it was 4.5 months (P=0.001). The fibrosarcoma patients are alive with no evidence of recurrence at 24, 43 and 54 months. In the conclusion, the combination of surgery with ITCH with mitomycin and/or cisplatin is relatively safe. This procedure may offer unexpected long-term survival in a selected group of patients (T1 and T2 mesothelioma patients and fibrosarcoma patients).

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from non-gynecologic malignancies: results of the EVOCAPE 1 multicentric prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a common evolution of digestive cancer, associated with a poor prognosis. Yet it is poorly documented in the literature. METHODS: Three hundred seventy patients with PC from non-gynecologic malignancies were followed prospectively: the PC was of gastric origin in 125 cases, of colorectal origin in 118 cases, of pancreatic origin in 58 cases, of unknown origin in 43 cases, and of miscellaneous origins in 26 cases. A previously reported PC staging system was used to classify these 370 patients. RESULTS: Mean and median overall survival periods were 6.0 and 3.1 months, respectively. Survival rates were mainly affected by the initial PC stage (9.8 months for Stage I with malignant peritoneal granulations less than 5 mm in greatest dimension, versus 3.7 months for Stage IV with large, malignant peritoneal masses more than 2 cm in greatest dimension). The presence of ascites was associated with poor survival of patients with gastric or pancreatic carcinoma. Differentiation of the primary tumor did not influence the prognoses of patients with PC. CONCLUSIONS: A better knowledge of the natural history of PC is needed, in view of the many Phase I, II, and III trials currently being conducted to evaluate aggressive multimodal therapeutic approaches to treating patients with PC from non-gynecologic malignancies.

Prevention of lymphorrhea by means of fibrin glue after axillary lymphadenectomy in breast cancer: prospective randomized trial.

A prospective randomized trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of fibrin glue in preventing lymphorrhea after axillary lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. One hundred and eight breast cancer patients, operated on by two senior surgeons, were randomized into two groups: group 1 (n = 58) without fibrin glue and group 2 (n = 50) with 2 ml of fibrin glue applied to the axillary dissection area at the end of the lymphadenectomy procedure. Early postoperative morbidity was 2/58 and 0/50 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean daily postoperative drainage was significantly greater in group 1. The mean cumulative drainage quantity 6 days after the operation was 407.8 ml and 214.4 ml in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.001). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 10.1 days and 8.0 days in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.006). One delayed seroma was observed in each group. Fibrin glue seems to reduce daily postoperative drainage and hospital stay, but did not affect delayed seroma formation after axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer.

Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia and attempted cytoreductive surgery in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis is usually considered incurable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH) following cytoreductive surgery in patients with colorectal carcinomatosis. METHODS: Between January 1989 and August 2002, 53 patients (mean age 48.6 years) were treated by IPCH with mitomycin C. IPCH was performed in 34 patients following extensive cytoreductive surgery (more than two peritonectomy procedures). Five patients underwent two operations and one patient three operations. RESULTS: Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 23 and 4 per cent respectively. At a median follow-up of 59.5 months, the overall median survival was 12.8 months. The extent of carcinomatosis, completeness of cytoreduction and histological differentiation were significant prognostic indicators by univariate analysis. The median survival was 32.9 months for patients whose resection was classified as completeness of cancer resection (CCR) 0 (complete cytoreduction), 12.5 months for those whose operation was CCR-1 (diameter of residual nodules 5 mm or less) and 8.1 months for patients who had a CCR-2 resection (diameter of residual nodules more than 5 mm) (P < 0.001). Completeness of cytoreduction was the only significant independent predictor of survival by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: IPCH combined with cytoreductive surgery seems to be an effective therapy for carefully selected patients with carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. This strategy was most effective in patients with carcinomatosis of limited tumour volume or when cytoreductive surgery allowed sufficient downstaging (residual tumour nodules smaller than 5 mm).